Exenatide - DrugBank

ID Pharmacology Interactions References Trials Economics Properties Taxonomy

Targets (1)Carriers (1)

Targets (1)Carriers (1)Biointeractions (1)

Identification

Name

Exenatide

Accession Number

DB01276

Type

Biotech

Groups

Approved, Investigational

Description

Exenatide, derived from a compound found in the saliva of the Gila monster, a large lizard native to the southwestern US, is a functional analog of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), a naturally occuring peptide.

Protein structure

Protein chemical formula

C₁₈₄H₂₈₂N₅₀O₆₀S

Protein average weight

4186.6 Da

Sequences

>Exenatide
HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS

Download FASTA Format

Synonyms

AC 2993

AC-2993

AC002993

AC2993

AC2993a

Bydureon

Byetta

Exenatide

Exenatide synthetic

Synthetic exendin-4

External IDs

AC2993

Product Ingredients

Not Available

Approved Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Bydureon	Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	2 mg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2011-06-17	Not applicable	EU
Bydureon	Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	2 mg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2011-06-17	Not applicable	EU
Bydureon	Kit			Astra Zeneca Lp	2015-02-01	Not applicable	US
Bydureon	Kit			Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Llc.	2012-01-27	Not applicable	US
Bydureon	Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	2 mg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2011-06-17	Not applicable	EU
Bydureon	Injection, suspension, extended release	2 mg/.65mL	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Lp	2014-09-08	Not applicable	US
Bydureon	Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	2 mg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2011-06-17	Not applicable	EU
Bydureon	Kit			Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Llc.	2012-01-27	Not applicable	US
Bydureon	Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release; Kit	2 mg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca	2016-02-16	Not applicable	Canada
Byetta	Injection	250 ug/mL	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Lp	2014-12-10	Not applicable	US
Byetta	Injection, solution	5 micrograms	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2006-11-20	Not applicable	EU
Byetta	Injection	250 ug/mL	Subcutaneous	Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Llc.	2005-04-28	2016-04-30	US
Byetta	Solution	250 mcg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca	2011-06-01	Not applicable	Canada
Byetta	Injection, solution	10 micrograms	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2006-11-20	Not applicable	EU
Byetta	Injection	250 ug/mL	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Lp	2014-12-12	Not applicable	US
Byetta	Injection	250 ug/mL	Subcutaneous	Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Llc.	2005-04-28	2016-10-31	US
Byetta	Solution	250 mcg	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca	2011-05-31	Not applicable	Canada
Byetta	Injection, solution	5 micrograms	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2006-11-20	Not applicable	EU
Byetta	Injection, solution	10 micrograms	Subcutaneous	Astra Zeneca Ab	2006-11-20	Not applicable	EU
Byetta	Injection	250 ug/mL	Subcutaneous	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2005-08-09	Not applicable	US

Approved Generic Prescription Products

Not Available

Approved Over the Counter Products

Not Available

Unapproved/Other Products

Not Available

International Brands

Not Available

Brand mixtures

Not Available

Categories

UNII

9P1872D4OL

CAS number

141758-74-9

Pharmacology

Indication

Indicated as adjunctive therapy to improve glycemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus who are taking metformin, a sulfonylurea, or a combination of both, but have not achieved adequate glycemic control.

Structured Indications

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pharmacodynamics

Exenatide is an incretin mimetic, which has glucoregulatory effects. While it is has blood-sugar lowering actions alone, it can also be combined with other medications such as pioglitazone, metformin, sulfonylureas, and/or insulin to improve glucose control. The approved use of exenatide is with either sulfonylureas, metformin and thiazolinediones. The medication is injected twice per day using a pre-filled pen device. Typical human responses to exenatide plus eating include improvements in the initial rapid release of endogenous insulin, suppression of glucagon release by the pancreas, regulation of gastric empyting and reduced appetite; all behaviors more typical of individuals without blood sugar control problems. Exenatide is self-regulating in that in lowers blood sugar when levels are elevated but does not continue to lower blood sugar when levels return to normal, unlike with sulfonylureas or insulins.

Mechanism of action

Exenatide is a functional analog of the human incretin Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). Incretins enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and exhibit other antihyperglycemic actions following their release into the circulation from the gut. The GLP-1 system increases insulin secretion only in the presence of elevated plasma glucose levels, avoiding inappropriately high insulin levels during fasting. The drug also moderates peak serum glucagon levels during hyperglycemic periods following meals, but does not interfere with glucagon release in response to hypoglycemia. Secondary effects of drug administration reduces the rate of gastric emptying and decreases food intake, mitigating the potential severity of hyperglycemic events after meals.

Target	Kind	Pharmacological action	Actions	Organism	UniProt ID
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor	Protein	yes	agonist	Human	P43220	details

Absorption

Following subcutaneous administration to patients with type 2 diabetes, exenatide reaches median peak plasma concentrations in 2.1 hours.

Volume of distribution

28.3 L

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Route of elimination

Nonclinical studies have shown that exenatide is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration with subsequent proteolytic degradation.

Half life

Mean terminal half-life is 2.4 hours.

Clearance

Apparent cl=9.1 L/hr

Toxicity

Effects of the overdoses included severe nausea, severe vomiting, and rapidly declining blood glucose concentrations.

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Drug	Interaction	Drug group
7,8-Dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline	7,8-DICHLORO-1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINE may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Experimental
Acenocoumarol	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.	Approved
Acetohexamide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Acetohexamide.	Withdrawn
Acetylsalicylic acid	Acetylsalicylic acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Aminosalicylic Acid	Aminosalicylic Acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Aripiprazole	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Aripiprazole.	Approved, Investigational
Arsenic trioxide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Arsenic trioxide.	Approved, Investigational
Articaine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Articaine.	Approved
Asenapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Asenapine.	Approved
Atazanavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Atazanavir.	Approved, Investigational
Balsalazide	Balsalazide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Bendroflumethiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Bendroflumethiazide.	Approved
Benmoxin	Benmoxin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Betamethasone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Betamethasone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Brexpiprazole	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Brexpiprazole.	Approved
Bumetanide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Bumetanide.	Approved
Buserelin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Buserelin.	Approved
Caroxazone	Caroxazone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Ceritinib	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Ceritinib.	Approved
Chlorothiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorothiazide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Chlorotrianisene	The serum concentration of Chlorotrianisene can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Chlorpropamide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Chlorpropamide.	Approved
Chlorthalidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Chlorthalidone.	Approved
Cinoxacin	Cinoxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Withdrawn
Ciprofloxacin	Ciprofloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Citalopram	Citalopram may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Clozapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Clozapine.	Approved
Conjugated estrogens	The serum concentration of Conjugated Equine Estrogens can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Corticotropin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Corticotropin.	Approved, Vet Approved
Cortisone acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Cortisone acetate.	Approved
Cyproterone acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Cyproterone acetate.	Approved, Investigational
Dabrafenib	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Dabrafenib.	Approved
Danazol	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Danazol.	Approved
Dapoxetine	Dapoxetine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Darunavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Darunavir.	Approved
Desogestrel	The serum concentration of Desogestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Desvenlafaxine	Desvenlafaxine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Dexamethasone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Dexamethasone.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Diazoxide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Diazoxide.	Approved
Dicoumarol	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Dicoumarol.	Approved
Dienestrol	The serum concentration of Dienestrol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Dienogest	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Dienogest.	Approved
Diethylstilbestrol	The serum concentration of Diethylstilbestrol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Diflunisal	Diflunisal may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Dihydrotestosterone	Dihydrotestosterone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Illicit
Disopyramide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Disopyramide.	Approved
Drospirenone	The serum concentration of Drospirenone can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Duloxetine	Duloxetine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Enoxacin	Enoxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Epinephrine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Epinephrine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Escitalopram	Escitalopram may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Estradiol	The serum concentration of Estradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Estramustine	The serum concentration of Estramustine can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Estrogens, esterified	The serum concentration of Estrogens, esterified can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Estrone sulfate	The serum concentration of Estrone sulfate can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Etacrynic acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Etacrynic acid.	Approved
Ethinyl Estradiol	The serum concentration of Ethinyl Estradiol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Ethyl biscoumacetate	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Ethyl biscoumacetate.	Withdrawn
Ethynodiol diacetate	The serum concentration of Ethynodiol diacetate can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Etonogestrel	The serum concentration of Etonogestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Etoperidone	Etoperidone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Everolimus	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Everolimus.	Approved
Fleroxacin	Fleroxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Fludrocortisone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Fludrocortisone.	Approved
Fluindione	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Fluindione.	Investigational
Flumequine	Flumequine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Fluoxetine	Fluoxetine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Fluoxymesterone	Fluoxymesterone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Illicit
Fluvoxamine	Fluvoxamine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Fosamprenavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Fosamprenavir.	Approved
Furazolidone	Furazolidone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Furosemide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Furosemide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Gatifloxacin	Gatifloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Gemifloxacin	Gemifloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Gestodene	The serum concentration of Gestodene can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Glibornuride	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glibornuride.	Withdrawn
Gliclazide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Gliclazide.	Approved
Glimepiride	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glimepiride.	Approved
Glipizide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glipizide.	Approved
Gliquidone	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Gliquidone.	Approved
Glisoxepide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glisoxepide.	Approved
Glyburide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Glyburide.	Approved
Goserelin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Goserelin.	Approved
Grepafloxacin	Grepafloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Hexestrol	The serum concentration of Hexestrol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Histrelin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Histrelin.	Approved
Hydracarbazine	Hydracarbazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Experimental
Hydrochlorothiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrochlorothiazide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Hydrocortisone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Hydrocortisone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Hydroflumethiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Hydroflumethiazide.	Approved
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Hydroxyprogesterone caproate.	Approved
Iloperidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Iloperidone.	Approved
Indalpine	Indalpine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational, Withdrawn
Indapamide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Indapamide.	Approved
Indinavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Indinavir.	Approved
Insulin Aspart	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Aspart.	Approved
Insulin Detemir	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Detemir.	Approved
Insulin Glargine	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Glargine.	Approved
Insulin Glulisine	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Glulisine.	Approved
Insulin Human	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Human.	Approved, Investigational
Insulin Lispro	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Lispro.	Approved
Insulin Pork	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Insulin Pork.	Approved
Iproclozide	Iproclozide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Iproniazid	Iproniazid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Isocarboxazid	Isocarboxazid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Lanreotide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Lanreotide.	Approved
Leuprolide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Leuprolide.	Approved, Investigational
Levofloxacin	Levofloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Levomilnacipran	Levomilnacipran may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Levonorgestrel	The serum concentration of Levonorgestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Lipoic Acid	Lipoic Acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Nutraceutical
Lomefloxacin	Lomefloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Lopinavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Lopinavir.	Approved
Lurasidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Lurasidone.	Approved
Lynestrenol	The serum concentration of Lynestrenol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Investigational
Mebanazine	Mebanazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Mecasermin	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Mecasermin.	Approved, Investigational
Medroxyprogesterone acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Medroxyprogesterone acetate.	Approved, Investigational
Megestrol acetate	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Megestrol acetate.	Approved, Vet Approved
Mesalazine	Mesalazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Mestranol	The serum concentration of Mestranol can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Methallenestril	The serum concentration of Methallenestril can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Experimental
Methotrimeprazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Methotrimeprazine.	Approved
Methyclothiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Methyclothiazide.	Approved
Methylene blue	Methylene blue may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Methylprednisolone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Methylprednisolone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Methyltestosterone	Methyltestosterone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Metolazone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Metolazone.	Approved
Mifepristone	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Mifepristone.	Approved, Investigational
Milnacipran	Milnacipran may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Minaprine	Minaprine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Moclobemide	Moclobemide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Moxifloxacin	Moxifloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Nalidixic Acid	Nalidixic Acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Nateglinide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Nateglinide.	Approved, Investigational
NCX 4016	NCX 4016 may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Nefazodone	Nefazodone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Withdrawn
Nelfinavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Nelfinavir.	Approved
Niacin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Niacin.	Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
Nialamide	Nialamide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Nilotinib	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Nilotinib.	Approved, Investigational
Nitroaspirin	Nitroaspirin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Norelgestromin	The serum concentration of Norelgestromin can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Norethisterone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Norethisterone.	Approved
Norfloxacin	Norfloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Norgestimate	The serum concentration of Norgestimate can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Norgestrel	The serum concentration of Norgestrel can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Octamoxin	Octamoxin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Octreotide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Octreotide.	Approved, Investigational
Ofloxacin	Ofloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Olanzapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Olanzapine.	Approved, Investigational
Olsalazine	Olsalazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Oxandrolone	Oxandrolone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Oxymetholone	Oxymetholone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Illicit
Paliperidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Paliperidone.	Approved
Pargyline	Pargyline may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Paroxetine	Paroxetine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Pasireotide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Pasireotide.	Approved
Pazufloxacin	Pazufloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Pefloxacin	Pefloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Pegvisomant	Pegvisomant may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Pentamidine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Pentamidine.	Approved
Phenelzine	Phenelzine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Phenindione	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Phenindione.	Approved
Pheniprazine	Pheniprazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Phenoxypropazine	Phenoxypropazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Phenprocoumon	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Phenprocoumon.	Approved
Piperazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Piperazine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Pipotiazine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Pipotiazine.	Approved
Pirlindole	Pirlindole may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Pivhydrazine	Pivhydrazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Polythiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Polythiazide.	Approved
Prednisolone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Prednisolone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Prednisone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Prednisone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Progesterone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Progesterone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Prulifloxacin	Prulifloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Investigational
Quetiapine	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Quetiapine.	Approved
Quinethazone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Quinethazone.	Approved
Quinine	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Quinine.	Approved
Rasagiline	Rasagiline may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Repaglinide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Repaglinide.	Approved, Investigational
Risperidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Risperidone.	Approved, Investigational
Ritonavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Ritonavir.	Approved, Investigational
Rosoxacin	Rosoxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Safrazine	Safrazine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Salicylic acid	Salicylic acid may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Saquinavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Saquinavir.	Approved, Investigational
Selegiline	Selegiline may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Sertraline	Sertraline may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Sirolimus	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Sirolimus.	Approved, Investigational
Sparfloxacin	Sparfloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Stanozolol	Stanozolol may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Sulfadiazine	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfadiazine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Sulfamethoxazole	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfamethoxazole.	Approved
Sulfisoxazole	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sulfisoxazole.	Approved, Vet Approved
Sunitinib	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Sunitinib.	Approved, Investigational
Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A	The serum concentration of Synthetic Conjugated Estrogens, A can be decreased when it is combined with Exenatide.	Approved
Tacrolimus	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Tacrolimus.	Approved, Investigational
Temafloxacin	Temafloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Temsirolimus	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Temsirolimus.	Approved
Testosterone	Testosterone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Investigational
Tipranavir	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Tipranavir.	Approved, Investigational
Tolazamide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Tolazamide.	Approved
Tolbutamide	Exenatide may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Tolbutamide.	Approved
Toloxatone	Toloxatone may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Torasemide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Torasemide.	Approved
Trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine	Trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Experimental
Tranylcypromine	Tranylcypromine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Triamcinolone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Triamcinolone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Trichlormethiazide	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Trichlormethiazide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Triptorelin	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Triptorelin.	Approved, Vet Approved
Trovafloxacin	Trovafloxacin may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved, Withdrawn
Venlafaxine	Venlafaxine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Approved
Vorinostat	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Vorinostat.	Approved, Investigational
Warfarin	Exenatide may increase the anticoagulant activities of Warfarin.	Approved
Zimelidine	Zimelidine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Exenatide.	Withdrawn
Ziprasidone	The therapeutic efficacy of Exenatide can be decreased when used in combination with Ziprasidone.	Approved

Food Interactions

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Matthieu Giraud, Anne-Sophie Droz, Stephane Varray, El Djouhar Rekai, Marie-Helene Brichard, Daniel Latassa, Christine Devijver, Pascal Gilles, Jeanne-Marie Cauvin, Fernando Albericio, Marta Paradis Bas, "PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXENATIDE AND OF AN EXENATIDE ANALOGUE." U.S. Patent US20110046349, issued February 24, 2011.

US20110046349

General References

Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, Mihm MJ, Widel MH, Brodows RG: Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Oct 18;143(8):559-69. [PubMed:16230722 ]

External Links

Resource	Link
PharmGKB	PA164749238
Drug Product Database	20660
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/byetta.htm
Drugs.com	http://www.drugs.com/cdi/exenatide.html
Wikipedia	Exenatide

ATC Codes

A10BX04 — Exenatide

AHFS Codes

Not Available

PDB Entries

Not Available

FDA label

Download (683 KB)

MSDS

Not Available

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
0	Recruiting	Not Available	Alcoholism / BMI >30 kg/m2 / Cessation, Smoking	1
1	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Type2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Insulin Resistance / Pre Diabetes	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Diagnostic	The Methodology Assessment of Glucose Dependent Insulin Secretion	1
1	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Adult Male and Female Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	8
1	Recruiting	Other	Dependence, Cocaine	1
1, 2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothalamic Obesity	1
1, 2	Completed	Treatment	Euglycemia / Hyperglycemias / Hypoglycemia	1
1, 2	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Autoimmune Diseases / Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 / Hypoglycemia	1
1, 2	Recruiting	Treatment	Cessation, Smoking	1
1, 2	Terminated	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
1, 2	Withdrawn	Treatment	Glucose Homeostasis / Health-Related Quality of Life / Inflammatory Reaction / Organ Dysfunction / Shock, Septic	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Alzheimer's Disease (AD) / Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)	1
2	Completed	Treatment	BMI >27 kg/m2 / BMI >30 kg/m2 / Postsurgical craniopharyngioma	1
2	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	3
2	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM)	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Obesity, Morbid	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Strokes	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	8
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Myocardial Infarction (MI)	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Obesity, Severe	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Stroke, Ischemic	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Type I Diabetes	1
2	Terminated	Treatment	Diabetes Complications / Fatty Liver	1
2	Terminated	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM)	1
2	Unknown Status	Treatment	Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1
2, 3	Completed	Not Available	(NAFLD) / Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	1
2, 3	Completed	Basic Science	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Minor burns	1
2, 3	Enrolling by Invitation	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 / Hypoglycemia	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Quality of Life	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Stress Hyperglycaemia	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
2, 3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Obesity, Morbid	1
3	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Diabetes	1
3	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Drug-induced Obesity / Metabolic Syndromes / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
3	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Obese experiencing rapid weight loss	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Coronary Artery Disease / Decreased Left Ventricular Function	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM)	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent	2
3	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	4
3	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	32
3	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothalamic Obesity / Postsurgical craniopharyngioma	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Children and Adolescent With Type 2 Diabetes	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Cognitive Deficits / Dysglycaemia	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothalamic Obesity	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	3
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Patients With a First Acute Myocardial Infarction to be Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)	1
4	Completed	Basic Science	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Health Services Research	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) / Hyperglycemias / Myocardial Infarction (MI)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	2
4	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	3
4	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers / Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Myocardial Infarction (MI)	2
4	Completed	Treatment	Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	15
4	Completed	Treatment	Weight gain therapy	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Diagnostic	Healthy Volunteers	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Prevention	Diabetic Nephropathies	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Coronary Endothelial Function	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Evaluate Ketogenic Stress	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Kidney Diseases / Type2 Diabetes	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Steatosis, Liver / Type2 Diabetes	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	2
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Atherosclerosis / Diabetes / Restenosis	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Pre-Diabetic	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Brain Injury	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Schizoaffective Disorders / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	7
4	Terminated	Treatment	Heart Failure, Diastolic / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Terminated	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
4	Unknown Status	Health Services Research	Diabetes / Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	3
4	Withdrawn	Not Available	Diabetes, Gestational	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) / Insulin Resistance	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Diabetic Nephropathies / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Healthy Subjects (Treated With no Diabetes Therapies) / Type 2 Diabetes (Treated With Exenatide or Other Oral Antidiabetic Therapies)	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	8
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	Hyperlipidemias	1
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Diagnostic	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Cardiac Arrest / Comatose	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Glucocorticoid-induced Beta-cell Dysfunction / Glucocorticoid-induced Glucometabolic Abnormalities	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Newly Diagnosed / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Prader-Willi Syndrome	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Pre-Diabetic / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	2
Not Available	Recruiting	Not Available	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Aortic Valve Disorder / Brain Injury / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Renal Failure / Shock, Cardiogenic / Strokes	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Basic Science	Diabetes	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Prevention	Incretinomimetics / Pancreas / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / Hypothalamic Obesity	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus Associated With Genetic Syndrome / Wolfram Syndrome	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Heart Failure, Unspecified / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Prader-Willi Syndrome	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	2 mg
Injection, powder, for suspension, extended release; kit	Subcutaneous	2 mg
Injection, suspension, extended release	Subcutaneous	2 mg/.65mL
Kit
Injection	Subcutaneous	250 ug/mL
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	10 micrograms
Injection, solution	Subcutaneous	5 micrograms
Solution	Subcutaneous	250 mcg

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Byetta 10 MCG Pen 10 mcg/0.04ml Solution 2.4ml Pen	324.23USD	pen
Byetta 5 mcg dose pen inj	316.76USD	ml
Byetta 5 MCG Pen 5 mcg/0.02ml Solution 1.2ml Pen	276.57USD	pen

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US5424286	No	1996-12-01	2016-12-01	US
US6479065	No	2000-08-10	2020-08-10	US
US6495164	No	2000-05-25	2020-05-25	US
US6667061	No	2000-05-25	2020-05-25	US
US6824822	No	2002-10-09	2022-10-09	US
US6858576	No	1997-01-06	2017-01-06	US
US6872700	No	2000-01-14	2020-01-14	US
US6902744	No	2000-01-14	2020-01-14	US
US6956026	No	1998-01-07	2018-01-07	US
US7223440	No	2001-08-31	2021-08-31	US
US7297761	No	1997-10-15	2017-10-15	US
US7456254	No	2005-06-30	2025-06-30	US
US7521423	No	1997-10-15	2017-10-15	US
US7563871	No	2004-04-15	2024-04-15	US
US7612176	No	2005-04-13	2025-04-13	US
US7741269	No	1998-01-07	2018-01-07	US
US8216180	No	2008-01-12	2028-01-12	US
US8329648	No	2006-08-18	2026-08-18	US
US8431685	No	2005-04-13	2025-04-13	US
US8439864	No	2008-03-25	2028-03-25	US
US8461105	No	2005-04-13	2025-04-13	US
US8906851	No	2006-08-18	2026-08-18	US
US9238076	No	2004-04-15	2024-04-15	US

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Not Available

Taxonomy

Description

Not Available

Kingdom

Organic Compounds

Super Class

Organic Acids

Class

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Sub Class

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues

Direct Parent

Peptides

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Not Available

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Targets

Details

1. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

General Function:: Transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Specific Function:: This is a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name:: GLP1R
Uniprot ID:: P43220
Molecular Weight:: 53025.22 Da

References

Briones M, Bajaj M: Exenatide: a GLP-1 receptor agonist as novel therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2006 Jun;7(8):1055-64. [PubMed:16722815 ]
Hargrove DM, Kendall ES, Reynolds JM, Lwin AN, Herich JP, Smith PA, Gedulin BR, Flanagan SD, Jodka CM, Hoyt JA, McCowen KM, Parkes DG, Anderson CM: Biological activity of AC3174, a peptide analog of exendin-4. Regul Pept. 2007 Jun 7;141(1-3):113-9. Epub 2007 Jan 11. [PubMed:17292977 ]
Wajchenberg BL: beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment. Endocr Rev. 2007 Apr;28(2):187-218. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [PubMed:17353295 ]
Mack CM, Moore CX, Jodka CM, Bhavsar S, Wilson JK, Hoyt JA, Roan JL, Vu C, Laugero KD, Parkes DG, Young AA: Antiobesity action of peripheral exenatide (exendin-4) in rodents: effects on food intake, body weight, metabolic status and side-effect measures. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006 Sep;30(9):1332-40. Epub 2006 Mar 14. [PubMed:16534527 ]
Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH: Incretins: a new treatment option for type 2 diabetes? Neth J Med. 2007 Feb;65(2):60-4. [PubMed:17379930 ]
Mann RJ, Nasr NE, Sinfield JK, Paci E, Donnelly D: The major determinant of exendin-4/glucagon-like peptide 1 differential affinity at the rat glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor N-terminal domain is a hydrogen bond from SER-32 of exendin-4. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;160(8):1973-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00834.x. [PubMed:20649595 ]
Degn KB, Brock B, Juhl CB, Djurhuus CB, Grubert J, Kim D, Han J, Taylor K, Fineman M, Schmitz O: Effect of intravenous infusion of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) on glucose-dependent insulin secretion and counterregulation during hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 2004 Sep;53(9):2397-403. [PubMed:15331551 ]
Diamant M, Bunck MC, Heine RJ: [Analogs of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): an old concept as a new treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2004 Sep 25;148(39):1912-7. [PubMed:15495988 ]
Kolterman OG, Kim DD, Shen L, Ruggles JA, Nielsen LL, Fineman MS, Baron AD: Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 Jan 15;62(2):173-81. [PubMed:15700891 ]
Barnett AH: Exenatide. Drugs Today (Barc). 2005 Sep;41(9):563-78. [PubMed:16341288 ]
Lebovitz HE: Therapeutic options in development for management of diabetes: pharmacologic agents and new technologies. Endocr Pract. 2006 Jan-Feb;12 Suppl 1:142-7. [PubMed:16627399 ]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]

Carriers

Details

1. Serum albumin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown

General Function:: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function:: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc.
Gene Name:: ALB
Uniprot ID:: P02768
Molecular Weight:: 69365.94 Da

References

Chae SY, Jin CH, Shin JH, Son S, Kim TH, Lee S, Youn YS, Byun Y, Lee MS, Lee KC: Biochemical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties of long-acting lithocholic acid derivatized exendin-4 analogs. J Control Release. 2010 Mar 3;142(2):206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.10.025. Epub 2009 Nov 10. [PubMed:19900495 ]

Drug created on May 16, 2007 14:43 / Updated on July 22, 2017 12:18

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Targets

References

Carriers

References