Primaquine

Identification

Summary

Primaquine is an antimalarial indicated to prevent relapse of vivax malaria.

Generic Name
Primaquine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01087
Background

An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 259.3467
Monoisotopic: 259.168462309
Chemical Formula
C15H21N3O
Synonyms
  • 6-Methoxy-8-(4-amino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline
  • 8-((4-Amino-1-methylbutyl)amino)-6-methoxyquinoline
  • 8-(4-Amino-1-methylbutylamino)-6-methoxyquinoline
  • Primachin
  • Primachina
  • Primachinum
  • Primaquin
  • Primaquina
  • Primaquine
  • Primaquinum
External IDs
  • SN-13272
  • WR-2975

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of malaria.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Prophylaxis ofMalaria••• •••••
Treatment ofMalaria caused by plasmodium ovale••••••••••••
Treatment ofMalaria caused by plasmodium vivax••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatPneumocystis pneumonia••• •••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Primaquine is an antimalarial agent and is the essential co-drug with chloroquine in treating all cases of malaria. In the blood, malaria parasites break down a part of the red blood cells known as haemoglobin. When this happens haemoglobin is divided into two parts; haem and globin. Haem is toxic to the malaria parasite. To prevent it from being damaged, the malaria parasite produces an chemical which converts the toxic haem into a non-toxic product. Primaquine acts by interfering with a part of the parasite (mitochondria) that is responsible for supplying it with energy. Without energy the parasite dies. This stops the infection from continuing and allows the person to recover. Primaquine kills the intrahepatic form of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, and thereby prevents the development of the erythrocytic forms that are responsible for relapses (it also kills gametocytes). Primaquine is not used in the prevention of malaria, only in the treatment. It has insignificant activity against the asexual blood forms of the parasite and therefore it is always used in conjunction with a blood schizonticide and never as a single agent. Primaquine has gametocytocidal activity against all plasmodia, including P. falciparum.

Mechanism of action

Primaquine's mechanism of action is not well understood. It may be acting by generating reactive oxygen species or by interfering with the electron transport in the parasite. Also, although its mechanism of action is unclear, primaquine may bind to and alter the properties of protozoal DNA.

TargetActionsOrganism
AFe(II)-protoporphyrin IX
antagonist
Plasmodium falciparum
UKeratin, type II cytoskeletal 7
other/unknown
Humans
URibosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

3.7-7.4 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/EnzymeAllele nameGenotype(s)Defining Change(s)Type(s)DescriptionDetails
NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3---Not AvailableExon 2 c.129C>A / Exon 2 c.149G>A  … show all ADR InferredRisk of methemglobinemia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseVilleurbanneNot Available1000_1002delACCADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTorunNot Available1006A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSunderlandNot Available105_107delCATADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseIwatsukiNot Available1081G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSerresNot Available1082C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTondelaNot Available1084_1101delCTGAACGAGCGCAAGGCCADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLoma LindaNot Available1089C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAachenNot Available1089C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTenriNot Available1096A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMontpellierNot Available1132G>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCalvo MackennaNot Available1138A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRileyNot Available1139T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseOlomoucNot Available1141T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTomahNot Available1153T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLynwoodNot Available1154G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMadridNot Available1155C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseIowa, Walter Reed, SpringfieldNot Available1156A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBeverly Hills, Genova, Iwate, Niigata, YamaguchiNot Available1160G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHartfordNot Available1162A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePrahaNot Available1166A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKrakowNot Available1175T>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseWisconsinNot Available1177C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNashville, Anaheim, PorticiNot Available1178G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAlhambraNot Available1180G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBariNot Available1187C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePuerto LimonNot Available1192G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCovao do LoboNot Available1205C>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseClinicNot Available1215G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseUtrechtNot Available1225C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSuwalkiNot Available1226C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRiversideNot Available1228G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseJapan, ShinagawaNot Available1229G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKawasakiNot Available1229G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMunichNot Available1231A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseGeorgiaNot Available1284C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSumareNot Available1292T->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTelti/KobeNot Available1318C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSantiago de Cuba, MoriokaNot Available1339G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHarimaNot Available1358T->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseFiguera da FozNot Available1366G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAmiensNot Available1367A>TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBangkok NoiNot Available1376G->T, 1502T->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseFukayaNot Available1462G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCampinasNot Available1463G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBuenos AiresNot Available1465C>TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseArakawaNot Available1466C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBrightonNot Available1488_1490delGAAADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKozukataNot Available159G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAmsterdamNot Available180_182delTCTADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNo nameNot Available202G->A, 376A->G, 1264C>GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSwanseaNot Available224T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseUrayasuNot Available281_283delAGAADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseVancouverNot Available317C->G544C->T592C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMt SinaiNot Available376A->G, 1159C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePlymouthNot Available488G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseVolendamNot Available514C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseShinshuNot Available527A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseChikugoNot Available535A->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTsukuiNot Available561_563delCTCADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePedoplis-CkaroNot Available573C>GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSantiagoNot Available593G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMinnesota, Marion, Gastonia, LeJeuneNot Available637G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCincinnatiNot Available637G->T, 1037A->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHarilaouNot Available648T->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNorth DallasNot Available683_685delACAADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAsahikawaNot Available695G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseDurhamNot Available713A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseStonybrookNot Available724_729delGGCACTADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseWayneNot Available769C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAveiroNot Available806G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCleveland CorumNot Available820G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLilleNot Available821A>TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBangkokNot Available825G>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSugaoNot Available826C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLa JollaNot Available832T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseWexhamNot Available833C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePiotrkowNot Available851T>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseWest VirginiaNot Available910G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseOmiyaNot Available921G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNaraNot Available953_976delCCACCAAAGGGTACCTGGAC GACCADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseManhattanNot Available962G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRehevotNot Available964T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHoniaraNot Available99A->G / 1360C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTokyo, FukushimaNot Available1246G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseChathamNot Available1003G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseFushanNot Available1004C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePartenopeNot Available1052G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseIerapetraNot Available1057C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAnadiaNot Available1193A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAbenoNot Available1220A->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSurabayaNot Available1291G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePawneeNot Available1316G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseS. AntiocoNot Available1342A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCassanoNot Available1347G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHermoupolisNot Available1347G->C / 1360C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseUnion,Maewo, Chinese-2, KaloNot Available1360C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAndalusNot Available1361G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCosenzaNot Available1376G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCanton, Taiwan- Hakka, Gifu-like, Agrigento-likeNot Available1376G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseFloresNot Available1387C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKaiping, Anant, Dhon, Sapporo-like, WoseraNot Available1388G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKamogawaNot Available169C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCostanzoNot Available179T>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAmazoniaNot Available185C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSongklanagarindNot Available196T->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHechiNot Available202G->A / 871G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNamouruNot Available208T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBao LocNot Available352T>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCrispimNot Available375G->T, 379G->T383T->C384C>TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAcrokorinthosNot Available376A->G / 463C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSanta MariaNot Available376A->G / 542A->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAnanindeuaNot Available376A->G / 871G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseVanua LavaNot Available383T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseValladolidNot Available406C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBelemNot Available409C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLiuzhouNot Available442G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseShenzenNot Available473G>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseTaipei “Chinese- 3”Not Available493A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseToledoNot Available496C>TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNaoneNot Available497G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNankangNot Available517T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMiaoliNot Available519C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMediterranean, Dallas, Panama‚ Sassari, Cagliari, BirminghamNot Available563C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseCoimbra ShundeNot Available592C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNilgiriNot Available593G>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRadlowoNot Available679C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRoubaixNot Available811G>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHaikouNot Available835A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseChinese-1Not Available835A->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMizushimaNot Available848A>GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseOsakaNot Available853C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseViangchan, JammuNot Available871G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSeoulNot Available916G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLudhianaNot Available929G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseFarroupilhaNot Available977C->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseChinese-5Not Available1024C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseRignanoNot Available130G>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseOrissaNot Available131C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseG6PDNiceNot Available1380G>CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKamiube, KeelungNot Available1387C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNeapolisNot Available1400C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAuresNot Available143T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSplitNot Available1442C->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKambosNot Available148C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenasePalestrinaNot Available170G>AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMetapontoNot Available172G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMusashinoNot Available185C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseAsahiNot Available202G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseA- (202), Ferrara INot Available202G->A / 376A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMurcia OristanoNot Available209A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseUbe KonanNot Available241C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLagosantoNot Available242G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseGuangzhouNot Available274C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseHammersmithNot Available323T->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSinnaiNot Available34G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseA- (680)Not Available376A->G / 680G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseA- (968), Betica,Selma, GuantanamoNot Available376A->G / 968T->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSalerno PyrgosNot Available383T>GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseQuing YanNot Available392G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseLagesNot Available40G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseIleshaNot Available466G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMahidolNot Available487G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMalagaNot Available542A->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSibariNot Available634A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMexico CityNot Available680G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseNanningNot Available703C->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseSeattle, Lodi, Modena, Ferrara II, Athens-likeNot Available844G->CADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseBajo MaumereNot Available844G->TADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseMontalbanoNot Available854G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseKalyan-Kerala, Jamnaga, RohiniNot Available949G->AADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details
Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenaseGaoheNot Available95A->GADR InferredIncreased risk of potentially fatal hemolysis. Associated with leukopenia.Details

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe metabolism of 1,2-Benzodiazepine can be decreased when combined with Primaquine.
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Primaquine can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Primaquine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbemaciclibThe metabolism of Abemaciclib can be decreased when combined with Primaquine.
AbirateroneThe serum concentration of Primaquine can be increased when it is combined with Abiraterone.
Food Interactions
  • Take with food. Food decreases irritation.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Primaquine phosphateH0982HF78B63-45-6GJOHLWZHWQUKAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
International/Other Brands
Neo-Quipenyl / Primachin
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
PrimaquineTablet26.3 mgOralSanofi Aventis1945-12-31Not applicableCanada flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1OralPD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2011-04-15Not applicableUS flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1OralAvera McKennan Hospital2015-08-242017-05-24US flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1Oralbryant ranch prepack2011-04-152016-10-30US flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1Oralsanofi-aventis U.S. LLC2011-04-15Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Primaquine PhosphateTablet15 mg/1OralPD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2014-08-01Not applicableUS flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1OralAvKARE2019-02-21Not applicableUS flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated15 mg/1OralIngenus Pharmaceuticals Nj, Llc2016-06-232016-06-23US flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet, film coated26.3 mg/1OralAlvogen Inc.2014-02-032018-02-01US flag
Primaquine PhosphateTablet15 mg/1OralGolden State Medical Supply, Inc.2014-02-25Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
P01BA03 — Primaquine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminoquinolines and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an amino group attached to a quinoline ring system.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Quinolines and derivatives
Sub Class
Aminoquinolines and derivatives
Direct Parent
Aminoquinolines and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Methoxyanilines / Anisoles / Secondary alkylarylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Pyridines and derivatives / Heteroaromatic compounds / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Alkyl aryl ether / Amine / Aminoquinoline / Anisole / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Ether / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
aromatic ether, N-substituted diamine, aminoquinoline (CHEBI:8405)
Affected organisms
  • Plasmodium

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
MVR3634GX1
CAS number
90-34-6
InChI Key
INDBQLZJXZLFIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C15H21N3O/c1-11(5-3-7-16)18-14-10-13(19-2)9-12-6-4-8-17-15(12)14/h4,6,8-11,18H,3,5,7,16H2,1-2H3
IUPAC Name
N4-(6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine
SMILES
COC1=CC(NC(C)CCCN)=C2N=CC=CC2=C1

References

General References
  1. Mihaly GW, Ward SA, Edwards G, Nicholl DD, Orme ML, Breckenridge AM: Pharmacokinetics of primaquine in man. I. Studies of the absolute bioavailability and effects of dose size. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Jun;19(6):745-50. [Article]
  2. ALVING AS, ARNOLD J, HOCKWALD RS, CLAYMAN CB, DERN RJ, BEUTLER E, FLANAGAN CL: Potentiation of the curative action of primaquine in vivax malaria by quinine and chloroquine. J Lab Clin Med. 1955 Aug;46(2):301-6. [Article]
  3. Hill DR, Baird JK, Parise ME, Lewis LS, Ryan ET, Magill AJ: Primaquine: report from CDC expert meeting on malaria chemoprophylaxis I. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Sep;75(3):402-15. [Article]
  4. Cohen RJ, Sachs JR, Wicker DJ, Conrad ME: Methemoglobinemia provoked by malarial chemoprophylaxis in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 1968 Nov 21;279(21):1127-31. [Article]
  5. Coleman MD, Coleman NA: Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Treatment issues. Drug Saf. 1996 Jun;14(6):394-405. [Article]
  6. Taavitsainen P, Juvonen R, Pelkonen O: In vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes by a potent CYP2A6 inhibitor, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (tranylcypromine), and its nonamine analog, cyclopropylbenzene. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Mar;29(3):217-22. [Article]
  7. Bapiro TE, Andersson TB, Otter C, Hasler JA, Masimirembwa CM: Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42. Epub 2002 Oct 2. [Article]
  8. CYP1A2 CTEP document [File]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015219
KEGG Compound
C07627
PubChem Compound
4908
PubChem Substance
46508222
ChemSpider
4739
BindingDB
71542
RxNav
8687
ChEBI
8405
ChEMBL
CHEMBL506
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000216
PharmGKB
PA451103
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Primaquine
FDA label
Download (105 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Bayer Healthcare
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Gallipot
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Sanofi-Aventis Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral15 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral
Tablet, coatedOral
TabletOral26.3 mg
TabletOral15 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral15 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral26.3 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral15 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Primaquin phosphate powder18.2USD g
Primaquine 26.3 mg tablet1.51USD tablet
Primaquine Phosphate 15 mg Tablet0.43USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)< 25 °CPhysProp
boiling point (°C)177 °C at 2.00E-01 mm HgPhysProp
logP2.1Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0564 mg/mLALOGPS
logP2.76ALOGPS
logP1.64Chemaxon
logS-3.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)17.11Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.2Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area60.17 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity78.51 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability29.92 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9776
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9787
Caco-2 permeable-0.5622
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8018
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8782
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.7681
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.5501
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8703
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.5723
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9107
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.93
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.831
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5057
Ames testAMES toxic0.9106
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9283
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable1.0
Rat acute toxicity2.4474 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.7858
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Inhibitor0.8162
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-001l-7390000000-20feb8c491df9e9e6f0d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01r6-0970000000-a3b1021cda642a6141b8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01p6-4290000000-d5f33ea098bbcd333ccf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000l-9360000000-9f32d7ddbda48f0e2dc5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002r-9530000000-5c70a8800c55df1915e7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002r-9810000000-89e3b0e2b3cb4d1e9293
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00n0-5900000000-cbe196964f610f8bf1ff
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00o9-3900000000-6209d7be74ea608e7fc2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0190000000-32ab0ba382901a73b1c0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002f-1690000000-82416f4c3f338eece150
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0920000000-65f7b4135f0db6eee15e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-17b7474db1209213f689
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-0900000000-b2c7e131a6a25d115853
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01r6-0970000000-a3b1021cda642a6141b8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-2900000000-d3dfd1b72d458ffd07d7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-01p6-4290000000-314f515d08e6730a1df9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000l-9360000000-3933ab4d9c2c3918ecce
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002r-9530000000-65625d68f98ae8f36ea0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002r-7910000000-6c3e274b81107c5e98eb
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01ox-0090000000-362659f93fcc4d10c147
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0190000000-81817deda24aa57a8ff4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0690000000-93d402c5190d97232bef
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-1090000000-1bc7c3107a0dc53000c0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03fr-1940000000-2cfa21c02b2da8f1a589
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-0910000000-20eeadf6660484c1e6a7
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-174.4743242
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-162.39983
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+175.0517242
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+164.75783
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+174.2339242
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+170.85097
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

Build, predict & validate machine-learning models
Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Small molecule
Organism
Plasmodium falciparum
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
References
  1. Dorn A, Vippagunta SR, Matile H, Jaquet C, Vennerstrom JL, Ridley RG: An assessment of drug-haematin binding as a mechanism for inhibition of haematin polymerisation by quinoline antimalarials. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998 Mar 15;55(6):727-36. [Article]
  2. Fitch CD: Ferriprotoporphyrin IX, phospholipids, and the antimalarial actions of quinoline drugs. Life Sci. 2004 Mar 5;74(16):1957-72. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Other/unknown
General Function
Structural molecule activity
Specific Function
Blocks interferon-dependent interphase and stimulates DNA synthesis in cells. Involved in the translational regulation of the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 mRNA (HPV16 E7).
Gene Name
KRT7
Uniprot ID
P08729
Uniprot Name
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7
Molecular Weight
51385.11 Da
References
  1. Heard CM, Monk BV, Modley AJ: Binding of primaquine to epidermal membranes and keratin. Int J Pharm. 2003 May 12;257(1-2):237-44. [Article]
  2. Basso LG, Rodrigues RZ, Naal RM, Costa-Filho AJ: Effects of the antimalarial drug primaquine on the dynamic structure of lipid model membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Jan;1808(1):55-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.08.009. Epub 2010 Aug 14. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Nadph dehydrogenase (quinone) activity
Specific Function
The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vi...
Gene Name
NQO2
Uniprot ID
P16083
Uniprot Name
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]
Molecular Weight
25918.4 Da
References
  1. Graves PR, Kwiek JJ, Fadden P, Ray R, Hardeman K, Coley AM, Foley M, Haystead TA: Discovery of novel targets of quinoline drugs in the human purine binding proteome. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Dec;62(6):1364-72. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Zhao XJ, Ishizaki T: Metabolic interactions of selected antimalarial and non-antimalarial drugs with the major pathway (3-hydroxylation) of quinine in human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1997 Nov;44(5):505-11. [Article]
  2. Bangchang KN, Karbwang J, Back DJ: Primaquine metabolism by human liver microsomes: effect of other antimalarial drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Aug 4;44(3):587-90. [Article]
  3. Avula B, Tekwani BL, Chaurasiya ND, Fasinu P, Dhammika Nanayakkara NP, Bhandara Herath HMT, Wang YH, Bae JY, Khan SI, Elsohly MA, McChesney JD, Zimmerman PA, Khan IA, Walker LA: Metabolism of primaquine in normal human volunteers: investigation of phase I and phase II metabolites from plasma and urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Malar J. 2018 Aug 13;17(1):294. doi: 10.1186/s12936-018-2433-z. [Article]
  4. Ganesan S, Tekwani BL, Sahu R, Tripathi LM, Walker LA: Cytochrome P(450)-dependent toxic effects of primaquine on human erythrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Nov 15;241(1):14-22. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.07.012. Epub 2009 Jul 17. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inducer
General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A2
Uniprot ID
P05177
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight
58293.76 Da
References
  1. Shoda T, Mitsumori K, Onodera H, Toyoda K, Uneyama C, Takada K, Hirose M: Liver tumor-promoting effect of beta-naphthoflavone, a strong CYP 1A1/2 inducer, and the relationship between CYP 1A1/2 induction and Cx32 decrease in its hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Pathol. 2000 Jul-Aug;28(4):540-7. doi: 10.1177/019262330002800406. [Article]
  2. Li XQ, Bjorkman A, Andersson TB, Gustafsson LL, Masimirembwa CM: Identification of human cytochrome P(450)s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003 Sep;59(5-6):429-42. Epub 2003 Aug 12. [Article]
  3. Bapiro TE, Egnell AC, Hasler JA, Masimirembwa CM: Application of higher throughput screening (HTS) inhibition assays to evaluate the interaction of antiparasitic drugs with cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Jan;29(1):30-5. [Article]
  4. Bapiro TE, Andersson TB, Otter C, Hasler JA, Masimirembwa CM: Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42. Epub 2002 Oct 2. [Article]
  5. Krusekopf S, Roots I, Hildebrandt AG, Kleeberg U: Time-dependent transcriptional induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs by H+/K+ -ATPase inhibitors and other xenobiotics. Xenobiotica. 2003 Feb;33(2):107-18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Masimirembwa CM, Hasler JA, Johansson I: Inhibitory effects of antiparasitic drugs on cytochrome P450 2D6. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995;48(1):35-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Vitamin d 24-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1A1
Uniprot ID
P04798
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1A1
Molecular Weight
58164.815 Da
References
  1. Bapiro TE, Andersson TB, Otter C, Hasler JA, Masimirembwa CM: Cytochrome P450 1A1/2 induction by antiparasitic drugs: dose-dependent increase in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity and mRNA caused by quinine, primaquine and albendazole in HepG2 cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Nov;58(8):537-42. Epub 2002 Oct 2. [Article]
  2. Krusekopf S, Roots I, Hildebrandt AG, Kleeberg U: Time-dependent transcriptional induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs by H+/K+ -ATPase inhibitors and other xenobiotics. Xenobiotica. 2003 Feb;33(2):107-18. [Article]
  3. Werlinder V, Backlund M, Zhukov A, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of CYP1A1 by primaquine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Apr;297(1):206-14. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inducer
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP1B1
Uniprot ID
Q16678
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 1B1
Molecular Weight
60845.33 Da
References
  1. Krusekopf S, Roots I, Hildebrandt AG, Kleeberg U: Time-dependent transcriptional induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs by H+/K+ -ATPase inhibitors and other xenobiotics. Xenobiotica. 2003 Feb;33(2):107-18. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function
Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name
ABCB1
Uniprot ID
P08183
Uniprot Name
Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight
141477.255 Da
References
  1. Kim JH, Choi AR, Kim YK, Yoon S: Co-treatment with the anti-malarial drugs mefloquine and primaquine highly sensitizes drug-resistant cancer cells by increasing P-gp inhibition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013 Nov 22;441(3):655-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.095. Epub 2013 Oct 26. [Article]
  2. Choi AR, Kim JH, Woo YH, Kim HS, Yoon S: Anti-malarial Drugs Primaquine and Chloroquine Have Different Sensitization Effects with Anti-mitotic Drugs in Resistant Cancer Cells. Anticancer Res. 2016 Apr;36(4):1641-8. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 02, 2023 07:02