Diclofenac

Identification

Summary

Diclofenac is an NSAID used to treat the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Brand Names
Aleve Arthritis Pain, Arthrotec, Cambia, Cataflam, Flector, Licart, Lofena, Pennsaid, Previdolrx Analgesic Pak, Salonpas Pain Relieving Patch, Solaraze, Voltaren, Voltaren Emulgel, Xrylix, Zipsor, Zorvolex
Generic Name
Diclofenac
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00586
Background

Diclofenac is a phenylacetic acid derivative and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).Label NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and-2 which are the enzyme responsible for producing prostaglandins (PGs). PGs contribute to inflammation and pain signalling. Diclofenac, like other NSAIDs, is often used as first line therapy for acute and chronic pain and inflammation from a variety of causes. Diclofenac was the product of rational drug design based on the structures of phenylbutazone, mefenamic acid, and indomethacin.12 The addition of two chlorine groups in the ortho position of the phenyl ring locks the ring in maximal torsion which appears to be related to increased potency. It is often used in combination with misoprostol to prevent NSAID-induced gastric ulcers. Diclofenac was first approved by the FDA in July 1988 under the trade name Voltaren, marketed by Novartis (previously Ciba-Geigy).18

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Vet approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 296.149
Monoisotopic: 295.016684015
Chemical Formula
C14H11Cl2NO2
Synonyms
  • [2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)phenyl]acetic acid
  • 2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino)benzeneacetic acid
  • Diclofenac
  • Diclofenac acid
  • Diclofenaco
  • Diclofenacum
External IDs
  • ISV-205

Pharmacology

Indication

Diclofenac is indicated for use in the treatment of pain and inflammation from varying sources including inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis, as well as injury-related inflammation due to surgery and physical trauma. It is often used in combination with misoprostol as a gastro-protective agent in patients with high risk of developing NSAID-induced ulcers.

Reduce drug development failure rates
Build, train, & validate machine-learning models
with evidence-based and structured datasets.
See how
Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.
See how
Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofActinic keratosis••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatAcute arthritisCombination Product in combination with: Rabeprazole (DB01129)•••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatAcute gouty arthritisCombination Product in combination with: Rabeprazole (DB01129)•••••••••••••••••••
Treatment ofAcute migraine•••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• ••••••••
Treatment ofAcute migraine••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events Today
Tap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.
Learn more
Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API
Learn more
Pharmacodynamics

Diclofenac reduces inflammation and by extension reduces nociceptive pain and combats fever.Label,17 It also increases the risk of developing a gastrointestinal ulcer by inhibiting the production of protective mucus in the stomach.

Mechanism of action

Diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, the enzymes responsible for production of prostaglandin (PG) G2 which is the precursor to other PGs.Label,17 These molecules have broad activity in pain and inflammation and the inhibition of their production is the common mechanism linking each effect of diclofenac.

PGE2 is the primary PG involved in modulation of nociception.10 It mediates peripheral sensitization through a variety of effects.17,10 PGE2 activates the Gq-coupled EP1 receptor leading to increased activity of the inositol trisphosphate/phospholipase C pathway. Activation of this pathway releases intracellular stores of calcium which directly reduces action potential threshold and activates protein kinase C (PKC) which contributes to several indirect mechanisms. PGE2 also activates the EP4 receptor, coupled to Gs, which activates the adenylyl cyclase/protein kinase A (AC/PKA) signaling pathway. PKA and PKC both contribute to the potentiation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) potentiation, which increases sensitivity to heat stimuli. They also activate tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels and inhibit inward potassium currents. PKA further contributes to the activation of the P2X3 purine receptor and sensitization of T-type calcium channels. The activation and sensitization of depolarizing ion channels and inhibition of inward potassium currents serve to reduce the intensity of stimulus necessary to generate action potentials in nociceptive sensory afferents. PGE2 act via EP3 to increase sensitivity to bradykinin and via EP2 to further increase heat sensitivity. Central sensitization occurs in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and is mediated by the EP2 receptor which couples to Gs. Pre-synaptically, this receptor increases the release of pro-nociceptive neurotransmitters glutamate, CGRP, and substance P. Post-synaptically it increases the activity of AMPA and NMDA receptors and produces inhibition of inhibitory glycinergic neurons. Together these lead to a reduced threshold of activating, allowing low intensity stimuli to generate pain signals. PGI2 is known to play a role via its Gs-coupled IP receptor although the magnitude of its contribution varies. It has been proposed to be of greater importance in painful inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. By limiting sensitization, both peripheral and central, via these pathways NSAIDs can effectively reduce inflammatory pain.

PGI2 and PGE2 contribute to acute inflammation via their IP and EP2 receptors.17,11 Similarly to β adrenergic receptors these are Gs-coupled and mediate vasodilation through the AC/PKA pathway. PGE2 also contributes by increasing leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and attracts the cells to the site of injury.17 PGD2 plays a role in the activation of endothelial cell release of cytokines through its DP1 receptor.11 PGI2 and PGE2 modulate T-helper cell activation and differentiation through IP, EP2, and EP4 receptors which is believed to be an important activity in the pathology of arthritic conditions. By limiting the production of these PGs at the site of injury, NSAIDs can reduce inflammation.

PGE2 can cross the blood-brain barrier and act on excitatory Gq EP3 receptors on thermoregulatory neurons in the hypothalamus.17 This activation triggers an increase in heat-generation and a reduction in heat-loss to produce a fever. NSAIDs prevent the generation of PGE2 thereby reducing the activity of these neurons.

TargetActionsOrganism
AProstaglandin G/H synthase 2
inhibitor
Humans
AProstaglandin G/H synthase 1
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Diclofenac is completely absorbed from the GI tract but likely undergoes significant first pass metabolism with only 60% of the drug reaching systemic circulation unchanged Label,7,8. Many topical formulations are absorbed percutaneous and produce clinically significant plasma concentrations. Absorption is dose proportional over the range of 25-150 mg.7 Tmax varies between formulations with the oral solution reaching peak plasma concentrations in 10-40min, the enteric coated tablet in 1.5-2h, and the sustained- and extended-release formulations prolonging Tmax even further. Administration with food has no significant effects on AUC but does delay Tmax to 2.5-12h.7,8

Volume of distribution

Diclofenac has a total volume of distribution of 5-10 L or 0.1-0.2 L/kg.7 The volume of the central compartment is 0.04 L/kg.8 Diclofenac distributes to the synovial fluid reaching peak concentration 2-4h after administration.7 There is limited crossing of the blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations only reach 8.22% of plasma concentrations. Doses of 50 mg delivered via intramuscular injection produced no detectable diclofenac concentrations in breast milk, however metabolite concentrations were not investigated. Diclofenac has been shown to cross the placenta in mice and rats but human data is unavailable.8

Protein binding

Diclofenac is over 99.7% bound to serum proteins, primarily albumin.7 It is undergoes limited binding to lipoproteins as well with 1.1% bound to HDL, 0.3% to LDL, and 0.15% to VLDL.

Metabolism

Diclofenac undergoes oxidative metabolism to hydroxy metabolites as well as conjugation to glucuronic acid, sulfate, and taurine.Label,7 The primary metabolite is 4'-hydroxy diclofenac which is generated by CYP2C9. This metabolite is very weakly active with one thirtieth the activity of diclofenac. Other metabolites include 3'-hydroxy diclofenac, 3'-hydroxy-4'methoxy diclofenac, 4',5-dihydroxy diclofenac, an acylglucuronide conjugate, and other conjugate metabolites.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Diclofenac is mainly eliminated via metabolism.7,8 Of the total dose, 60-70% is eliminated in the urine and 30% is eliminated in the feces. No significant enterohepatic recycling occurs.

Half-life

The terminal half-life of diclofenac is approximately 2 h, however the apparent half-life including all metabolites is 25.8-33 h.Label,8

Clearance

Diclofenac has a plasma clearance 16 L/h.8

Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomes
With structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!
See the data
Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.
See a data sample
Toxicity

Symptoms of overdose include lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, and gastrointestinal bleeding.Label Hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory depression and coma occur rarely. In case of overdose, provide supportive care and consider inducing emesis and administering activated charcoal if overdose occurred less than 4 hours prior.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Diclofenac Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirDiclofenac may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Diclofenac can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Diclofenac can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbciximabThe risk or severity of bleeding and hemorrhage can be increased when Diclofenac is combined with Abciximab.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Diclofenac can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid excessive or chronic alcohol consumption. Co-administration with alcohol may increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, such as ulceration.
  • Take with food. Food reduces gastric irritation.

Products

Drug product information from 10+ global regions
Our datasets provide approved product information including:
dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.
Access now
Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.
Access now
Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Diclofenac deanol409Q1531N081811-14-5AINBLHPPOHIAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Diclofenac diethylamine6TGQ35Z71K78213-16-8ZQVZPANTCLRASL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Diclofenac epolamineX5F8EKL9ZG119623-66-4DCERVXIINVUMKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Diclofenac potassiumL4D5UA6CB415307-81-0KXZOIWWTXOCYKR-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Diclofenac sodiumQTG126297Q15307-79-6KPHWPUGNDIVLNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Aclonac / Allvoran / Ecofenac / Effekton / Nu-Diclo / Primofenac / Prophenatin / Rhumalgan / Voltarol
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Ambator Diclofenac PatchPatch1 g/10mLTopical7T Pharma LLC2017-12-152018-03-29US flag
CambiaPowder, for solution1 mg/1mgOralNautilus Neurosciences, Inc.2010-04-202010-04-23US flag
CambiaPowder, for solution1 mg/1mgOralNautilus Neurosciences, Inc.2010-04-20Not applicableUS flag
CambiaPowder, for solution50 mg/1OralAssertio Therapeutics, Inc.2010-04-20Not applicableUS flag
CambiaPowder, for solution50 mg/1OralAssertio Therapeutics, Inc.2016-03-10Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-dicloTablet, delayed release50 mgOralApotex Corporation1989-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-dicloTablet, delayed release25 mgOralApotex Corporation1989-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-diclo Rapide 50 Mg TabletsTablet50 mgOralApotex Corporation2001-05-25Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-diclo SRTablet, extended release100 mg / srtOralApotex Corporation1994-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-diclo SRTablet, extended release75 mgOralApotex Corporation1995-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Aleve Arthritis Pain GelGel1 mg/1gTopicalBayer HealthCare LLC2021-06-01Not applicableUS flag
ALMIRAL GEL 1% w/wGel1 g/100gTopicalMEDOCHEMIE SINGAPORE PTE. LTD.1991-05-27Not applicableSingapore flag
AMMI VOTARA EMULSTON GELGel1 %w/wTopicalบริษัท แมคโครฟาร์ จำกัด1993-07-15Not applicableThailand flag
Arthritis PainGel10 mg/1gTopicalStrategic Sourcing Services, LLC2022-07-06Not applicableUS flag
Arthritis PainGel10 mg/1gTopicalStrategic Sourcing Services, LLC2022-07-06Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Act Diclo-misoDiclofenac sodium (50 mg) + Misoprostol (200 mcg)Tablet, delayed releaseOralActavis Pharma Company2013-03-272019-08-08Canada flag
Act Diclo-misoDiclofenac sodium (75 mg) + Misoprostol (200 mcg)Tablet, delayed releaseOralActavis Pharma Company2013-03-272019-08-08Canada flag
ADORLAN® FORTEDiclofenac sodium (50 mg) + Tramadol hydrochloride (50 mg)TabletOralGrünenthal Colombiana S.A.2018-08-02Not applicableColombia flag
ADORLAN® TABLETASDiclofenac sodium (25 mg) + Tramadol hydrochloride (25 mg)TabletOralGrünenthal Colombiana S.A.2010-05-12Not applicableColombia flag
AFTOJEL % 0,1 + %3 JEL (5 G)Diclofenac sodium (30 mg/g) + Triamcinolone acetonide (1 mg/g)GelTopicalORVA İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. A.Ş.2008-04-30Not applicableTurkey flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Ambator Diclofenac PatchDiclofenac sodium (1 g/10mL)PatchTopical7T Pharma LLC2017-12-152018-03-29US flag
Calcipotriene 0.005% / Diclofenac Sodium 3% / Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt 2% / Niacinamide 2%Diclofenac sodium (3 g/100g) + Calcipotriol (0.005 g/100g) + Sodium hyaluronate (2 g/100g) + Nicotinamide (2 g/100g)CreamTopicalSincerus Florida, LLC2019-05-07Not applicableUS flag
ClofenaxDiclofenac sodium (16.05 mg/1mL)Kit; SolutionTopicalPureTek Corporation2020-12-09Not applicableUS flag
DermacinRx Lexitral PharmaPakDiclofenac sodium (16.05 mg/1mL) + Capsicum oleoresin (0.25 mg/1mL)Cream; Kit; SolutionTopicalPureTek Corporation2015-11-062024-04-30US flag
DermacinRx Lexitral PharmaPak IIDiclofenac sodium (16.05 mg/1mL) + Capsicum oleoresin (0.25 mg/1mL)Cream; Kit; SolutionTopicalPureTek Corporation2022-03-022024-04-30US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
S01CC01 — Diclofenac and antiinfectivesS01BC03 — DiclofenacM01AB55 — Diclofenac, combinationsM02AA15 — DiclofenacM01AB05 — DiclofenacD11AX18 — Diclofenac
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dichlorobenzenes. These are compounds containing a benzene with exactly two chlorine atoms attached to it.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Halobenzenes
Direct Parent
Dichlorobenzenes
Alternative Parents
Aniline and substituted anilines / Aryl chlorides / Amino acids / Secondary amines / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organochlorides / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
show 1 more
Substituents
1,3-dichlorobenzene / Amine / Amino acid / Amino acid or derivatives / Aniline or substituted anilines / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid
show 12 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
monocarboxylic acid, secondary amino compound, dichlorobenzene, aromatic amine, amino acid (CHEBI:47381)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
144O8QL0L1
CAS number
15307-86-5
InChI Key
DCOPUUMXTXDBNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H11Cl2NO2/c15-10-5-3-6-11(16)14(10)17-12-7-2-1-4-9(12)8-13(18)19/h1-7,17H,8H2,(H,18,19)
IUPAC Name
2-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl}acetic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1NC1=C(Cl)C=CC=C1Cl

References

Synthesis Reference

Takuzo Kamishita, "Gel preparations for topical application of diclofenac sodium." U.S. Patent US4670254, issued October, 1983.

US4670254
General References
  1. Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C: Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2006 Jun 3;332(7553):1302-8. [Article]
  2. Solomon DH, Avorn J, Sturmer T, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, Schneeweiss S: Cardiovascular outcomes in new users of coxibs and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: high-risk subgroups and time course of risk. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 May;54(5):1378-89. [Article]
  3. FitzGerald GA, Patrono C: The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 9;345(6):433-42. [Article]
  4. Graham DJ: COX-2 inhibitors, other NSAIDs, and cardiovascular risk: the seduction of common sense. JAMA. 2006 Oct 4;296(13):1653-6. Epub 2006 Sep 12. [Article]
  5. Brater DC: Renal effects of cyclooxygyenase-2-selective inhibitors. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002 Apr;23(4 Suppl):S15-20; discussion S21-3. [Article]
  6. Gan TJ: Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Jul;26(7):1715-31. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2010.486301. [Article]
  7. Davies NM, Anderson KE: Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997 Sep;33(3):184-213. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199733030-00003. [Article]
  8. Todd PA, Sorkin EM: Diclofenac sodium. A reappraisal of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs. 1988 Mar;35(3):244-85. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198835030-00004. [Article]
  9. Kuehl GE, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Bigler J: Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.002527. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [Article]
  10. Chen L, Yang G, Grosser T: Prostanoids and inflammatory pain. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2013 Jul-Aug;104-105:58-66. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.08.006. Epub 2012 Sep 3. [Article]
  11. Hirata T, Narumiya S: Prostanoids as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. Adv Immunol. 2012;116:143-74. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394300-2.00005-3. [Article]
  12. Sallmann AR: The history of diclofenac. Am. J. Med. 1986 Apr 28;80(4):29-33. [Article]
  13. Bort R, Mace K, Boobis A, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Pfeifer A, Castell J: Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96. [Article]
  14. Yan Z, Li J, Huebert N, Caldwell GW, Du Y, Zhong H: Detection of a novel reactive metabolite of diclofenac: evidence for CYP2C9-mediated bioactivation via arene oxides. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jun;33(6):706-13. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.003095. Epub 2005 Mar 11. [Article]
  15. Boerma JS, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN: One-electron oxidation of diclofenac by human cytochrome P450s as a potential bioactivation mechanism for formation of 2'-(glutathion-S-yl)-deschloro-diclofenac. Chem Biol Interact. 2014 Jan 25;207:32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.001. Epub 2013 Nov 15. [Article]
  16. Kamimura H, Ito S, Nozawa K, Nakamura S, Chijiwa H, Nagatsuka S, Kuronuma M, Ohnishi Y, Suemizu H, Ninomiya S: Formation of the accumulative human metabolite and human-specific glutathione conjugate of diclofenac in TK-NOG chimeric mice with humanized livers. Drug Metab Dispos. 2015 Mar;43(3):309-16. doi: 10.1124/dmd.114.061689. Epub 2014 Dec 11. [Article]
  17. Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC. eds (2018). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. [ISBN:978-1-25-958473-2]
  18. Drugs@FDA: Voltaren Delayed Release [Link]
  19. Health Canada Product Monograph: Diclofenac oral tablets [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014724
KEGG Drug
D07816
KEGG Compound
C01690
PubChem Compound
3033
PubChem Substance
46504644
ChemSpider
2925
BindingDB
13066
RxNav
3355
ChEBI
47381
ChEMBL
CHEMBL139
ZINC
ZINC000000001281
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000620
PharmGKB
PA449293
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
DIF
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Diclofenac
PDB Entries
1dvx / 1nr6 / 1pxx / 1sv9 / 2b17 / 2wek / 3cfq / 3ib0 / 3n8y / 4oj4
show 10 more
FDA label
Download (610 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4Active Not RecruitingPreventionGlaucoma1
4CompletedBasic ScienceActinic Keratosis (AK)1
4CompletedDiagnosticHypopituitarism1
4CompletedPreventionCesarean Delivery1
4CompletedPreventionFamily Planning1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Institut biochemique sa
  • Xanodyne pharmaceutics inc
  • Nautilus neurosciences inc
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
  • Apotex inc
  • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
  • Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Nycomed us inc
  • Novartis consumer health inc
  • Akorn inc
  • Alcon inc
  • Apotex inc richmond hill
  • Bausch and lomb inc
  • Falcon pharmaceuticals ltd
  • Nexus pharmaceuticals inc
  • Mallinckrodt inc
  • Actavis elizabeth llc
  • Alphapharm party ltd
  • Carlsbad technology inc
  • Nostrum laboratories inc
  • Pliva inc
  • Roxane laboratories inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Unique pharmaceutical laboratories
  • Biovail laboratories inc
  • Dexcel ltd
Packagers
  • 4uOrtho LLC
  • Actavis Group
  • Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
  • Advantage Dose LLC
  • Aidarex Pharmacuticals LLC
  • Akorn Inc.
  • Alcon Laboratories
  • Almirall Hermal GmbH
  • Alpharma Pharmaceuticals LLC
  • Altergon Italia SRL
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Apotex Inc.
  • Apotheca Inc.
  • Apothecary Shop Wholesale
  • AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Bausch & Lomb Inc.
  • Bioglan Pharmaceuticals Co.
  • Biovail Pharmaceuticals
  • Bryant Ranch Prepack
  • Cardinal Health
  • Carlsbad Technology Inc.
  • Ciba Vision Canada Inc.
  • Corepharma LLC
  • Dexcel Ltd.
  • Direct Dispensing Inc.
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Falcon Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
  • H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Indoco Remedies Limited
  • Innoviant Pharmacy Inc.
  • J.B. Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Keltman Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
  • Mckesson Corp.
  • Medvantx Inc.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Mylan
  • Nautilus Neurosciences Inc.
  • Nexus Pharmaceuticals
  • Novartis AG
  • Novopharm Ltd.
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pack Pharmaceuticals
  • Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Patheon Inc.
  • PCA LLC
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmaderm
  • Pharmedix
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Pliva Inc.
  • Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Prescription Dispensing Service Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Redpharm Drug
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Sandoz
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • St Mary's Medical Park Pharmacy
  • Stat Rx Usa
  • Teikoku Seiyaku Co. Ltd.
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • UDL Laboratories
  • Va Cmop Dallas
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
  • Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Yung Shin Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Gel11600 MG
Injection, solutionIntravenous
GelTopical1 mg/1g
SolutionIntramuscular75 MG/3ML
PatchTopical1 g/10mL
Injection, solutionIntramuscular25 mg/mL
Tablet, extended releaseOral100 mg / srt
Tablet, film coatedOral100.0 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral75 mg
SolutionOphthalmic0.1 % w/v
TabletOral100.00 mg
GelTopical1 g
Capsule, delayed releaseOral
Tablet, film coatedOral
Tablet, coatedOral
GelTopical5 g
Capsule, coatedOral100 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral120 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral75 mg
SolutionIntramuscular100 mg
Capsule, coatedOral75 mg
GelTopical0.01 g/1g
SolutionTopical1 g
Capsule, coatedRectal100 mg
PatchTransdermal140 mg
Cream; kit; solution / dropsTopical
Gel; kit; solution / dropsTopical
SprayCutaneous40 MG/ML
Powder, for solutionOral1 mg/1mg
Powder, for solutionOral50 mg / sachet
Powder, for solutionOral50 mg/1
Solution / drops; suspension / drops
SuspensionOral1.500 g
Tablet, sugar coatedOral
Tablet, sugar coatedOral50 mg/1
Suspension / dropsOral
Tablet, sugar coatedOral25 mg
Tablet, sugar coatedOral50 mg
Syrup
TabletOral25.000 mg
GelTopical5 %
Powder, for solutionOral50 mg
InjectionIntramuscular75 mg/3ml
Spray
Tablet, effervescent
GelTopical50 G
GelTopical1000 mg
Injection, solution25 MG/ML
Capsule, extended releaseOral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous75 mg/3mL
SuspensionOral180.000 mg
KitOral; Topical
Cream; kit; solutionTopical
SuppositoryRectal100 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral150 mg/1
SuppositoryRectal50 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral75 mg/1
Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspensionOral50 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral75 mg
Injection, solutionParenteral75 MG
Capsule, extended releaseOral75 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral100 mg/1
GelTopical10 MG
GelTopical
Capsule, delayed releaseOral75 mg/1
CapsuleOral
Tablet, coatedOral100 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Intravenous75 mg/2mL
PatchTopical
Injection, solutionIntramuscular; Parenteral75 MG/3ML
AerosolTopical1 %
Capsule, liquid filledOral
Injection, solution
Tablet, solubleOral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular75 MG/3ML
Gel3 %
Aerosol, foam
Drug delivery systemTopical0.013 g/1
PatchTopical0.013 g/1
Injection, solutionParenteral75 MG/3ML
SolutionIntravenous0.075 g
SolutionParenteral75 mg
Tablet, effervescentOral25 MG
Tablet, effervescentOral50 MG
PlasterCutaneous
TabletOral50 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral25 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral50 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral50 mg/1
Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspensionOral50 MG
Capsule, extended releaseOral75 MG
Injection, solutionParenteral75 MG/2ML
GelTopical1.0 g/100g
Tablet, for suspensionOral50 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral150 MG
Injection
Injection, solutionIntramuscular
Aerosol, meteredTopical30 mg/1mL
GelTopical10 mg/1
GelTopical3 g/100g
GelTopical30 mg/1g
SolutionTopical16.05 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic1 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsOphthalmic3.5 mg/1mL
Solution / dropsTransdermal16.05 mg/1mL
TabletOral25 mg/1
TabletOral75 mg/1
Tablet, delayed releaseOral25 mg/1
Tablet, delayed releaseOral50 mg/1
Tablet, delayed releaseOral75 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral100 mg/1
CreamTopical300 mg/1g
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral100 mg/1
GelTopical1 mg/100g
GelTopical1 g/100g
GelTopical10 MG/G
GelTopical20 MG/G
SolutionIntramuscular75 U
SolutionIntraocular; Ophthalmic1 mg
SolutionIntramuscular75 mg
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous75 mg
InjectionParenteral75 mg
TabletOral150 mg
Tablet, coatedOral5000000 mg
Injection25 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic1 MG/ML
GelTopical1 % w/w
Capsule, delayed releaseOral75 MG
MouthwashOral
SprayOral
SolutionOphthalmic1.000 mg
RinseOral200 ml
Capsule, extended releaseOral150 MG
Granule, for solutionOral50 MG
Solution / dropsOral25 MG/ML
Solution / dropsOral46.5 MG/ML
TabletOral50 MG
Aerosol, foamTopical3 %
PatchTopical180 MG
Granule, for solutionOral25 MG
Cream; kit; solution / dropsTopical; Transdermal
SolutionIntramuscular75.000 mg
SolutionIntramuscular100.000 mg
Cream; gel; kit; solutionTopical
Gel; kit; solutionTopical
GelTopical1 g/1
SolutionOphthalmic1 mg
TabletOral
Tablet, coatedOral50 mg
CapsuleOral100 mg/1
CapsuleOral200 mg/1
CapsuleOral50 mg/1
SolutionIntramuscular
Gel; solution; sprayTopical4 %
Injection, solutionIntravenous75 mg/3ml
Kit; liquid; solutionTopical
SolutionOral
GranuleOral65.000 mg
Tablet, coatedOral75 mg
TabletOral50 mg
CreamCutaneous1.000 g
GelTopical1.000 g
SolutionParenteral75.00 mg
SolutionOphthalmic; Topical1 mg
SolutionIntramuscular1.000 mg
TabletOral0.250 mg
TabletOral1.000 mg
TabletOral1.00 mg
TabletOral50.000 mg
SolutionIntravenous
InjectionIntramuscular25 mg/ml
KitTopical10 mg/1g
Tablet, multilayerOral
Injection, solutionIntravenous37.5 mg/1mL
Kit; oil; solution / dropsSublingual; Topical
SolutionOral50 MG/ML
TabletOral100.000 mg
SprayCutaneous
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic1 mg
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
SuspensionOral15 mg
PatchTopical
PatchTopical0.013 mg/1
PatchTopical13 mg/1
PatchTopical180 mg/14g
PatchTopical180 mg/1
GranuleOral25 MG
PlasterTopical180 mg
PatchTopical1 %
GelTopical1 %
Granule, for solutionOral
Injection, solution50 MG/ML
Injection, solution75 MG/ML
PlasterTopical1 %
CreamTopical
Solution / dropsOral
TabletOral50.0000 mg
TabletOral100.000 mg
Gel
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous
Gel; kit; tablet, delayed releaseOral; Topical
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous25 MG/ML
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous50 MG/ML
Injection, solutionSubcutaneous75 MG/ML
KitTopical
PatchTopical140 MG
Aerosol, foamTopical
TabletOral
CreamTopical1.000 g
GelTopical1.160 g
Gel; kit; tablet, film coatedOral; Topical
Tablet, film coatedOral25 mg/1
SolutionParenteral75.000 mg
SolutionIntramuscular75.000 mg
GelTopical
Capsule, coated pelletsOral100 mg
GelTopical9.3 mg/1g
GelTopical1.235 g
SolutionParenteral
InjectionIntramuscular75 mg
Cream; kit; tablet, delayed releaseOral; Topical
Solution / dropsOphthalmic
CapsuleOral100 mg
InjectionIntramuscular75 mg/2ml
SprayTopical1 %
GelTopical10.0 mg/g
PatchTopical60 mg/12g
LiquidTopical16.05 mg/1mL
SolutionCutaneous16 MG/ML
SolutionTopical1.5 % w/w
SolutionTopical15 mg/1g
SolutionTopical16 MG/ML
SolutionTopical20 mg/1g
SuppositoryRectal12.5 mg
SolutionOral15 mg
SolutionIntramuscular7500000 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mg
GelTopical1 % w/v
TabletOral50 mg / tab
GelTopical50 gr
GelCutaneous1.160 g
GelCutaneous1.000 g
GelExtracorporeal3 %
KitTopical30 mg/1g
GelCutaneous30 mg/g
GelTopical1 g/100mL
TabletOral25 mg
CapsuleOral
Injection, solutionIntramuscular90 mg/3mL
SolutionOphthalmic
SolutionIntramuscular5.0000 mg
SolutionParenteral75.000 mg
SprayTopical
Gel; kitTopical10 mg/1g
SolutionConjunctival; Ophthalmic0.1 g
LiquidOphthalmic0.1 %
SuppositoryRectal25 mg
SuppositoryRectal50 mg
Injection, solutionIntramuscular75 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral100 mg
GelCutaneous1.050 g
GelTopical11.6 mg/g
PlasterTopical140 mg
Powder, for solutionOral25 MG
CapsuleOral12.5 MG
CapsuleOral25 MG
SuspensionOral10 MG/5ML
Gel11.6 MG
GelTopical10 mg/1g
GelTopical2 %
InjectionIntramuscular
SolutionOphthalmic1 mg/1mL
SuppositoryRectal
Tablet, solubleOral50 mg
SuspensionOral180 mg
PatchTopical30.000 mg
TabletOral50.000 mg
InjectionIntramuscular; Intravenous75 MG/3ML
Gel; kitTopical
Tablet, for solution; tablet, for suspensionOral46.5 MG
CapsuleOral12.500 mg
TabletOral12.5 mg
Gel1 %
Gel2 %
GelTopical1.16 % w/w
GelTopical100000 g
GelTopical2.32 %
GelTopical2.32 % w/w
Solution / dropsOphthalmic0.1 %
SolutionOphthalmic1 mg/ml
Tablet, film coatedOral12.5 mg
CapsuleOral75 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral
GelTopical23.2 MG/G
GelTopical1.16 %
TabletOral75.000 mg
TabletOral100 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral75 mg
GelTopical2 g
GelTopical200000 g
Tablet, extended releaseOral50 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
Powder50 mg/1sachet
Powder, for solutionOral50.0 mg
Tablet, effervescentOral
Capsule, coated pelletsOral
SolutionIntramuscular
GelTopical0.0116 g
Kit; solutionTopical16.05 mg/1mL
MouthwashOral0.074 G/100ML
SprayTransmucosal0.3 MG
Capsule, liquid filledOral25 mg/1
CapsuleOral18 mg/1
CapsuleOral35 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, film coatedOral25 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral50 mg
GelTopical1 %w/w
Solution25 mg/1ml
Solution
Tablet, coatedOral25 mg
LiquidOphthalmic1 mg/1ml
Tablet, delayed releaseOral25 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral50 mg
CapsuleOral50 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral100 mg
CreamTopical2 %w/w
Tablet, extended releaseOral100 mg
SuppositoryRectal100 mg
SprayTopical1 %w/w
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Voltaren Ophtha 0.1 % Solution2.73USD ml
Voltaren 100 mg Suppository1.88USD suppository
Voltaren Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet1.86USD tablet
Voltaren 50 mg Suppository1.4USD suppository
Voltaren Sr 75 mg Sustained-Release Tablet1.31USD tablet
Voltaren 50 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.93USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac 100 mg Suppository0.88USD suppository
Sandoz Diclofenac 100 mg Suppository0.88USD suppository
Novo-Difenac Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.8USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac-Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.8USD tablet
Sandoz Diclofenac Sr 100 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.8USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac 50 mg Suppository0.65USD suppository
Sandoz Diclofenac 50 mg Suppository0.65USD suppository
Novo-Difenac Sr 75 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.6USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac-Sr 75 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.6USD tablet
Sandoz Diclofenac Sr 75 mg Sustained-Release Tablet0.6USD tablet
Apo-Diclo 50 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.4USD tablet
Novo-Difenac 50 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.4USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac 50 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.4USD tablet
Sandoz Diclofenac 50 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.4USD tablet
Apo-Diclo 25 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.2USD tablet
Novo-Difenac 25 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.2USD tablet
Nu-Diclo 25 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.2USD tablet
Pms-Diclofenac 25 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.2USD tablet
Sandoz Diclofenac 25 mg Enteric-Coated Tablet0.2USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6407079No2002-06-182019-06-18US flag
US8217078No2012-07-102029-07-10US flag
US8546450No2013-10-012030-08-09US flag
US8618164No2013-12-312029-07-10US flag
US8741956No2014-06-032029-07-10US flag
US5985850No1999-11-162015-08-11US flag
US5792753No1998-08-112015-08-11US flag
US5914322No1999-06-222015-08-11US flag
US5607690No1997-03-042019-04-13US flag
US6974595No2005-12-132017-05-15US flag
US7482377No2009-01-272017-05-15US flag
US7759394No2010-07-202026-06-16US flag
US8097651No2012-01-172026-06-16US flag
US8927604No2015-01-062026-06-16US flag
US6365180No2002-04-022019-07-15US flag
US7662858No2010-02-162029-02-24US flag
US7884095No2011-02-082029-02-24US flag
US7939518No2011-05-102029-02-24US flag
US8110606No2012-02-072029-02-24US flag
US8623920No2014-01-072029-02-24US flag
US6287594No2001-09-112019-01-15US flag
US8946292No2015-02-032027-03-22US flag
US9180095No2015-11-102030-04-23US flag
US9186328No2015-11-172030-04-23US flag
US8999387No2015-04-072030-04-23US flag
US9173854No2015-11-032030-04-23US flag
US9180096No2015-11-102030-04-23US flag
US9017721No2015-04-282030-04-23US flag
US8679544No2014-03-252030-04-23US flag
US8252838No2012-08-282028-04-21US flag
US8563613No2013-10-222027-10-17US flag
US8871809No2014-10-282027-10-17US flag
US9132110No2015-09-152027-10-17US flag
US9220784No2015-12-292027-10-17US flag
US9101591No2015-08-112027-10-17US flag
US9168305No2015-10-272027-10-17US flag
US9066913No2015-06-302027-10-17US flag
US9168304No2015-10-272027-10-17US flag
US9561200No2017-02-072029-02-24US flag
US9370501No2016-06-212029-07-10US flag
US9375412No2016-06-282029-07-10US flag
US9339552No2016-05-172027-10-17US flag
US9539335No2017-01-102027-10-17US flag
US9415029No2016-08-162029-07-10US flag
US9339551No2016-05-172027-10-17US flag
US9827197No2017-11-282026-06-16US flag
US11351133No2015-02-202035-02-20US flag
US11344520No2015-02-202035-02-20US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)283-285 °CNot Available
water solubility2.37 mg/L (at 25 °C)FINI,A ET AL. (1986)
logP4.51AVDEEF,A (1997)
pKa4.15SANGSTER (1994)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00447 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.98ALOGPS
logP4.26Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)4Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.1Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area49.33 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity75.46 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability27.93 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9548
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9541
Caco-2 permeable+0.8867
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7976
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8254
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9548
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.9086
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7779
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6724
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.5923
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.6786
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.848
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8947
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8647
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.6607
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.6706
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9719
Rat acute toxicity3.6447 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9514
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.868
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0udi-4290000000-1eb3d1011ce45deff962
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-03xv-3390000000-cd724f772f8ff3648856
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-03xv-1290000000-8fb3ce6f68fc69b5218e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-1d8a04523a99bbdd0f79
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-55cf6c5663edc2bce2af
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-0257da659c18c3020ebe
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0w29-0090000000-eba79744370d30689f45
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-03fr-0890000000-0870dbb742038ce60ba1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-a9b9817f70b72a327169
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-58aba74cf5c165b0b3e5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-380ce6ec03fa880c2fee
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0w29-0090000000-1c764b23643b9731a5a2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ik9-0290000000-5d59b6e5d4465a9e6493
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-483b1ac79bbfb8f591c2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0fb9-0950000000-4192d5344ed223d4bfd6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-1d8a04523a99bbdd0f79
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0090000000-d28bb6688b1bce51bfce
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-33332a8dbce37d5ad759
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1490000000-f1c9ca0a1b924dba188e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-4910000000-4c58f3f969da3d86e23c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00or-7900000000-3b2e03ec45a0b642cb4d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0390000000-247401e4df8c88d9f260
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f6t-0980000000-dee808683174f31bbd7b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-5685aad1c834522ac60a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-5685aad1c834522ac60a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0090000000-659ebbc59b4a39d35b04
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udj-0090000000-f5310eb88501c49fae99
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-22b25c07db224512f663
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-185b3e61f8dee1cd34fd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-258397c7de133a923918
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0190000000-a01fa70dc6bb2e228326
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-dda6bd4971ef03dfabd5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f92-0090000000-2442038174fa86b3208e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-6651d739e4ae3414e4dc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-d36dd717311d2b0886bd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-ce3de7d00b24b610d60e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-79f23644751784fec0ff
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-2b7106a8023f21da905f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0f92-0090000000-3a985a8972fed8e003bb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-97ab164f74166b6b9013
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0090000000-0e7b515022ec37b87106
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-4bc6d8a15c3425f5cd10
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-80bb26643a94999c6114
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-e5473cba8c9d7b59691b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-f4f62ca3d4d5ab12ba13
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002b-0190000000-5072b5cbb937155d3784
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0fr2-0690000000-0ad1d80cd74eb2ccbdb0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-0690000000-4183a2580dc0b109b758
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03dj-1590000000-fbe48d026f4e8bbc143f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-2590000000-f9746f93eefd2c1420c4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0fb9-0090000000-ea3b07d4dee166a8e13a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03xr-0090000000-e46d3368f4461372a4d3
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0090000000-6f11e14bc0fc7b731ddb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-c297b571605fec05d894
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0090000000-044f51839f5d4002b30d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0i00-0090000000-c627af8df018c1c51b07
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090000000-b80e093739a5740a8c5c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0090000000-a75fecc6e2b884c4dc81
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090000000-8bbd7cf79efdb6fa0d84
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001l-6090000000-d8ab64fea7111eab62e5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0r94-2960000000-a96d201fcf544b407cd6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9050000000-839e8c7b23484977a4d2
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090000000-b80e093739a5740a8c5c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0090000000-a75fecc6e2b884c4dc81
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0090000000-8bbd7cf79efdb6fa0d84
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001l-6090000000-d8ab64fea7111eab62e5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0r94-2960000000-a96d201fcf544b407cd6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9050000000-839e8c7b23484977a4d2
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-159.517127
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-155.47115
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M-H]-159.517127
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-159.517127
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-155.47115
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M-H]-155.47115
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.806427
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+157.82915
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.806427
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+159.806427
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+157.82915
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+157.82915
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+160.063627
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+163.92229
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+160.063627
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+160.063627
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+163.92229
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+163.92229
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new insights and accelerate drug research.
Learn more
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and...
Gene Name
PTGS2
Uniprot ID
P35354
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2
Molecular Weight
68995.625 Da
References
  1. Kirchheiner J, Meineke I, Steinbach N, Meisel C, Roots I, Brockmoller J: Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2: no relationship to the CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jan;55(1):51-61. [Article]
  2. Blomme EA, Chinn KS, Hardy MM, Casler JJ, Kim SH, Opsahl AC, Hall WA, Trajkovic D, Khan KN, Tripp CS: Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition does not affect the healing of cutaneous full-thickness incisional wounds in SKH-1 mice. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Feb;148(2):211-23. [Article]
  3. Beubler E: [Pharmacology of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2003;153(5-6):95-9. [Article]
  4. Chavez ML, DeKorte CJ: Valdecoxib: a review. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):817-51. [Article]
  5. Rowlinson SW, Kiefer JR, Prusakiewicz JJ, Pawlitz JL, Kozak KR, Kalgutkar AS, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, Marnett LJ: A novel mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition involving interactions with Ser-530 and Tyr-385. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45763-9. Epub 2003 Aug 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity
Specific Function
Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gas...
Gene Name
PTGS1
Uniprot ID
P23219
Uniprot Name
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1
Molecular Weight
68685.82 Da
References
  1. Calkin AC, Sudhir K, Honisett S, Williams MR, Dawood T, Komesaroff PA: Rapid potentiation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by estradiol in postmenopausal women is mediated via cyclooxygenase 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):5072-5. [Article]
  2. Kirchheiner J, Meineke I, Steinbach N, Meisel C, Roots I, Brockmoller J: Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac and inhibition of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2: no relationship to the CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Jan;55(1):51-61. [Article]
  3. Kampfer H, Brautigam L, Geisslinger G, Pfeilschifter J, Frank S: Cyclooxygenase-1-coupled prostaglandin biosynthesis constitutes an essential prerequisite for skin repair. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 May;120(5):880-90. [Article]
  4. Chavez ML, DeKorte CJ: Valdecoxib: a review. Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):817-51. [Article]
  5. Hinz B, Rau T, Auge D, Werner U, Ramer R, Rietbrock S, Brune K: Aceclofenac spares cyclooxygenase 1 as a result of limited but sustained biotransformation to diclofenac. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;74(3):222-35. [Article]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C9
Uniprot ID
P11712
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight
55627.365 Da
References
  1. Mo SL, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Wei MQ, Zhou SF: New insights into the structural features and functional relevance of human cytochrome P450 2C9. Part I. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Dec;10(10):1075-126. [Article]
  2. Obach RS, Reed-Hagen AE: Measurement of Michaelis constants for cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation reactions using a substrate depletion approach. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Jul;30(7):831-7. [Article]
  3. Leemann T, Transon C, Dayer P: Cytochrome P450TB (CYP2C): a major monooxygenase catalyzing diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation in human liver. Life Sci. 1993;52(1):29-34. [Article]
  4. Kumar V, Rock DA, Warren CJ, Tracy TS, Wahlstrom JL: Enzyme source effects on CYP2C9 kinetics and inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Nov;34(11):1903-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.106.010249. Epub 2006 Aug 23. [Article]
  5. Roth H: Planning information services in the disability field: some essential steps. Int J Rehabil Res. 1989;12(4):439-48. [Article]
  6. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Bort R, Mace K, Boobis A, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Pfeifer A, Castell J: Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96. [Article]
  2. Mancy A, Antignac M, Minoletti C, Dijols S, Mouries V, Duong NT, Battioni P, Dansette PM, Mansuy D: Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70. doi: 10.1021/bi991195u. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Curator comments
Data supporting these enzyme actions is limited to in vitro studies.
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Karjalainen MJ, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT: In vitro inhibition of CYP1A2 by model inhibitors, anti-inflammatory analgesics and female sex steroids: predictability of in vivo interactions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008 Aug;103(2):157-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00252.x. [Article]
  2. Ma Z, Shi X, Zhang G, Guo F, Shan L, Cai J: Metabolism and Metabolic Inhibition of Xanthotoxol in Human Liver Microsomes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:5416509. doi: 10.1155/2016/5416509. Epub 2016 Mar 10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C8
Uniprot ID
P10632
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight
55824.275 Da
References
  1. Bort R, Mace K, Boobis A, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Pfeifer A, Castell J: Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96. [Article]
  2. Mancy A, Antignac M, Minoletti C, Dijols S, Mouries V, Duong NT, Battioni P, Dansette PM, Mansuy D: Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70. doi: 10.1021/bi991195u. [Article]
  3. Melet A, Marques-Soares C, Schoch GA, Macherey AC, Jaouen M, Dansette PM, Sari MA, Johnson EF, Mansuy D: Analysis of human cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate specificity using a substrate pharmacophore and site-directed mutants. Biochemistry. 2004 Dec 14;43(49):15379-92. doi: 10.1021/bi0489309. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol su...
Gene Name
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID
P16662
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
Molecular Weight
60694.12 Da
References
  1. Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [Article]
  2. Kuehl GE, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Bigler J: Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.002527. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [Article]
Details
6. Cytochrome P450 3A4
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Ngui JS, Tang W, Stearns RA, Shou M, Miller RR, Zhang Y, Lin JH, Baillie TA: Cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated interaction of diclofenac and quinidine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Sep;28(9):1043-50. [Article]
  2. Tang W: The metabolism of diclofenac--enzymology and toxicology perspectives. Curr Drug Metab. 2003 Aug;4(4):319-29. [Article]
  3. Masubuchi Y, Ose A, Horie T: Diclofenac-induced inactivation of CYP3A4 and its stimulation by quinidine. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Oct;30(10):1143-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.30.10.1143. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2B6
Uniprot ID
P20813
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight
56277.81 Da
References
  1. Bort R, Mace K, Boobis A, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Pfeifer A, Castell J: Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP2C18
Uniprot ID
P33260
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C18
Molecular Weight
55710.075 Da
References
  1. Bort R, Mace K, Boobis A, Gomez-Lechon MJ, Pfeifer A, Castell J: Hepatic metabolism of diclofenac: role of human CYP in the minor oxidative pathways. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;58(5):787-96. [Article]
  2. Mancy A, Antignac M, Minoletti C, Dijols S, Mouries V, Duong NT, Battioni P, Dansette PM, Mansuy D: Diclofenac and its derivatives as tools for studying human cytochromes P450 active sites: particular efficiency and regioselectivity of P450 2Cs. Biochemistry. 1999 Oct 26;38(43):14264-70. doi: 10.1021/bi991195u. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinoic acid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Isoform 2 lacks transferase activity but acts as a negative reg...
Gene Name
UGT1A3
Uniprot ID
P35503
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3
Molecular Weight
60337.835 Da
References
  1. Kuehl GE, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Bigler J: Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.002527. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinoic acid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols. Isoform 2 lacks trans...
Gene Name
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID
O60656
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9
Molecular Weight
59940.495 Da
References
  1. Kuehl GE, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Bigler J: Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.002527. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGTs are of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isozyme is active on polyhydroxylated estrogens (such as...
Gene Name
UGT2B4
Uniprot ID
P06133
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4
Molecular Weight
60512.035 Da
References
  1. Kuehl GE, Lampe JW, Potter JD, Bigler J: Glucuronidation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: identifying the enzymes responsible in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Jul;33(7):1027-35. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.002527. Epub 2005 Apr 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Iron ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes.
Gene Name
ALOX5
Uniprot ID
P09917
Uniprot Name
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
Molecular Weight
77982.595 Da
References
  1. Charlier C, Michaux C: Dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a new strategy to provide safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur J Med Chem. 2003 Jul-Aug;38(7-8):645-59. [Article]
  2. Kudo C, Kori M, Matsuzaki K, Yamai K, Nakajima A, Shibuya A, Niwa H, Kamisaki Y, Wada K: Diclofenac inhibits proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Jul 15;66(2):289-95. [Article]
  3. Whittle BJ: Cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide systems in the gut as therapeutic targets for safer anti-inflammatory drugs. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;4(6):538-45. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Phospholipid binding
Specific Function
Thought to participate in the regulation of the phospholipid metabolism in biomembranes including eicosanoid biosynthesis. Catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-ph...
Gene Name
PLA2G2A
Uniprot ID
P14555
Uniprot Name
Phospholipase A2, membrane associated
Molecular Weight
16082.525 Da
References
  1. Madanick RD, O'Loughlin CJ, Barkin JS: Diclofenac reduces the incidence of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Dig Dis Sci. 2005 May;50(5):879-81. [Article]
  2. Singh N, Jabeen T, Sharma S, Somvanshi RK, Dey S, Srinivasan A, Singh TP: Specific binding of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to phospholipase A2: structure of the complex formed between phospholipase A2 and diclofenac at 2.7 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2006 Apr;62(Pt 4):410-6. Epub 2006 Mar 18. [Article]
  3. Makela A, Kuusi T, Schroder T: Inhibition of serum phospholipase-A2 in acute pancreatitis by pharmacological agents in vitro. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1997 Aug;57(5):401-7. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Identical protein binding
Specific Function
Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Gene Name
TTR
Uniprot ID
P02766
Uniprot Name
Transthyretin
Molecular Weight
15886.88 Da
References
  1. Miller SR, Sekijima Y, Kelly JW: Native state stabilization by NSAIDs inhibits transthyretin amyloidogenesis from the most common familial disease variants. Lab Invest. 2004 May;84(5):545-52. [Article]
  2. Almeida MR, Macedo B, Cardoso I, Alves I, Valencia G, Arsequell G, Planas A, Saraiva MJ: Selective binding to transthyretin and tetramer stabilization in serum from patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy by an iodinated diflunisal derivative. Biochem J. 2004 Jul 15;381(Pt 2):351-6. [Article]
Details
2. Serum albumin
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Yamasaki K, Rahman MH, Tsutsumi Y, Maruyama T, Ahmed S, Kragh-Hansen U, Otagiri M: Circular dichroism simulation shows a site-II-to-site-I displacement of human serum albumin-bound diclofenac by ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2000 May 14;1(2):E12. [Article]
  2. Davies NM, Anderson KE: Clinical pharmacokinetics of diclofenac. Therapeutic insights and pitfalls. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997 Sep;33(3):184-213. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199733030-00003. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
Gene Name
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID
Q4U2R8
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 6
Molecular Weight
61815.78 Da
References
  1. Mulato AS, Ho ES, Cihlar T: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs efficiently reduce the transport and cytotoxicity of adefovir mediated by the human renal organic anion transporter 1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):10-5. [Article]
  2. Kuze K, Graves P, Leahy A, Wilson P, Stuhlmann H, You G: Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a mouse renal organic anion transporter in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 15;274(3):1519-24. [Article]
  3. Apiwattanakul N, Sekine T, Chairoungdua A, Kanai Y, Nakajima N, Sophasan S, Endou H: Transport properties of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by organic anion transporter 1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mol Pharmacol. 1999 May;55(5):847-54. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Atpase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
Specific Function
May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification.
Gene Name
ABCC4
Uniprot ID
O15439
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4
Molecular Weight
149525.33 Da
References
  1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotre...
Gene Name
ABCC1
Uniprot ID
P33527
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Molecular Weight
171589.5 Da
References
  1. Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, van der Heijden I, Kuil A, de Haas M, Wijnholds J, Borst P: The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 5;100(16):9244-9. Epub 2003 Jun 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
Gene Name
SLC22A8
Uniprot ID
Q8TCC7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 8
Molecular Weight
59855.585 Da
References
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds.
Gene Name
SLC22A11
Uniprot ID
Q9NSA0
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 11
Molecular Weight
59970.945 Da
References
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Kusuhara H, Yu E, Kim JY, Kim DK, Sugiyama Y, Kanai Y, Endou H: Molecular cloning and characterization of multispecific organic anion transporter 4 expressed in the placenta. J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 11;275(6):4507-12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-gluc...
Gene Name
SLCO1C1
Uniprot ID
Q9NYB5
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1
Molecular Weight
78695.625 Da
References
  1. Westholm DE, Stenehjem DD, Rumbley JN, Drewes LR, Anderson GW: Competitive inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1-mediated thyroxine transport by the fenamate class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Endocrinology. 2009 Feb;150(2):1025-32. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-0188. Epub 2008 Oct 9. [Article]
  2. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
Gene Name
SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID
Q9Y6L6
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
Molecular Weight
76447.99 Da
References
  1. Karlgren M, Ahlin G, Bergstrom CA, Svensson R, Palm J, Artursson P: In vitro and in silico strategies to identify OATP1B1 inhibitors and predict clinical drug-drug interactions. Pharm Res. 2012 Feb;29(2):411-26. doi: 10.1007/s11095-011-0564-9. Epub 2011 Aug 23. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name
ABCB11
Uniprot ID
O95342
Uniprot Name
Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight
146405.83 Da
References
  1. Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Voltage-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function
This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the pr...
Gene Name
SCN4A
Uniprot ID
P35499
Uniprot Name
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight
208059.175 Da
References
  1. Yang YC, Kuo CC: An inactivation stabilizer of the Na+ channel acts as an opportunistic pore blocker modulated by external Na+. J Gen Physiol. 2005 May;125(5):465-81. Epub 2005 Apr 11. [Article]
  2. Voilley N: Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs): new targets for the analgesic effects of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004 Mar;3(1):71-9. [Article]
  3. Jones NG, Slater R, Cadiou H, McNaughton P, McMahon SB: Acid-induced pain and its modulation in humans. J Neurosci. 2004 Dec 1;24(48):10974-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Ligand-gated sodium channel activity
Specific Function
Isoform 2 and isoform 3 function as proton-gated sodium channels; they are activated by a drop of the extracellular pH and then become rapidly desensitized. The channel generates a biphasic current...
Gene Name
ASIC1
Uniprot ID
P78348
Uniprot Name
Acid-sensing ion channel 1
Molecular Weight
59908.915 Da
References
  1. Voilley N, de Weille J, Mamet J, Lazdunski M: Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit both the activity and the inflammation-induced expression of acid-sensing ion channels in nociceptors. J Neurosci. 2001 Oct 15;21(20):8026-33. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Specific Function
Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ3 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native M-current...
Gene Name
KCNQ2
Uniprot ID
O43526
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2
Molecular Weight
95846.575 Da
References
  1. Peretz A, Degani N, Nachman R, Uziyel Y, Gibor G, Shabat D, Attali B: Meclofenamic acid and diclofenac, novel templates of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channel openers, depress cortical neuron activity and exhibit anticonvulsant properties. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1053-66. Epub 2004 Dec 14. [Article]
  2. Xiong Q, Gao Z, Wang W, Li M: Activation of Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-gated potassium channels by synthetic compounds. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Feb;29(2):99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.11.010. Epub 2008 Jan 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Specific Function
Probably important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Associates with KCNQ2 or KCNQ5 to form a potassium channel with essentially identical properties to the channel underlying the native ...
Gene Name
KCNQ3
Uniprot ID
O43525
Uniprot Name
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3
Molecular Weight
96741.515 Da
References
  1. Xiong Q, Gao Z, Wang W, Li M: Activation of Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-gated potassium channels by synthetic compounds. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Feb;29(2):99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.11.010. Epub 2008 Jan 18. [Article]
  2. Peretz A, Degani N, Nachman R, Uziyel Y, Gibor G, Shabat D, Attali B: Meclofenamic acid and diclofenac, novel templates of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channel openers, depress cortical neuron activity and exhibit anticonvulsant properties. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;67(4):1053-66. Epub 2004 Dec 14. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Sanchez-Covarrubias L, Slosky LM, Thompson BJ, Zhang Y, Laracuente ML, DeMarco KM, Ronaldson PT, Davis TP: P-glycoprotein modulates morphine uptake into the CNS: a role for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 10;9(2):e88516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088516. eCollection 2014. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48