| DB00465 | Ketorolac | Ketorolac is a Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and has antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. [A176131] It is indicated for short term management of acute pain that requires the caliber of pain management offered by opioids. [L6526] Clinicians may choose to initiate ketorolac to manage post-operative pain, spinal and soft tissue pain, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual disorders and headaches among other ailments. [L6520] Regardless of the etiology of pain, patients should use the lowest possible dose, and avoid using ketorolac for an extended period of time (ideally ≤ 5 days).[L6526] A benefit of choosing ketorolac over other analgesics with similar potency is that that there does not appear to be a risk of dependence or tolerance with ketorolac use.[A176131] |
| DB00586 | Diclofenac | For the acute and chronic treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. |
| DB00712 | Flurbiprofen | Flurbiprofen tablets are indicated for the acute or long-term symptomatic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteorarthritis and anklosing spondylitis. It may also be used to treat pain associated with dysmenorrhea and mild to moderate pain accompanied by inflammation (e.g. bursitis, tendonitis, soft tissue trauma). Topical ophthalmic formulations may be used pre-operatively to prevent intraoperative miosis. |
| DB00963 | Bromfenac | For the treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. |
| DB06802 | Nepafenac | For the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with cataract surgery. |
| DB00328 | Indometacin | Oral indometacin is indicated for symptomatic management of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis including acute flares of chronic disease, moderate to severe ankylosing spondylitis, moderate to severe osteoarthritis, acute painful shoulder (bursitis and/or tendinitis) and acute gouty arthritis.[A177871,Label]
Intravenous indometacin is indicated to induce closure of a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants weighing between 500 and 1750 g when after 48 hours usual medical management (e.g., fluid restriction, diuretics, digitalis, respiratory support, etc.) is ineffective.[F4600] |
| DB00461 | Nabumetone | **Indicated** for:
1) Symptomatic relief in rheumatoid arthritis
2) Symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis |
| DB00469 | Tenoxicam | For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, backache, and pain. |
| DB00482 | Celecoxib | For the relief and management of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), ankylosing spondylitis, acute pain, primary dysmenorrhea and oral adjunct to usual care for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis [FDA label]. |
| DB00500 | Tolmetin | For the relief of signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, including the treatment of acute flares long-term management. Also for treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. |
| DB00533 | Rofecoxib | For the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain in adults, and primary dysmenorrhea, as well as acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without auras. |
| DB00554 | Piroxicam | For treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. |
| DB00573 | Fenoprofen | For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Also for the relief of mild to moderate pain. |
| DB00580 | Valdecoxib | For the treatment of osteoarthritis and dysmenorrhoea |
| DB00605 | Sulindac | For acute or long-term use in the relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute painful shoulder (acute subacromial bursitis/supraspinatus tendinitis), and acute gouty arthritis. |
| DB00749 | Etodolac | For acute and long-term management of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as for the management of pain. |
| DB00784 | Mefenamic acid | For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, and mild to moderate pain, inflammation, and fever. |
| DB00788 | Naproxen | Not Available |
| DB00795 | Sulfasalazine | For the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis as a second-line agent. |
| DB00812 | Phenylbutazone | For the treatment of backache and ankylosing spondylitis |
| DB00814 | Meloxicam | For symptomatic treatment of arthritis and osteoarthritis. |
| DB00821 | Carprofen | For use as a pain reliever in the treatment of joint pain and post-surgical pain. |
| DB00861 | Diflunisal | For symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate pain accompanied by inflammation (e.g. musculoskeletal trauma, post-dental extraction, post-episiotomy), osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. |
| DB00870 | Suprofen | Used as eye drops to inhibit the miosis (pupil constriction) that may occur during ocular surgery. |
| DB00936 | Salicylic acid | Key additive in many skin-care products for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, callouses, corns, keratosis pilaris and warts. |
| DB00939 | Meclofenamic acid | For the relief of mild to moderate pain, for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea and for the treatment of idiopathic heavy menstrual blood loss. Also for relief of the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. |
| DB00945 | Acetylsalicylic acid | **Pain, fever, and inflammation**
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), in the regular tablet form (immediate-release), is indicated to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation associated with many conditions, including the flu, the common cold, neck and back pain, dysmenorrhea, headache, tooth pain, sprains, fractures, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, bursitis, burns, and various injuries. It is also used for symptomatic pain relief after surgical and dental procedures [FDA label].
The _extra strength_ formulation of acetylsalicylic acid is also indicated for the management migraine pain with photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound)[FDA label].
**Other indications**
ASA is also indicated for various other purposes, due to its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. These include:
Reducing the risk of cardiovascular death in suspected cases of myocardial infarction (MI) [FDA label].
Reducing the risk of a first non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients, and for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality in cases of unstable angina and in those who have had a prior myocardial infarction [FDA label].
For reducing the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and to prevent atherothrombotic cerebral infarction (in conjunction with other treatments) [FDA label].
For the prevention of thromboembolism after hip replacement surgery [FDA label].
For decreasing platelet to platelet adhesion following carotid endarterectomy, aiding in the prevention of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) [FDA label].
Used for patients undergoing hemodialysis with a silicone rubber arteriovenous cannula inserted to prevent thrombosis at the insertion site [FDA Label].
**Important note regarding use of the extended-release formulation [F4405]**
In the setting of acute myocardial infarction, or before percutaneous interventions, the extended-release form of acetylsalicylic acid should not be used. Use immediate-release formulations in scenarios requiring rapid onset of action [Label, F4405]. The extended-release form is taken to decrease the incidence of mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) for individuals diagnosed with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), including patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina or with chronic stable angina. Additionally, the extended-release form is used to decrease the risk of death and recurrent episodes of stroke in patients with a history of stroke or TIA [F4405].
|
| DB00991 | Oxaprozin | Used to relieve the inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and joint pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. |
| DB01009 | Ketoprofen | For symptomatic treatment of acute and chronic rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, primary dysmenorrhea and mild to moderate pain associated with musculotendinous trauma (sprains and strains), postoperative (including dental surgery) or postpartum pain. |
| DB01014 | Balsalazide | For the treatment of mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. |
| DB01050 | Ibuprofen | Ibuprofen is the most commonly used and prescribed NSAID. It is very common over the counter medication widely used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic.[A39096]
The use of ibuprofen and its enantiomer [DB09213] in a racemic mix is common for the management of mild to moderate pain related to dysmenorrhea, headache, migraine, postoperative dental pain, spondylitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and soft tissue disorder.[A39097]
Due to its activity against prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis, ibuprofen has been attributed to alteration of platelet function and prolongation of gestation and labor.[A39092]
As ibuprofen is a widely used medication, the main therapeutic indications are:
* Patent Ductus Arteriosus - it is a neonatal condition wherein the ductus arteriosus (blood vessel that connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta) fails to close after birth causing severe risk of heart failure. The prostaglandin inhibition of ibuprofen has been studied for the treatment of this condition as it is known that prostaglandin E2 is responsible for keeping the ductus arteriosus open.[A39100]
* Rheumatoid- and osteo-arthritis - ibuprofen is very commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of inflammatory, musculoskeletal and rheumatic disorders.[A39176]
* Cystic fibrosis - the use of high dosages of ibuprofen has been proven to decrease inflammation and decreasing polymorphonuclear cell influx in the lungs.[A39177]
* Orthostatic hypotension - ibuprofen can induce sodium retention and antagonize the effect of diuretics which has been reported to be beneficial for patients with severe orthostatic hypotension.[A1651]
* Dental pain - ibuprofen is used to manage acute and chronic orofacial pain.[A10901]
* Minor pain - ibuprofen is widely used to reduce minor aches and pains as well as to reduce fever and manage dysmenorrhea. It is very commonly used for the relief of acute indications such as fever and tension headaches.[A39092]
* Investigational uses - efforts have been put into developing ibuprofen for the prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, and breast cancer.[A39092] |
| DB01250 | Olsalazine | For the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. |
| DB01283 | Lumiracoxib | For the acute and chronic treatment of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee in adults. |
| DB01397 | Magnesium salicylate | Magnesium salicylate is a common analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate muscular pain |
| DB01399 | Salsalate | For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and related rheumatic disorders. |
| DB01401 | Choline magnesium trisalicylate | Choline magnesium trisalicylate is used to reduce pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis. This medication is also used to treat fever in adults. |
| DB01435 | Antipyrine | Antipyrine is an analgesic often used to test effects of other drugs on liver enzymes.. |
| DB01600 | Tiaprofenic acid | Tiaprofenic acid is used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain. |
| DB01628 | Etoricoxib | For the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic low back pain, acute pain and gout. |
| DB03585 | Oxyphenbutazone | Not Available |
| DB04552 | Niflumic acid | Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. |
| DB04743 | Nimesulide | For the treatment of acute pain, the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescents and adults above 12 years old. |
| DB04812 | Benoxaprofen | Not Available |
| DB04817 | Metamizole | Used in the past as a powerful painkiller and fever reducer. |
| DB04828 | Zomepirac | Zomepirac was indicated for the management of mild to severe pain. |
| DB06725 | Lornoxicam | For the treatment of acute mild to moderate pain, as well as pain and inflammation of the joints caused by certain types of rheumatic diseases. |
| DB06736 | Aceclofenac | Aceclofenac is indicated for the relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. |
| DB06737 | Zaltoprofen | Not Available |
| DB07402 | Azapropazone | Not Available |
| DB07477 | Felbinac | Not Available |
| DB08439 | Parecoxib | Used for short term perioperative pain control. |
| DB08797 | Salicylamide | Not Available |
| DB08940 | Kebuzone | Not Available |
| DB08942 | Isoxicam | Not Available |
| DB08951 | Indoprofen | Not Available |
| DB08955 | Ibuproxam | Not Available |
| DB08976 | Floctafenine | Not Available |
| DB08981 | Fenbufen | Not Available |
| DB08984 | Etofenamate | Not Available |
| DB08991 | Epirizole | Not Available |
| DB09212 | Loxoprofen | Loxoprofen is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) indicated for pain and inflammation related to musculoskeletal and joint disorders [L1226]. In addition to its effects on pain, it is an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory medication [L1227]. |
| DB09215 | Droxicam | Droxicam is an NSAID previously used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis [L1119]. |
| DB09216 | Tolfenamic Acid | In the information for tolfenamic acid, it is stated that this drug, being an NSAID, is effective in treating the pain associated with the acute attack of migraines in adults.[L1293] |
| DB09218 | Clonixin | Indicated for use in the management of chronic arthritic conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and inflammation. |
| DB09288 | Propacetamol | Propacetamol is a paracetamol prodrug of intravenous administration used to control fever and pain of perioperative period in multimodal analgesia therapy.[L1511] |
| DB11466 | Tepoxalin | Not Available |
| DB11518 | Flunixin | Not Available |
| DB12545 | Indobufen | Not Available |
| DB13001 | Tinoridine | Not Available |
| DB13167 | Alclofenac | Alclofenac is indicated in rheumatology, in particular for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and, as an analgesic, in painful arthritic pathologies. |
| DB13217 | Fentiazac | Not Available |
| DB13232 | Suxibuzone | Not Available |
| DB13286 | Bumadizone | Not Available |
| DB13314 | Alminoprofen | Not Available |
| DB13317 | Flunoxaprofen | Not Available |
| DB13346 | Bufexamac | Indicated for the treatment of various skin conditions, such as atopic eczema and other inflammatory dermatoses. |
| DB13364 | Feprazone | Not Available |
| DB13371 | Difenpiramide | Not Available |
| DB13407 | Nifenazone | Not Available |
| DB13432 | Lonazolac | Not Available |
| DB13481 | Tenidap | Not Available |
| DB13501 | Bendazac | Prior to the withdrawal of bendazac from various international regions of use due to concerns for hepatotoxicity [A39891, A39892, A39893, L4778] the chemical had demonstrated potential usefulness predominantly as the prescription medication bendazac lysine for the indication of managing the level of vision in patients with mild to moderate cataracts to facilitate delaying the need for surgical intervention [A39863, A39869, A39890].
Elsewhere bendazac may still be available in a limited capacity as a non-prescription topical cream product for treating conditions like local pain, inflammation, dermatitis, eczema, pruritis, hives, insect bites, burns, erythema, and others [L4780] - although such products may also be facing general discontinuation [L4781]. |
| DB13514 | Pranoprofen | Not Available |
| DB13524 | Propyphenazone | Not Available |
| DB13527 | Proglumetacin | Not Available |
| DB13538 | Guacetisal | Not Available |
| DB13544 | Ethenzamide | Not Available |
| DB13612 | Carbaspirin calcium | Not Available |
| DB13629 | Mofebutazone | Not Available |
| DB13649 | Proquazone | Not Available |
| DB13657 | Benorilate | Not Available |
| DB13722 | Pirprofen | Not Available |
| DB13783 | Acemetacin | Acemetacin is not FDA, Canada or EMA approved, but in the countries where it is marketed it is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of pain and swelling in acute inflammation of the joints in rheumathoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain and post-surgical pain.[L1045] It is also indicated for the treatment of chronic inflammation of the joints in presence of rheumatoid arthritis, treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, treatment of irritation in the joints and spinal column caused by degenerative disorders, treatment of inflammatory soft-tissue rheumatism syndrome and painful swelling and inflammation caused by injury.[L1044, L1046] |
| DB13860 | Imidazole salicylate | Not Available |
| DB09084 | Benzydamine | Available predominantly as a liquid mouthwash, oromucosal spray, or topical cream, benzydamine is most frequently employed as a locally acting analgesic and anti-inflammatory treatment for the relief of painful inflammatory conditions.
When formulated as a mouthwash or spray, benzydamine may be used to treat traumatic conditions like pharyngitis following tonsillectomy or the use of a naso-gastric tube, inflammatory conditions like pharyngitis, aphthous ulcers and oral ulceration due to radiation therapy, dentistry operations and procedures, or more general conditions like sore throat, sore tongue, sore gums, mouth ulcers, or discomfort caused by dentures. [L1121]
When used as a topical cream, benzydamine may be employed to relieve symptoms associated with painful inflammatory conditions of the muscolo-skeletal system including acute inflammatory disorders such as myalgia and bursitis or traumatic conditions like sprains, strains, bruises, sore muscles, stiff joints, or even the after-effects of fractures. [ L1123] |
| DB00159 | Icosapent | EPA can be used for lowering elevated triglycerides in those who are hyperglyceridemic. In addition, EPA may play a therapeutic role in patients with cystic fibrosis by reducing disease severity and may play a similar role in type 2 diabetics in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy. |
| DB01419 | Antrafenine | Antrafenine is used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent for the relief of mild to moderate pain. |
| DB09213 | Dexibuprofen | For more information, refer to [ibuprofen]. |
| DB11079 | Trolamine salicylate | Indicated for the temporary relief of aches, and pains of muscles and joints associated with backache, lumbago, strains, bruises, sprains and arthritic or rheumatic pain, pain of tendons and ligaments [L1791]. |
| DB05095 | Cimicoxib | Investigated for use/treatment in depression. |
| DB11455 | Robenacoxib | Not Available |
| DB01424 | Aminophenazone | Formerly widely used as an antipyretic and analgesic in rheumatism, neuritis, and common colds. Currently used to measure total body water. |
| DB00244 | Mesalazine | Mesalazine is indicated for the induction of remission in patients with active or mild to moderate acute exacerbations of ulcerative colitis and for the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis [FDA Label], [L5101]. Prescribing information for mesalazine in the UK also indicates the medication for the maintenance of remission of Crohn's ileo-colitis [L5101]. |
| DB14059 | SC-236 | Not Available |
| DB14060 | NS-398 | Not Available |
| DB09217 | Firocoxib | Used for the treatment of pain inflammation and fever in horses and dogs. |
| DB12445 | Nitroaspirin | Not Available |
| DB09285 | Morniflumate |
Morniflumate is indicated for the treatment of inflammatory conditions affecting the airways, ENT system, urogenital tract and bone and joint systems in adults. In Italy, morniflumate is also indicated for the treatment of pain associated with ear, nose, throat (ENT) and gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions in children. Morniflumate is a well established NSAID that has been in use for over three decades in Italy (particularly for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children), France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal; it has a generally favorable tolerability profile. |
| DB09295 | Talniflumate | Talnifumate is a phthalidyl ester of nifumic acid, which has potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and is widely used to treat inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis [L1409], and has also been studied for the management of cystic fibrosis [L1403]. |
| DB09214 | Dexketoprofen | For short-term treatment of mild to moderate pain, including dysmenorrhoea, musculoskeletal pain and toothache [L1302]. |
| DB02224 | Taxifolin | Not Available |
| DB12480 | Betulinic Acid | Not Available |
| DB12610 | Ebselen | Not Available |