Niacin

Identification

Summary

Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat hypertriglyceridemia and pellagra.

Brand Names
Advicor, Concept Ob, Irospan 24/6 Kit, Mvc-fluoride, Niacor, Niaspan, Niodan, Simcor, Vitafol-one
Generic Name
Niacin
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00627
Background

Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.6,7,8,9,10,11

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 123.1094
Monoisotopic: 123.032028409
Chemical Formula
C6H5NO2
Synonyms
  • 3-carboxypyridine
  • 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
  • 3-Pyridylcarboxylic acid
  • Acide nicotinique
  • ácido nicotínico
  • Acidum Nicotinicum
  • anti-pellagra vitamin
  • m-pyridinecarboxylic acid
  • Niacin
  • Niacina
  • Nicotinic acid
  • Nikotinsäure
  • pyridine-β-carboxylic acid
  • β-pyridinecarboxylic acid
External IDs
  • NSC-169454

Pharmacology

Indication

Niacin is indicated to prevent vitamin deficiencies in pediatric and adult patients receiving parenteral nutrition as part of multivitamin intravenous injections.6,7,8,9 Niacin oral tablets are indicated as a monotherapy or in combination with simvastatin or lovastatin to treat primary hyperlipidemia and mixed dyslipidemia.10,11 It can also be used to reduce the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarctions in patients with a history of myocardial infarction and hyperlipidemia.10,11 Niacin is also indicated with bile acid binding resins to treat atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease and hyperlipidemia or to treat primary hyperlipidemia.10,11 Finally niacin is indicated to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia.10,11

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to manageAtherosclerotic disease•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •• •••••••• •••••• •••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Used as adjunct in combination to manageHigh cholesterolCombination Product in combination with: Lovastatin (DB00227)•••••••••••••••••••• ••• •••• ••••••••••• ••••••• •• •••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Adjunct therapy in management ofHigh triglyceride level••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• ••••••••••
Adjunct therapy in management ofMixed dyslipidemias••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Prevention ofNonfatal myocardial infarction••••••••••••••••••• •• •••••••••• ••••••••••• •••• •••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Niacin is a B vitamin used to treat vitamin deficiencies as well as hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and to reduce the risk of myocardial infarctions.6,7,8,9,10,11 Niacin acts to decrease levels of very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, while increasing levels of high density lipoproteins.3 Niacin has a wide therapeutic window with usual oral doses between 500mg and 2000mg.6 Patients with diabetes, renal failure, uncontrolled hypothyroidism, and elderly patients taking niacin with simvastatin or lovastatin are at increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.6

Mechanism of action

Niacin performs a number of functions in the body and so has many mechanisms, not all of which have been fully described.3 Niacin can decrease lipids and apolipoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins by modulating triglyceride synthesis in the liver, which degrades apo B, or by modulating lipolysis in adipose tissue.3

Niacin inhibits hepatocyte diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2.3 This action prevents the final step of triglyceride synthesis in hepatocytes, limiting available triglycerides for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).3 This activity also leads to intracellular degradation of apo B and decreased production of low density lipoproteins, the catabolic product of VLDL.3

Niacin also inhibits a high density lipoprotein (HDL) catabolism receptor, which increases the levels and half life of HDL.3

TargetActionsOrganism
AHydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3
agonist
Humans
AHydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
agonist
Humans
ANicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
binder
Humans
ANicotinamide N-methyltransferase
binder
Humans
Absorption

In patients with chronic kidney disease, the Cmax is 0.06µg/mL for a 500mg oral dose, 2.42µg/mL for a 1000mg oral dose, and 4.22µg/mL for a 1500mg oral dose.2 The Tmax is 3.0 hours for a 1000mg or 1500mg oral dose.2 The AUC is 1.44µg*h/mL for a 500mg oral dose, 6.66µg*h/mL for a 1000mg oral dose, and 12.41µg*h/mL for a 1500mg oral dose.2 These values did not drastically differ in patients requiring dialysis.2

Volume of distribution

Data regarding the volume of distribution of niacin is not readily available.

Protein binding

Data regarding the protein binding of niacin is not readily available.

Metabolism

The metabolism of niacin is poorly described in the literature, but the metabolites niacinamide, niacinamide N-oxide, nicotinuric acid, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and trigonelline have been identified in human urine.4

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Route of elimination

69.5% of a dose of niacin is recovered in urine.5 37.9% of the recovered dose was N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, 16.0% was N-methylnicotinamide, 11.6% was nicotinuric acid, and 3.2% was niacin.5

Half-life

The half life of niacin is 0.9h, nicotinuric acid is 1.3h, and nicotinamide is 4.3h.5

Clearance

Data regarding the clearance of niacin is not readily available.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Overdose of niacin may present with severe prolonged hypotension.1 Patients experiencing an overdose should be treated with supportive measures which may include intravenous fluids.1,6

The oral LD50 in the mouse is 3720mg/kg, in the rabbit is 4550mg/kg, in the rat is 7000mg/kg, and the dermal LD50 in the rat is >2000mg/kg.12

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Nicotinate and Nicotinamide MetabolismMetabolic
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbemaciclibThe serum concentration of Abemaciclib can be increased when it is combined with Niacin.
AcalabrutinibThe serum concentration of Acalabrutinib can be increased when it is combined with Niacin.
AcarboseThe therapeutic efficacy of Acarbose can be decreased when used in combination with Niacin.
AcebutololThe metabolism of Acebutolol can be decreased when combined with Niacin.
AcenocoumarolThe serum concentration of Acenocoumarol can be increased when it is combined with Niacin.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Alcohol increases the chance of flushing and pruritus.
  • Take with food. Food reduces gastrointestinal upset and irritation.

Products

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Active Moieties
NameKindUNIICASInChI Key
Nicotinamideunknown25X51I8RD498-92-0DFPAKSUCGFBDDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
B-3 500mg Continuous ReleasedTablet, extended release500 mgOralGahler Enterprises Ltd.1981-12-312000-08-01Canada flag
NiacinTablet, film coated, extended release750 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc2014-06-302018-12-01US flag
NiacinTablet, film coated, extended release500 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc2014-06-302019-07-09US flag
NiacinTablet, film coated, extended release1000 mg/1OralZydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc2014-06-302019-07-13US flag
Niacin Ctr Srt 500mgTablet, extended release500 mg / tabOralBioenergy Inc.1981-12-311998-06-03Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
NiacinTablet, extended release750 mg/1OralJubilant Cadista Pharmaceuticals Inc.2018-05-14Not applicableUS flag
NiacinTablet, extended release1000 mg/1OralAmneal Pharmaceuticals LLC2015-07-27Not applicableUS flag
NiacinTablet, extended release1000 mg/1OralAvKARE, Inc.2016-08-262018-07-31US flag
NiacinTablet, extended release750 mg/1OralAmerican Health Packaging2015-03-312016-08-09US flag
NiacinTablet, extended release1000 mg/1OralLupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.2014-03-202023-09-30US flag
Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Acti-niacin Caplet 500mgTablet500 mgOralActi Form Ltd.1991-12-312005-03-21Canada flag
B3Tablet500 mgOralNatural Factors Nutritional Products Ltd.1997-12-302008-07-17Canada flag
Formula # 7 Tab 50mgTablet50 mgOralGolden Pride/Rawleigh1995-12-312004-10-15Canada flag
JEUNCELL Hair restorer and Hair Growth SolutionShampoo2 mg/100mLTopicalJeun Cell Ltd2012-11-25Not applicableUS flag
Niacin 100 mgCapsule100 mgOralFlora Manufacturing And Distributing Ltd.2002-03-152004-08-04Canada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
24 Multivitamins + MineralsNiacin (25 mg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)TabletOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1997-04-302002-07-31Canada flag
50 PlusNiacin (20 mg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (20 unit)TabletOralQuest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products1998-08-042001-07-06Canada flag
Adeks TabletsNiacin (10 mg) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg) + Beta carotene (3 mg) + Biotin (50 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Cyanocobalamin (12 mcg) + Folic acid (0.2 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg) + Phylloquinone (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine (1.5 mg) + Riboflavin (1.3 mg) + Thiamine (1.2 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (4000 unit) + Vitamin E (150 unit) + Zinc gluconate (7.5 mg)TabletOralAxcan Pharma1998-01-202011-04-20Canada flag
AdvicorNiacin (1000 mg) + Lovastatin (20 mg)Tablet, extended release; Tablet, multilayer, extended releaseOralSepracor Pharmaceuticals Inc2005-11-092012-08-02Canada flag
AdvicorNiacin (1000 mg/1) + Lovastatin (40 mg/1)Tablet, extended releaseOralAbbvie2001-12-172018-01-31US flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AbaviteNiacin (15 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (0.025 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (13.5 mg/1) + Ferrous sulfate (30 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Mecobalamin (0.5 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (0.25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Vitamin A palmitate (0.33 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1)TabletOralABACOS HEALTH2021-03-31Not applicableUS flag
Cavan Heme OBNiacin (17 mg/1) + Biotin (30 ug/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (0.8 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12 ug/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (28 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (10 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (175 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.6 mg/1) + Sodium selenate (65 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.5 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol succinate (10 [iU]/1)TabletOralSeton Pharmaceuticals2010-08-032012-06-10US flag
Cavan PrenatalNiacin (20 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (120 mg/1) + Calcium carbonate (200 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (420 [iU]/1) + Choline bitartrate (55 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (8 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (28 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (150 ug/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (50 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (3 mg/1) + Vitamin E (30 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (15 ug/1)TabletOralSeton Pharmaceuticals2009-07-092009-07-22US flag
Concept DHANiacin (1.8 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (25 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (12.5 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (17.5 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (17.5 mg/1) + Magnesium sulfate (5 mg/1) + Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (200 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (3 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc sulfate, unspecified form (10 mg/1)Capsule, liquid filledOralU.S. Pharmaceutical Corporation2009-06-24Not applicableUS flag
Concept OBNiacin (20 mg/1) + Ascorbic acid (210 mg/1) + Biotin (300 ug/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (800 ug/1) + Cyanocobalamin (10 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (42.5 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (42.5 mg/1) + Magnesium sulfate (6.9 mg/1) + Manganese sulfate (1.3 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (7 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (5 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (5 mg/1) + Zinc sulfate, unspecified form (18.2 mg/1)CapsuleOralU.S. Pharmaceutical Corporation2009-01-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C10AD02 — Nicotinic acidC10AD52 — Nicotinic acid, combinationsC10BA01 — Lovastatin and nicotinic acidC04AC01 — Nicotinic acid
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridinecarboxylic acids. These are compounds containing a pyridine ring bearing a carboxylic acid group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Pyridines and derivatives
Sub Class
Pyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Pyridinecarboxylic acids
Alternative Parents
Heteroaromatic compounds / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Heteroaromatic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
pyridine alkaloid, pyridinemonocarboxylic acid (CHEBI:15940) / Water-soluble vitamins, Pyridine alkaloids (C00253)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
2679MF687A
CAS number
59-67-6
InChI Key
PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9)
IUPAC Name
pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)C1=CN=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Joseph E. Toomey, Jr., "Electrochemical synthesis of niacin and other N-heterocyclic compounds." U.S. Patent US5002641, issued 1914.

US5002641
General References
  1. Mularski RA, Grazer RE, Santoni L, Strother JS, Bizovi KE: Treatment advice on the internet leads to a life-threatening adverse reaction: hypotension associated with Niacin overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(1):81-4. [Article]
  2. Reiche I, Westphal S, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Troger U, Luley C, Bode-Boger SM: Pharmacokinetics and dose recommendations of Niaspan(R) in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011 Jan;26(1):276-82. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq344. Epub 2010 Jun 17. [Article]
  3. Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML: Mechanism of action of niacin. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 17;101(8A):20B-26B. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.029. [Article]
  4. Taguchi K, Fukusaki E, Bamba T: Determination of niacin and its metabolites using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo). 2014;3(1):A0029. doi: 10.5702/massspectrometry.A0029. Epub 2014 Aug 1. [Article]
  5. Menon RM, Adams MH, Gonzalez MA, Tolbert DS, Leu JH, Cefali EA: Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of niacin and its metabolites from an extended-release niacin formulation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Aug;45(8):448-54. doi: 10.5414/cpp45448. [Article]
  6. FDA Approved Drug Products: Niacin Film Coated Extended Release Tablets [Link]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Products: Niacin Oral Tablet [Link]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: M.V.I. Pediatric Multivitamin Intravenous Injection [Link]
  9. FDA Approved Drug Products: Infuvite Pediatric Multivitamin Intravenous Injection [Link]
  10. FDA Approved Drug Products: Infuvite Adult Multivitamin Intravenous Injection [Link]
  11. FDA Approved Drug Products: M.V.I. Adult Multivitamin Intravenous Injection [Link]
  12. Jubilant Life Sciences: Niacin MSDS [Link]
  13. DailyMed: Niacin Oral Tablet, Extended Release [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0001488
KEGG Drug
D00049
KEGG Compound
C00253
PubChem Compound
938
PubChem Substance
46507508
ChemSpider
913
BindingDB
23515
RxNav
7393
ChEBI
15940
ChEMBL
CHEMBL573
ZINC
ZINC000000001795
PharmGKB
PA450617
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
NIO
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Niacin
PDB Entries
1d0v / 1fsl / 1icr / 1icu / 1icv / 1jha / 1jho / 1jhq / 1jhr / 1jhv
show 57 more
FDA label
Download (330 KB)
MSDS
Download (73.2 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedBasic ScienceHypoalphalipoproteinemias1
4CompletedHealth Services ResearchPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)1
4CompletedOtherAtherosclerosis / Carotid Artery Diseases / Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)1
4CompletedPreventionCoronary Artery Disease (CAD)1
4CompletedPreventionDyslipidemia / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Medpointe pharmaceuticals medpointe healthcare inc
  • Barr laboratories inc
  • Abbott laboratories
  • Everylife
  • Halsey drug co inc
  • Impax laboratories inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Mk laboratories inc
  • Purepac pharmaceutical co
  • Sandoz inc
  • Tablicaps inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Wockhardt ltd
  • Upsher smith laboratories inc
  • Sanofi aventis us llc
Packagers
  • Abbott Laboratories Ltd.
  • Aeropharm Technology LLC
  • Amend
  • Apothecon
  • A-S Medication Solutions LLC
  • Bronson Pharmaceuticals
  • Catalent Pharma Solutions
  • Contract Pharm
  • CVS Pharmacy
  • Ide Interstate
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Mason Distributors
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • National Vitamin Company
  • Norwich Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prepak Systems Inc.
  • Rugby Laboratories
  • Sepracor Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Sirius Labs
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
  • Upsher Smith Laboratories
  • US Pharmaceutical Corp.
  • Va Cmop Dallas
  • Wockhardt Ltd.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral500 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral
Tablet, extended release; tablet, multilayer, extended releaseOral
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet, film coated
TabletOral50 mg
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral100.0 mg
Kit; tablet; tablet, film coatedOral
ShampooTopical2 mg/100mL
Solution / dropsOral
SolutionOral
TabletOral
TabletOral
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral250 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral500 mg/1
TabletOral1000 mg/1
TabletOral500 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral1000 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral500 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral750 mg/1
CapsuleOral100 mg
CapsuleOral250 mg / cap
CapsuleOral100 mg / cap
Tablet, extended releaseOral500 mg / tab
SolutionIntramuscular; Intravenous100 mg / mL
PowderOral800 mg / 1.25 mL
Capsule, extended releaseOral400 mg / cap
TabletOral100 mg / tab
TabletOral250 mg / tab
Tablet, extended releaseOral475 mg / tab
TabletOral500 mg / tab
TabletOral1000 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral750 mg
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral1000 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral500 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral750 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral375 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral1000 mg
Tablet, delayed releaseOral500 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral1000 mg
Tablet, extended releaseOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral500 mg
LiquidOral
Gum, chewingOral
Capsule, coatedOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tabletOral
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
Tablet, chewableOral
Tablet, film coated, extended releaseOral
Tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral500 mg / srt
LozengeOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral300 mg / cap
CapsuleOral
Capsule, liquid filled; kitOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
Capsule; kit; tablet, coatedOral
TabletOral10 mg / tab
KitOral
PowderOral
TabletOral250 mg
Tablet, coatedOral50 mg
TabletOral100 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Niaspan 1000 mg Controlled Release Tabs4.67USD tab
Simcor 1000-20 mg 24 Hour tablet4.67USD tablet
Niaspan er 1000 mg tablet4.49USD tablet
Simcor 1000-20 mg tablet4.49USD tablet
Niaspan 1000 mg tablet er4.04USD tablet
Niaspan 750 mg Controlled Release Tabs3.76USD tab
Niaspan er 750 mg tablet3.62USD tablet
Simcor 750-20 mg tablet3.62USD tablet
Niaspan 750 mg tablet er3.25USD tablet
Niaspan 500 mg Controlled Release Tabs2.65USD tab
Simcor 500-20 mg 24 Hour tablet2.64USD tablet
Niaspan er 500 mg tablet2.54USD tablet
Simcor 500-20 mg tablet2.54USD tablet
Niaspan 500 mg tablet er2.28USD tablet
Nicomide-t 4% cream1.1USD g
Niacinamide ascorbate powder0.57USD g
Niacin flush free 750 mg capsule0.35USD capsule
Niacinamide powder0.24USD g
Slo-niacin 750 mg tablet0.19USD tablet
Niacin 500 mg capsule0.16USD capsule
Slo-niacin 500 mg tablet0.14USD tablet
Niacin 500 mg tablet0.1USD tablet
Slo-niacin 250 mg tablet0.09USD tablet
Niacin 1000 mg tablet sa0.08USD tablet
No flush niacin capsule0.08USD capsule
Niacin 250 mg tablet sa0.06USD tablet
Niacin flush free 500 mg capsule0.06USD capsule
Niacin 250 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
Niacinamide 500 mg tablet0.03USD tablet
Niacin 100 mg caplet0.02USD caplet
Niacin 100 mg tablet0.02USD tablet
Niacin 50 mg tablet0.02USD tablet
Niacinamide 100 mg tablet0.02USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6129930No2000-10-102013-09-20US flag
CA2283159No2007-06-192018-03-06Canada flag
CA2298549No2006-01-102018-07-31Canada flag
US6080428No2000-06-272017-05-27US flag
US6469035No2002-10-222018-03-15US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)236-239http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.913.html?rid=9af4dd1d-a79e-4e6d-ab2a-9fe7ca6a3248
boiling point (°C)292.4http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.913.html?rid=9af4dd1d-a79e-4e6d-ab2a-9fe7ca6a3248
water solubility1.8E+004 mg/L (at 25 °C)YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP0.147http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.913.html?rid=9af4dd1d-a79e-4e6d-ab2a-9fe7ca6a3248
logS-0.84ADME Research, USCD
pKa4.75 (at 25 °C)DEAN,JA (1985)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility83.1 mg/mLALOGPS
logP0.29ALOGPS
logP-0.17Chemaxon
logS-0.17ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.79Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)4.19Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area50.19 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count1Chemaxon
Refractivity31.16 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability11.3 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9672
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9648
Caco-2 permeable+0.8701
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.8683
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9935
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor1.0
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8938
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8246
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9231
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.8381
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9045
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.907
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.923
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.94
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.912
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9875
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9939
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.8566
BiodegradationReady biodegradable0.9437
Rat acute toxicity1.2760 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9557
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9829
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (7.87 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c74565
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb8
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-05i0-9700000000-d7620f1dc8f42d1498b9
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-0kmi-7900000000-9e4efda763cce5ddfe57
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-053i-0900000000-5daf0093df6c21c7279f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-053i-0900000000-f38b6609b45de8c74565
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0540-0900000000-4f55c81a6cd42f1b961d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-057r-5900000000-00bf3662b5b9db533c0a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-0569-2900000000-7820ea736b03b71d2cb8
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0540-0900000000-a701904fe6ded0abd98f
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-0kor-8900000000-7d3f033a49f5fad75f33
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-27508608b33f1fb9f221
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-9100000000-a2037c9695659dceabd1
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0ufr-9100000000-4a2649a83ad2a40e5194
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0kmi-7900000000-1bc47d1b1850f54fb7c2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b052
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-02e37a1cfd3947037579
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-75d7e6658d2d6eca736e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-9000000000-21a2d68d4f364c596f1d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-0900000000-a74db528f61c435876c8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-6900000000-773c08ab92ace4d48a9c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00aj-9100000000-07b12fbe942e6c7fb12d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-005a-9000000000-66e0a5ba2ca8dbba1ed5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-fbf8ba47b56d7cc7be81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9300000000-b1a48f694fba565108a1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-a352c5ce16d4b682b052
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-ab23ecb032e387b40bd9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-02e37a1cfd3947037579
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-75d7e6658d2d6eca736e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-9000000000-21a2d68d4f364c596f1d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9300000000-b1a48f694fba565108a1
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-affdac58f480428e02c6
MS/MS Spectrum - , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-19b41866469269d2235b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-b84242a938bd40d61ff6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-1900000000-1174a7f46485752c0daa
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00ea-9400000000-4539592b8e6a4564120c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-005a-9000000000-df6b83e44b493afab79b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-005a-9000000000-82b9c8aec085da3d0553
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ab9-0900000000-a74db528f61c435876c8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-6900000000-773c08ab92ace4d48a9c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00aj-9100000000-7dcd57505ae0cfbee247
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-005a-9000000000-66e0a5ba2ca8dbba1ed5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-fbf8ba47b56d7cc7be81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-eaf82f6ab0befde118e9
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4l-9600000000-fc78f932208250ddafaf
MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-cc3a4b4e586e5dbe55be
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-23164195959f5e6f48e1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00fr-5900000000-62ec40165beb0f33f759
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-4900000000-6c8bbc6108d5675757ed
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-b60ffcb29479ce4052b0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0fbi-9100000000-0efb8629f91ad5a15876
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9000000000-e98b05ae9e48f3dc5f01
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-120.6446436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-120.6650436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-120.7029436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-120.5824436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-121.40254
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+121.4199436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+128.3529137
predicted
DarkChem Standard v0.1.0
[M+H]+121.4649436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+121.4078436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+124.65425
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+120.7980436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+120.9003436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+120.8548436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+120.8875436
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+133.4807
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
G-protein coupled receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for 3-OH-octanoid acid mediates a negative feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis to counteract prolipolytic influences under conditions of physiological or pathological increases in b...
Gene Name
HCAR3
Uniprot ID
P49019
Uniprot Name
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3
Molecular Weight
44477.93 Da
References
  1. Tunaru S, Kero J, Schaub A, Wufka C, Blaukat A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: PUMA-G and HM74 are receptors for nicotinic acid and mediate its anti-lipolytic effect. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):352-5. Epub 2003 Feb 3. [Article]
  2. Taggart AK, Kero J, Gan X, Cai TQ, Cheng K, Ippolito M, Ren N, Kaplan R, Wu K, Wu TJ, Jin L, Liaw C, Chen R, Richman J, Connolly D, Offermanns S, Wright SD, Waters MG: (D)-beta-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits adipocyte lipolysis via the nicotinic acid receptor PUMA-G. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jul 22;280(29):26649-52. Epub 2005 Jun 1. [Article]
  3. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [Article]
  4. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [Article]
  5. Benyo Z, Gille A, Kero J, Csiky M, Suchankova MC, Nusing RM, Moers A, Pfeffer K, Offermanns S: GPR109A (PUMA-G/HM74A) mediates nicotinic acid-induced flushing. J Clin Invest. 2005 Dec;115(12):3634-40. [Article]
  6. Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB: Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):9869-74. Epub 2003 Jan 9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Nicotinic acid receptor activity
Specific Function
Acts as a high affinity receptor for both nicotinic acid (also known as niacin) and (D)-beta-hydroxybutyrate and mediates increased adiponectin secretion and decreased lipolysis through G(i)-protei...
Gene Name
HCAR2
Uniprot ID
Q8TDS4
Uniprot Name
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2
Molecular Weight
41849.08 Da
References
  1. Wise A, Foord SM, Fraser NJ, Barnes AA, Elshourbagy N, Eilert M, Ignar DM, Murdock PR, Steplewski K, Green A, Brown AJ, Dowell SJ, Szekeres PG, Hassall DG, Marshall FH, Wilson S, Pike NB: Molecular identification of high and low affinity receptors for nicotinic acid. J Biol Chem. 2003 Mar 14;278(11):9869-74. Epub 2003 Jan 9. [Article]
  2. Soga T, Kamohara M, Takasaki J, Matsumoto S, Saito T, Ohishi T, Hiyama H, Matsuo A, Matsushime H, Furuichi K: Molecular identification of nicotinic acid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 28;303(1):364-9. [Article]
  3. Zellner C, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE, Frost PH, Kwok PY, Malloy MJ, Kane JP: Variations in human HM74 (GPR109B) and HM74A (GPR109A) niacin receptors. Hum Mutat. 2005 Jan;25(1):18-21. [Article]
  4. Zhang Y, Schmidt RJ, Foxworthy P, Emkey R, Oler JK, Large TH, Wang H, Su EW, Mosior MK, Eacho PI, Cao G: Niacin mediates lipolysis in adipose tissue through its G-protein coupled receptor HM74A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Aug 26;334(2):729-32. [Article]
  5. Tunaru S, Lattig J, Kero J, Krause G, Offermanns S: Characterization of determinants of ligand binding to the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A (HM74A/PUMA-G). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Nov;68(5):1271-80. Epub 2005 Aug 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Involved in the catabolism of quinolinic acid (QA).
Gene Name
QPRT
Uniprot ID
Q15274
Uniprot Name
Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]
Molecular Weight
30845.31 Da
References
  1. Fukuwatari T, Morikawa Y, Hayakawa F, Sugimoto E, Shibata K: Influence of adenine-induced renal failure on tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Oct;65(10):2154-61. [Article]
  2. Shin DH, Oganesyan N, Jancarik J, Yokota H, Kim R, Kim SH: Crystal structure of a nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase from Thermoplasma acidophilum. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 6;280(18):18326-35. Epub 2005 Mar 6. [Article]
  3. Zheng XQ, Hayashibe E, Ashihara H: Changes in trigonelline (N-methylnicotinic acid) content and nicotinic acid metabolism during germination of mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) seeds. J Exp Bot. 2005 Jun;56(416):1615-23. Epub 2005 Apr 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Binder
General Function
Nicotinamide n-methyltransferase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions. This activity is important for biotransformation of many drugs and xenobiotic compounds.
Gene Name
NNMT
Uniprot ID
P40261
Uniprot Name
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase
Molecular Weight
29573.705 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Riederer M, Erwa W, Zimmermann R, Frank S, Zechner R: Adipose tissue as a source of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and homocysteine. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jun;204(2):412-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.015. Epub 2008 Sep 27. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
Curator comments
Data supporting this enzyme action are limited to the results of one in vitro study. Clinical correlation is unknown.
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Gaudineau C, Auclair K: Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7;317(3):950-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.137. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Gaudineau C, Auclair K: Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7;317(3):950-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.137. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Gaudineau C, Auclair K: Inhibition of human P450 enzymes by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 May 7;317(3):950-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.137. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific Function
Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum.
Gene Name
SERPINA7
Uniprot ID
P05543
Uniprot Name
Thyroxine-binding globulin
Molecular Weight
46324.12 Da
References
  1. Shakir KM, Kroll S, Aprill BS, Drake AJ 3rd, Eisold JF: Nicotinic acid decreases serum thyroid hormone levels while maintaining a euthyroid state. Mayo Clin Proc. 1995 Jun;70(6):556-8. doi: 10.4065/70.6.556. [Article]
  2. O'Brien T, Silverberg JD, Nguyen TT: Nicotinic acid-induced toxicity associated with cytopenia and decreased levels of thyroxine-binding globulin. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992 May;67(5):465-8. doi: 10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60393-0. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
Gene Name
SLC22A5
Uniprot ID
O76082
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 5
Molecular Weight
62751.08 Da
References
  1. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost.
Gene Name
SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID
O94956
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
Molecular Weight
76709.98 Da
References
  1. Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
Gene Name
SLC16A1
Uniprot ID
P53985
Uniprot Name
Monocarboxylate transporter 1
Molecular Weight
53943.685 Da
References
  1. Tamai I, Sai Y, Ono A, Kido Y, Yabuuchi H, Takanaga H, Satoh E, Ogihara T, Amano O, Izeki S, Tsuji A: Immunohistochemical and functional characterization of pH-dependent intestinal absorption of weak organic acids by the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;51(10):1113-21. [Article]
  2. Tachikawa M, Murakami K, Martin PM, Hosoya K, Ganapathy V: Retinal transfer of nicotinate by H+ -monocarboxylate transporter at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Microvasc Res. 2011 Nov;82(3):385-90. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.06.009. Epub 2011 Jun 29. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Acts as an electrogenic sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl-)-dependent sodium-coupled solute transporter, including transport of monocarboxylates (short-chain fatty acids including L-lactate, D-lactat...
Gene Name
SLC5A8
Uniprot ID
Q8N695
Uniprot Name
Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1
Molecular Weight
66577.005 Da
References
  1. Gopal E, Fei YJ, Miyauchi S, Zhuang L, Prasad PD, Ganapathy V: Sodium-coupled and electrogenic transport of B-complex vitamin nicotinic acid by slc5a8, a member of the Na/glucose co-transporter gene family. Biochem J. 2005 May 15;388(Pt 1):309-16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucine...
Gene Name
SLC16A3
Uniprot ID
O15427
Uniprot Name
Monocarboxylate transporter 4
Molecular Weight
49468.9 Da
References
  1. Shimada A, Nakagawa Y, Morishige H, Yamamoto A, Fujita T: Functional characteristics of H+ -dependent nicotinate transport in primary cultures of astrocytes from rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci Lett. 2006 Jan 16;392(3):207-12. Epub 2005 Oct 5. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48