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Identification
Name Succinic acid
Accession Number DB00139 (NUTR00054)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid
Amber acid
Asuccin
Bernsteinsaure
Butanedioic acid
Butanedionic acid
Spirit of amber
Succinate
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Katasuccin
Kyselina jantarova
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Ubicoenzyme Beet + Cerium-Oxalate + Citric Acid + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lipoic Acid + Alpha + Nadidum + Oyster Shells + Selenium + Silicon Dioxide + Succinic Acid + Sulfur + Thuja Occidentalis
Categories
  • Anti-Ulcer Agents
  • Dietary supplement
  • Micronutrient
  • Radiation-Protective Agents
CAS number 110-15-6
Weight Average: 118.088
Monoisotopic: 118.02660868
Chemical Formula C4H6O4
InChI Key InChIKey=KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
butanedioic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (9.46 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Keto-Acids
  • Dicarboxylic Acids
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Keto-Acids
  • Dicarboxylic Acids
Pharmacology
Indication For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance
Pharmacodynamics Not Available
Mechanism of action Succinate is an essential component of the Krebs or citric acid cycle and serves an electron donor in the production of fumaric acid and FADH2. It also has been shown to be a good "natural" antibiotic because of its relative acidic or caustic nature (high concentrations can even cause burns). Succinate supplements have been shown to help reduce the effects of hangovers by activating the degradation of acetaldehyde - a toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism - into CO2 and H2O through aerobic metabolism. Succinic acid has been shown to stimulate neural system recovery and bolster the immune system. Claims have also been made that it boosts awareness, concentration and reflexes.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Oral rat LD50: 2260 mg/kg
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers Not Available
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Oral
Solution / drops Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Succinic acid cryst reagent 0.15 USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 188 °C PhysProp
boiling point 235 dec °C PhysProp
water solubility 8.32E+004 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & HE,Y (2003)
logP -0.59 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS -0.2 ADME Research, USCD
pKa 4.21 (at 25 °C) DEAN,JA (1987)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.11e+02 g/l ALOGPS
logP -0.53 ALOGPS
logP -0.4 ChemAxon
logS 0.25 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 3.55 ChemAxon
physiological charge -2 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 4 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 74.6 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon
refractivity 23.54 ChemAxon
polarizability 10.14 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C00042 Link_out
PubChem Compound 1110 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505859 Link_out
ChemSpider 1078 Link_out
BindingDB 26121 Link_out
ChEBI 15741 Link_out
ChEMBL 15741 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000545 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164747739 Link_out
HET SIN Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes
  • 92:02.00*
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (71.8 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Mono-heme cytochrome b. May act as a mediator of low potential couples in an electron flow through cardiac complex II. Is involved in system II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain which is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99643 Link_out
Gene: SDHC Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bayley JP, van Minderhout I, Weiss MM, Jansen JC, Oomen PH, Menko FH, Pasini B, Ferrando B, Wong N, Alpert LC, Williams R, Blair E, Devilee P, Taschner PE: Mutation analysis of SDHB and SDHC: novel germline mutations in sporadic head and neck paraganglioma and familial paraganglioma and/or pheochromocytoma. BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 11;7:1. Pubmed
  2. Leibowitz G, Khaldi MZ, Shauer A, Parnes M, Oprescu AI, Cerasi E, Jonas JC, Kaiser N: Mitochondrial regulation of insulin production in rat pancreatic islets. Diabetologia. 2005 Aug;48(8):1549-59. Epub 2005 Jun 29. Pubmed
  3. Bayley JP, Devilee P, Taschner PE: The SDH mutation database: an online resource for succinate dehydrogenase sequence variants involved in pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and mitochondrial complex II deficiency. BMC Med Genet. 2005 Nov 16;6:39. Pubmed
  4. Szeto SS, Reinke SN, Sykes BD, Lemire BD: Ubiquinone-binding site mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae succinate dehydrogenase generate superoxide and lead to the accumulation of succinate. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 14;282(37):27518-26. Epub 2007 Jul 18. Pubmed
  5. Kubo Y, Takagi H, Nakamori S: Effect of gene disruption of succinate dehydrogenase on succinate production in a sake yeast strain. J Biosci Bioeng. 2000;90(6):619-24. Pubmed

2. Succinate receptor 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Receptor for succinate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BXA5 Link_out
Gene: SUCNR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Macaulay IC, Tijssen MR, Thijssen-Timmer DC, Gusnanto A, Steward M, Burns P, Langford CF, Ellis PD, Dudbridge F, Zwaginga JJ, Watkins NA, van der Schoot CE, Ouwehand WH: Comparative gene expression profiling of in vitro differentiated megakaryocytes and erythroblasts identifies novel activatory and inhibitory platelet membrane proteins. Blood. 2007 Apr 15;109(8):3260-9. Epub 2006 Dec 27. Pubmed

3. Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BYC2 Link_out
Gene: OXCT2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

4. Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NVH6 Link_out
Gene: TMLHE Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

5. Succinyl-CoA ligase [ADP-forming] beta-chain, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

ATP + succinate + CoA = ADP + phosphate + succinyl-CoA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9P2R7 Link_out
Gene: SUCLA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

6. Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in translocation of malonate, malate and succinate in exchange for phosphate, sulfate, sulfite or thiosulfate across mitochondrial inner membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UBX3 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ventura FV, Ruiter J, Ijlst L, de Almeida IT, Wanders RJ: Differential inhibitory effect of long-chain acyl-CoA esters on succinate and glutamate transport into rat liver mitochondria and its possible implications for long-chain fatty acid oxidation defects. Mol Genet Metab. 2005 Nov;86(3):344-52. Epub 2005 Sep 19. Pubmed
  2. Mizuarai S, Miki S, Araki H, Takahashi K, Kotani H: Identification of dicarboxylate carrier Slc25a10 as malate transporter in de novo fatty acid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 16;280(37):32434-41. Epub 2005 Jul 15. Pubmed

7. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31040 Link_out
Gene: SDHA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Maklashina E, Iverson TM, Sher Y, Kotlyar V, Andrell J, Mirza O, Hudson JM, Armstrong FA, Rothery RA, Weiner JH, Cecchini G: Fumarate reductase and succinate oxidase activity of Escherichia coli complex II homologs are perturbed differently by mutation of the flavin binding domain. J Biol Chem. 2006 Apr 21;281(16):11357-65. Epub 2006 Feb 15. Pubmed
  4. Takeo S, Kokaze A, Ng CS, Mizuchi D, Watanabe JI, Tanabe K, Kojima S, Kita K: Succinate dehydrogenase in Plasmodium falciparum mitochondria: molecular characterization of the SDHA and SDHB genes for the catalytic subunits, the flavoprotein (Fp) and iron-sulfur (Ip) subunits. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000 Apr 15;107(2):191-205. Pubmed
  5. Ackrell BA: Cytopathies involving mitochondrial complex II. Mol Aspects Med. 2002 Oct;23(5):369-84. Pubmed

8. Oxidoreductase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14756 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Goel HC, Gupta D, Gupta S, Garg AP, Bala M: Protection of mitochondrial system by Hippophae rhamnoides L. against radiation-induced oxidative damage in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;57(1):135-43. Pubmed
  2. Gupta D, Arora R, Garg AP, Bala M, Goel HC: Modification of radiation damage to mitochondrial system in vivo by Podophyllum hexandrum: mechanistic aspects. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov;266(1-2):65-77. Pubmed
  3. Dudkina NV, Eubel H, Keegstra W, Boekema EJ, Braun HP: Structure of a mitochondrial supercomplex formed by respiratory-chain complexes I and III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3225-9. Epub 2005 Feb 15. Pubmed
  4. Huang LS, Sun G, Cobessi D, Wang AC, Shen JT, Tung EY, Anderson VE, Berry EA: 3-nitropropionic acid is a suicide inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that, upon oxidation by complex II, forms a covalent adduct with a catalytic base arginine in the active site of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 2006 Mar 3;281(9):5965-72. Epub 2005 Dec 21. Pubmed
  5. Bayley JP, van Minderhout I, Weiss MM, Jansen JC, Oomen PH, Menko FH, Pasini B, Ferrando B, Wong N, Alpert LC, Williams R, Blair E, Devilee P, Taschner PE: Mutation analysis of SDHB and SDHC: novel germline mutations in sporadic head and neck paraganglioma and familial paraganglioma and/or pheochromocytoma. BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 11;7:1. Pubmed

9. Solute carrier family 13 member 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

High-affinity sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter that accepts a range of substrates with 4-5 carbon atoms. The stoichiometry is probably 3 Na(+) for 1 divalent succinate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8WWT9 Link_out
Gene: SLC13A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Oshiro N, Pajor AM: Functional characterization of high-affinity Na(+)/dicarboxylate cotransporter found in Xenopus laevis kidney and heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2005 Nov;289(5):C1159-68. Epub 2005 Jun 8. Pubmed
  2. Wolff NA, Burckhardt BC, Burckhardt G, Oellerich M, Armstrong VW: Mycophenolic acid (MPA) and its glucuronide metabolites interact with transport systems responsible for excretion of organic anions in the basolateral membrane of the human kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Sep;22(9):2497-503. Epub 2007 May 25. Pubmed
  3. Hagos Y, Steffgen J, Rizwan AN, Langheit D, Knoll A, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC: Functional roles of cationic amino acid residues in the sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC-3) from winter flounder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Dec;291(6):F1224-31. Epub 2006 May 30. Pubmed
  4. Yodoya E, Wada M, Shimada A, Katsukawa H, Okada N, Yamamoto A, Ganapathy V, Fujita T: Functional and molecular identification of sodium-coupled dicarboxylate transporters in rat primary cultured cerebrocortical astrocytes and neurons. J Neurochem. 2006 Apr;97(1):162-73. Epub 2006 Mar 8. Pubmed
  5. Burckhardt BC, Lorenz J, Kobbe C, Burckhardt G: Substrate specificity of the human renal sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter, hNaDC-3, under voltage-clamp conditions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):F792-9. Epub 2004 Nov 23. Pubmed

10. Solute carrier family 13 member 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Cotransport of sodium ions and dicarboxylates such as succinate and citrate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13183 Link_out
Gene: SLC13A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Takahashi R, Ishihara H, Tamura A, Yamaguchi S, Yamada T, Takei D, Katagiri H, Endou H, Oka Y: Cell type-specific activation of metabolism reveals that beta-cell secretion suppresses glucagon release from alpha-cells in rat pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Feb;290(2):E308-16. Epub 2005 Sep 27. Pubmed
  2. Hagos Y, Steffgen J, Rizwan AN, Langheit D, Knoll A, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC: Functional roles of cationic amino acid residues in the sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC-3) from winter flounder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006 Dec;291(6):F1224-31. Epub 2006 May 30. Pubmed
  3. Burckhardt BC, Lorenz J, Kobbe C, Burckhardt G: Substrate specificity of the human renal sodium dicarboxylate cotransporter, hNaDC-3, under voltage-clamp conditions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):F792-9. Epub 2004 Nov 23. Pubmed
  4. Hall JA, Pajor AM: Functional characterization of a Na(+)-coupled dicarboxylate carrier protein from Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 2005 Aug;187(15):5189-94. Pubmed

11. Solute carrier family 13 member 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Sodium/sulfate cotransporter that mediates sulfate reabsorption in the kidney

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BZW2 Link_out
Gene: SLC13A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Lee A, Beck L, Markovich D: The human renal sodium sulfate cotransporter (SLC13A1; hNaSi-1) cDNA and gene: organization, chromosomal localization, and functional characterization. Genomics. 2000 Dec 15;70(3):354-63. Pubmed

12. Succinyl-CoA ligase [GDP-forming] beta-chain, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96I99 Link_out
Gene: SUCLG2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

13. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14521 Link_out
Gene: SDHD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Brink I, Schaefer O, Walz M, Neumann HP: Fluorine-18 DOPA PET imaging of paraganglioma syndrome. Clin Nucl Med. 2006 Jan;31(1):39-41. Pubmed
  2. Sun F, Huo X, Zhai Y, Wang A, Xu J, Su D, Bartlam M, Rao Z: Crystal structure of mitochondrial respiratory membrane protein complex II. Cell. 2005 Jul 1;121(7):1043-57. Pubmed
  3. Bayley JP, Devilee P, Taschner PE: The SDH mutation database: an online resource for succinate dehydrogenase sequence variants involved in pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and mitochondrial complex II deficiency. BMC Med Genet. 2005 Nov 16;6:39. Pubmed
  4. Lehtonen HJ, Makinen MJ, Kiuru M, Laiho P, Herva R, van Minderhout I, Hogendoorn PC, Cornelisse C, Devilee P, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA: Increased HIF1 alpha in SDH and FH deficient tumors does not cause microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 15;121(6):1386-9. Pubmed
  5. Bayley JP, van Minderhout I, Weiss MM, Jansen JC, Oomen PH, Menko FH, Pasini B, Ferrando B, Wong N, Alpert LC, Williams R, Blair E, Devilee P, Taschner PE: Mutation analysis of SDHB and SDHC: novel germline mutations in sporadic head and neck paraganglioma and familial paraganglioma and/or pheochromocytoma. BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 11;7:1. Pubmed

14. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O15460 Link_out
Gene: P4HA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

15. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O60568 Link_out
Gene: PLOD3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

16. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma- butyrobetaine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75936 Link_out
Gene: BBOX1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Yoshisue K, Yamamoto Y, Yoshida K, Saeki M, Minami Y, Esumi Y, Kawaguchi Y: Pharmacokinetics and biological fate of 3-(2,2, 2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate dihydrate (MET-88), a novel cardioprotective agent, in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Jun;28(6):687-94. Pubmed

17. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13674 Link_out
Gene: P4HA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

18. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Succinate + ubiquinone = fumarate + ubiquinol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P21912 Link_out
Gene: SDHB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Arikawa Y, Kuroyanagi T, Shimosaka M, Muratsubaki H, Enomoto K, Kodaira R, Okazaki M: Effect of gene disruptions of the TCA cycle on production of succinic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng. 1999;87(1):28-36. Pubmed
  2. Bayley JP, Devilee P, Taschner PE: The SDH mutation database: an online resource for succinate dehydrogenase sequence variants involved in pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and mitochondrial complex II deficiency. BMC Med Genet. 2005 Nov 16;6:39. Pubmed
  3. Lehtonen HJ, Makinen MJ, Kiuru M, Laiho P, Herva R, van Minderhout I, Hogendoorn PC, Cornelisse C, Devilee P, Launonen V, Aaltonen LA: Increased HIF1 alpha in SDH and FH deficient tumors does not cause microsatellite instability. Int J Cancer. 2007 Sep 15;121(6):1386-9. Pubmed
  4. Bayley JP, van Minderhout I, Weiss MM, Jansen JC, Oomen PH, Menko FH, Pasini B, Ferrando B, Wong N, Alpert LC, Williams R, Blair E, Devilee P, Taschner PE: Mutation analysis of SDHB and SDHC: novel germline mutations in sporadic head and neck paraganglioma and familial paraganglioma and/or pheochromocytoma. BMC Med Genet. 2006 Jan 11;7:1. Pubmed
  5. Szeto SS, Reinke SN, Sykes BD, Lemire BD: Ubiquinone-binding site mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae succinate dehydrogenase generate superoxide and lead to the accumulation of succinate. J Biol Chem. 2007 Sep 14;282(37):27518-26. Epub 2007 Jul 18. Pubmed

19. Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51649 Link_out
Gene: ALDH5A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yogeeswari P, Sriram D, Vaigundaragavendran J: The GABA shunt: an attractive and potential therapeutic target in the treatment of epileptic disorders. Curr Drug Metab. 2005 Apr;6(2):127-39. Pubmed
  2. Popov VN, Eprintsev AT, Fedorin DN, Fomenko OIu, Igamberdiev AU: [Role of transamination in the mobilization of respiratory substrates in germinating seeds of castor oil plants] Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol. 2007 May-Jun;43(3):376-81. Pubmed
  3. Wang C, Zhang HB, Wang LH, Zhang LH: Succinic semialdehyde couples stress response to quorum-sensing signal decay in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Mol Microbiol. 2006 Oct;62(1):45-56. Epub 2006 Aug 30. Pubmed
  4. Ahn SJ, Yang CH, Cooksey DA: Pseudomonas putida 06909 genes expressed during colonization on mycelial surfaces and phenotypic characterization of mutants. J Appl Microbiol. 2007 Jul;103(1):120-32. Pubmed
  5. Chiribau CB, Mihasan M, Ganas P, Igloi GL, Artenie V, Brandsch R: Final steps in the catabolism of nicotine. FEBS J. 2006 Apr;273(7):1528-36. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

20. Succinyl-CoA ligase [GDP-forming] subunit alpha, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

GTP + succinate + CoA = GDP + phosphate + succinyl-CoA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P53597 Link_out
Gene: SUCLG1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ostergaard E, Christensen E, Kristensen E, Mogensen B, Duno M, Shoubridge EA, Wibrand F: Deficiency of the alpha subunit of succinate-coenzyme A ligase causes fatal infantile lactic acidosis with mitochondrial DNA depletion. Am J Hum Genet. 2007 Aug;81(2):383-7. Epub 2007 Jun 4. Pubmed

21. Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P55809 Link_out
Gene: OXCT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Coros AM, Swenson L, Wolodko WT, Fraser ME: Structure of the CoA transferase from pig heart to 1.7 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2004 Oct;60(Pt 10):1717-25. Epub 2004 Sep 23. Pubmed

22. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02809 Link_out
Gene: PLOD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cudic M, Patel DA, Lauer-Fields JL, Brew K, Fields GB: Development of a convenient peptide-based assay for lysyl hydroxylase. Biopolymers. 2007 Jul 3;. Pubmed

23. Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Specifically hydroxylates an Asp or Asn residue in certain epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains of a number of proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q12797 Link_out
Gene: ASPH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

24. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro- Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q32P28 Link_out
Gene: LEPRE1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

25. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL5 Link_out
Gene: LEPREL1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

26. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL6 Link_out
Gene: LEPREL2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: substrate

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cha SH, Sekine T, Fukushima JI, Kanai Y, Kobayashi Y, Goya T, Endou H: Identification and characterization of human organic anion transporter 3 expressing predominantly in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 May;59(5):1277-86. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19