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IdentificationPharmacologyInteractionsReferencesTrialsEconomicsPropertiesSpectraTaxonomyRoxithromycin
Identification
- Name
- Roxithromycin
- Accession Number
- DB00778 (APRD01305)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
- Description
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila. It can treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. It is not available in the United States, but is available in Australia.
- Structure
Structure for Roxithromycin (DB00778)
- Synonyms
- (9E)-erythromycin 9-(O-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)oxime)
- Roxithromycin
- Roxithromycine
- Roxithromycinum
- Roxitromicina
- External IDs
- RU 28965 / RU 965
- International/Other Brands
- Acevor (Help) / Actirox (Active HC) / Ai Luo Xin (Huashen Pharmaceutical) / Allolide (Roman Industries) / Ammirox (MacroPhar) / Anti-Bio (Kon/Nos Leon) / Ao Ge Shen (Jianfa Pharmaceutical) / Aparox (Siza) / Arbid (Hetero) / Aroxe (Global) / Asmetic (Farmilia) / Assoral (Savio I.B.N.) / Aswad (Robins) / Azuril (Pharmanel) / Bazuctril (Chrispa) / BD-Rox (Panacea) / Bei Ke (Aoda Pharmaceuticals) / Bei Sha (Huipusen Medical Biological Technology) / Bi Ai Di (Siping Aimo Pharmaceutical) / Biaxsig (Sanofi-Aventis) / Bicofen (Pharmex) / Biostatik (Pharos) / Claramid (Pfizer) / Coroxin / Delitroxin (Pharmathen) / Delos (Dallas) / Dorolid (Domesco) / Elrox (Biopharm M.J.) / Erybros (Bros) / Eslid (Shin Poong) / Guamil (P T Interbat) / Heng Te (Hanson Pharmaceutical) / Hycin (Saga) / I-Throcin (T.C. Pharma-Chem) / Infectoroxit (Infectopharm) / Inrox (Intra) / Ixor (Soho) / Klomicina (Klonal) / Ladlid (Choseido Pharmaceutical) / Lang Su (Shandong Dayin Yanghai Bio-Pharmaceutical Co.) / Le Er Tai (Tianji Biological Pharmaceutical) / Le Xi Qing (Zhangshu Santai Pharmaceutical) / Li Fu (Suzhou Chung-Hwa Chemical & Pharmaceutical Industrial) / Lizhuxing (Livzon Zhuhai) / Ludin (Vellpharm) / Luo Jun Qing (Fusen Pharmaceutical) / Luo Shi Li (Xi'an Detian Pharmaceutical Co.) / Luo Si Mei (Yabo Pharmaceutical Co.) / Luprex (Lupin) / Macrol (UAP) / Macrolid (Rafarm) / Marulide (Pasteur) / Neo-Suxigal (Anfarm) / Nirox (Gabriel Health) / Odirox (Cipla) / Overal (Lusofarmaco) / Pedilid (Incepta) / Pedrox (Beximco) / Pinsheng (Xincat) / Plethirox (Sel-J) / Poliroxin (Polipharm) / Pu Hong (Shyndec) / Pymeroxitil (PMP) / Qi Wei (Lanling Pharmaceutical Production) / Ramivan (Medipharm) / Redotrin (Coup) / Remora (Nobel) / Ren Su (Yangtze River Pharma) / Renicin (Sandoz) / Ridinfect (Medicraft) / Ritosin (Münir Sahin) / Rocin (Pasteur) / Rokithrid (Taiyo Pharmaceutical) / Roksimin (Il-Ko) / Rolexit (Nufarindo) / Rolicyn (Polfa Tarchomin) / Romac (Saiph) / Romicin (Dae Woo) / Romycin (Livzon Zhuhai) / Romyk (Lindopharm) / Ropit (Epitome) / Rossitrol (Sanofi-Aventis) / Rothricin (Siam Bheasach) / Rotram (Ranbaxy) / Rovenal (Leciva) / Roxamed (Dar Al Dawa) / Roxar (Sigma) / Roxcin (Biolab) / Roxemicin (Han Mi) / Roxeptin (Ipca Laboratories Ltd.) / Roxetomin (Sun) / Roxi (Dae Won) / Roxi-Fatol (Riemser) / Roxi-Puren (Actavis) / Roxi-Q (Juta) / Roxi-saar (MIP) / Roxibest (Blue Cross) / Roxibeta (Betapharm) / Roxibron (Viofar) / Roxicin (Atlantic Lab) / Roxicur (Velka) / Roxicure (Pharmaceutical) / Roxid (Alembic) / Roxide (Sandoz) / Roxidura (Mylan dura) / Roxigamma (Wörwag Pharma) / Roxigrün (Grünenthal) / Roxihexal (Salutas) / Roxikid (Ahn-Gook) / Roxil (YSS) / Roxilan (Olan-Kemed) / Roximac (Ram Pharmaceutical) / Roximain (Towa Yakuhin) / Roximax (Pharmaghreb) / Roximed (Medhaus) / Roximerck (Mylan Seiyaku) / Roximic (Acto) / Roximin (Novis Pharmaceutical) / Roximisan (Slaviamed) / Roximol (Torrent) / Roximycin (Alphapharm) / Roxinga (Roxinga) / Roxinox (Charoen Bhaesaj) / Roxiratio (ratiopharm) / Roxirocin (Korea Arlico) / Roxisara (Abbott) / Roxistad (Aliud) / Roxitas (Intas) / Roxitazon (Alice Loren) / Roxithrin (Kuk Je) / Roxithro (Millimed) / Roxithrostad (STADA) / Roxitil (Kolon) / Roxitin (T P Drug) / Roxitis (Medley) / Roxitop (Farmaline) / Roxitran (Neo Quimica) / Roxitrom (Biolab) / Roxitromycine (Sandoz) / Roxitron (ICN) / Roxivar (Zota) / Roxivinol (Pheracon) / Roxivista (Cadila) / Roxl-150 / Roxo / Roxomycin / Roxy (Ind-Swift) / Roxy-150 (Cipla) / Rulid / Rulide (Sanofi-Aventis) / Rulide D (Sanofi-Aventis) / Surlid (Sanofi-Aventis) / Tirabicin / Xthrocin
- Categories
- Anti-Bacterial Agents
- Anti-Infective Agents
- Antibacterials for Systemic Use
- Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Erythromycin
- Lactones
- Macrolides
- Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramins
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OATP1B3 inhibitors
- Polyketides
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- UNII
- 21KOF230FA
- CAS number
- 80214-83-1
- Weight
- Average: 837.0465
Monoisotopic: 836.524569772 - Chemical Formula
- C41H76N2O15
- InChI Key
- RXZBMPWDPOLZGW-XMRMVWPWSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C41H76N2O15/c1-15-29-41(10,49)34(45)24(4)31(42-53-21-52-17-16-50-13)22(2)19-39(8,48)36(58-38-32(44)28(43(11)12)18-23(3)54-38)25(5)33(26(6)37(47)56-29)57-30-20-40(9,51-14)35(46)27(7)55-30/h22-30,32-36,38,44-46,48-49H,15-21H2,1-14H3/b42-31+/t22-,23-,24+,25+,26-,27+,28+,29-,30+,32-,33+,34-,35+,36-,38+,39-,40-,41-/m1/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9R,11S,12R,13S,14R)-6-{[(2S,3R,4S,6R)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-14-ethyl-7,12,13-trihydroxy-4-{[(2R,4R,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-10-(2,4,7-trioxa-1-azaoctan-1-ylidene)-1-oxacyclotetradecan-2-one
- SMILES
- CC[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@H]2C[C@@](C)(OC)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O2)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](C)C[C@@H]([C@H]2O)N(C)C)[C@](C)(O)C[C@@H](C)C(=NOCOCCOC)[C@H](C)[C@@H](O)[C@]1(C)O
Pharmacology
- Indication
Used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections.
- Pharmacodynamics
Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is very similar in composition, chemical structure and mechanism of action to erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin. Roxithromycin has the following antibacterial spectrum in vitro: Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitides (Meningococcus), Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Legionella pneumophila, Helicobacter (Campylobacter), Gardnerella vaginalis, Bordetella pertussis, Moraxella catarrhalis (Branhamella Catarrhalis), and Haemophilus ducreyi. Roxithromycin is highly concentrated in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, achieving intracellular concentrations greater than those outside the cell. Roxithromycin enhances the adhesive and chemotactic functions of these cells which in the presence of infection produce phagocytosis and bacterial lysis. Roxithromycin also possesses intracellular bactericidal activity.
- Mechanism of action
Roxithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Roxithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and thus inhibits the translocation of peptides. Roxithromycin has similar antimicrobial spectrum as erythromycin, but is more effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, particularly Legionella pneumophila.
Target Actions Organism A50S ribosomal protein L10 inhibitorShigella flexneri UMultidrug resistance protein 1 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Very rapidly absorbed and diffused into most tissues and phagocytes.
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
96%, mainly to alpha1-acid glycoproteins
- Metabolism
Hepatic. Roxithromycin is only partially metabolised, more than half the parent compound being excreted unchanged. Three metabolites have been identified in urine and faeces: the major metabolite is descladinose roxithromycin, with N-mono and N-di-demethyl roxithromycin as minor metabolites. The respective percentage of roxithromycin and these three metabolites is similar in urine and faeces.
- Route of elimination
- Not Available
- Half life
12 hours
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Toxicity
Most common side-effects are gastrointestinal; diarrhoea, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Less common side-effects include headaches, rashes, abnormal liver function values and alteration in senses of smell and taste.
- Affected organisms
- Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria
- Pathways
Pathway Category Roxithromycin Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction (R)-warfarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Roxithromycin is combined with (R)-warfarin. (S)-Warfarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Roxithromycin is combined with (S)-Warfarin. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid The metabolism of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid can be decreased when combined with Roxithromycin. 4-hydroxycoumarin The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Roxithromycin. 5-androstenedione The metabolism of 5-androstenedione can be decreased when combined with Roxithromycin. 6-Deoxyerythronolide B The metabolism of Roxithromycin can be decreased when combined with 6-Deoxyerythronolide B. 6-O-benzylguanine The metabolism of 6-O-benzylguanine can be decreased when combined with Roxithromycin. 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin The metabolism of Roxithromycin can be decreased when combined with 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin. 9-aminocamptothecin The metabolism of 9-aminocamptothecin can be decreased when combined with Roxithromycin. Abatacept The metabolism of Roxithromycin can be increased when combined with Abatacept. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
References
- Synthesis Reference
Murali Krishna Madala, Suresh Babu Meduri, Ketan Dhansukhlal Vyas, Ashok Krishna Kulkarni, "Process for preparing erythromycin derivative, such as roxithromycin, from the corresponding oxime." U.S. Patent US6051695, issued September, 1998.
US6051695- General References
- Gentry LO: Roxithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, in the treatment of infections in the lower respiratory tract: an overview. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1987 Nov;20 Suppl B:145-52. [PubMed:3323166]
- Link [Link]
- External Links
- KEGG Drug
- D01710
- KEGG Compound
- C13173
- PubChem Compound
- 6915744
- PubChem Substance
- 46507676
- ChemSpider
- 5291557
- ChEBI
- 48935
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1214185
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000885
- PharmGKB
- PA164750505
- HET
- ROX
- Wikipedia
- Roxithromycin
- ATC Codes
- J01FA06 — Roxithromycin
- PDB Entries
- 1jzz
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 1 4 Completed Treatment Rheumatoid Arthritis 1 Not Available Completed Treatment Reactive Arthritis 1 Not Available Not Yet Recruiting Diagnostic Hyperaldosteronism 1 Not Available Unknown Status Treatment Hair Thinning 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source water solubility 0.0189 mg/L at 25 °C (SRC PhysProp estimated -- MEYLAN,WM et al. (1996)) Not Available logP 1.7 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.187 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.9 ALOGPS logP 3 ChemAxon logS -3.6 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 12.45 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.08 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 16 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 5 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 216.89 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 13 ChemAxon Refractivity 211.24 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 91.84 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 3 ChemAxon Bioavailability 0 ChemAxon Rule of Five No ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule Yes ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.5 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9659 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8957 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.8875 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8564 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.5625 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8178 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8339 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.708 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9071 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9615 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8676 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 1.0 Rat acute toxicity 2.9728 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9792 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.6433
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminoglycosides. These are molecules or a portion of a molecule composed of amino-modified sugars.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
- Direct Parent
- Aminoglycosides
- Alternative Parents
- Macrolides and analogues / O-glycosyl compounds / Monosaccharides / Oxanes / Tertiary alcohols / Secondary alcohols / Amino acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters / Lactones / Trialkylamines show 11 more
- Substituents
- Aminoglycoside core / Macrolide / Glycosyl compound / O-glycosyl compound / Monosaccharide / Oxane / Tertiary alcohol / 1,2-aminoalcohol / Amino acid or derivatives / Carboxylic acid ester show 22 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- erythromycin derivative, semisynthetic derivative, macrolide (CHEBI:48844)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Shigella flexneri
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Structural constituent of ribosome
- Specific Function
- Protein L10 is also a translational repressor protein. It controls the translation of the rplJL-rpoBC operon by binding to its mRNA (By similarity).Forms part of the ribosomal stalk, playing a cent...
- Gene Name
- rplJ
- Uniprot ID
- P0A7J6
- Uniprot Name
- 50S ribosomal protein L10
- Molecular Weight
- 17711.38 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Bertho G, Gharbi-Benarous J, Delaforge M, Girault JP: Transferred nuclear Overhauser effect study of macrolide-ribosome interactions: correlation between antibiotic activities and bound conformations. Bioorg Med Chem. 1998 Feb;6(2):209-21. [PubMed:9547944]
- Yam WK, Wahab HA: Molecular insights into 14-membered macrolides using the MM-PBSA method. J Chem Inf Model. 2009 Jun;49(6):1558-67. doi: 10.1021/ci8003495. [PubMed:19469526]
- Mabe S, Eller J, Champney WS: Structure-activity relationships for three macrolide antibiotics in Haemophilus influenzae. Curr Microbiol. 2004 Oct;49(4):248-54. [PubMed:15386112]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Beltinger J, Haschke M, Kaufmann P, Michot M, Terracciano L, Krahenbuhl S: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with immunosuppressive cyclophosphamide dosing and roxithromycin. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Apr;40(4):767-70. Epub 2006 Mar 7. [PubMed:16595573]
- Kaufmann P, Haschke M, Torok M, Beltinger J, Bogman K, Wenk M, Terracciano L, Krahenbuhl S: Mechanisms of venoocclusive disease resulting from the combination of cyclophosphamide and roxithromycin. Ther Drug Monit. 2006 Dec;28(6):766-74. [PubMed:17164692]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
- Yamazaki H, Shimada T: Comparative studies of in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4-dependent testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation by roxithromycin and its metabolites, troleandomycin, and erythromycin. Drug Metab Dispos. 1998 Nov;26(11):1053-7. [PubMed:9806945]
- Yamazaki H, Hiroki S, Urano T, Inoue K, Shimada T: Effects of roxithromycin, erythromycin and troleandomycin on their N-demethylation by rat and human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica. 1996 Nov;26(11):1143-53. doi: 10.3109/00498259609050259. [PubMed:8948090]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
- Kaufmann P, Haschke M, Torok M, Beltinger J, Bogman K, Wenk M, Terracciano L, Krahenbuhl S: Mechanisms of venoocclusive disease resulting from the combination of cyclophosphamide and roxithromycin. Ther Drug Monit. 2006 Dec;28(6):766-74. [PubMed:17164692]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on December 16, 2018 06:43