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Identification
Name Vitamin C
Accession Number DB00126 (APRD00084, EXPT00568, NUTR00001)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Ascorbate
Ascorbic Acid
L-Ascorbate
L-Ascorbic Acid
L-Lyxoascorbic Acid
L-Xyloascorbic Acid
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Adenex
Allercorb
Antiscorbic Vitamin
Antiscorbutic Vitamin
Arco-Cee
Ascoltin
Ascor-B.I.D.
Ascorb
Ascorbajen
Ascorbicab
Ascorbicap
Ascorbicin
Ascorbin
Ascorbutina
Ascorin
Ascorteal
Ascorvit
C-Level
C-Long
C-Quin
C-Span
C-Vimin
Cantan
Cantaxin
Catavin C
Ce Lent
Cebicure
Cebid
Cebion
Cebione
Cecon
Cee-Caps Td
Cee-Vite
Cegiolan
Ceglion
Celaskon
Celin
Cemagyl
Cemill
Cenetone
Cenolate
Cereon
Cergona
Cescorbat
Cetamid
Cetane
Cetane-Caps Tc
Cetane-Caps Td
Cetebe
Cetemican
Cevalin
Cevatine
Cevex
Cevi-Bid
Cevimin
Cevital
Cevitamic Acid
Cevitamin
Cevitan
Cevitex
Cewin
Ciamin
Cipca
Citriscorb
Colascor
Concemin
Davitamon C
Duoscorb
Hicee
Hybrin
IDO-C
Kyselina Askorbova
Laroscorbine
Lemascorb
Liqui-Cee
Meri-C
Natrascorb
Planavit C
Proscorbin
Redoxon
Ribena
Roscorbic
Scorbacid
Scorbu-C
Secorbate
Sodascorbate
Testascorbic
Vicelat
Vicin
Vicomin C
Viforcit
Viscorin
Vitace
Vitacee
Vitacimin
Vitacin
Vitamisin
Vitascorbol
Xitix
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Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Antioxidants
  • Essential Vitamins
  • Free Radical Scavengers
  • Vitamins (Vitamin C)
  • Vitamins
CAS number 50-81-7
Weight Average: 176.1241
Monoisotopic: 176.032087988
Chemical Formula C6H8O6
InChI Key InChIKey=CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one
SMILES
[H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(O)=C1O)[C@@H](O)CO
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (8.32 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication Used to treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an effective antiviral agent.
Pharmacodynamics Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy, as ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels. Administration of ascorbic acid completely reverses the symptoms of ascorbic acid deficiency.
Mechanism of action In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration.
Absorption 70% to 90%
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding 25%
Metabolism
Hepatic. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of ascorbic acid) to dehydroascorbic acid. The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some ascorbic acid is metabolized to inactive compounds including ascorbic acid-2-sulfate and oxalic acid.

Important The metabolism module of DrugBank is currently in beta. Questions or suggestions? Please contact us.

Substrate Enzymes Product
Vitamin C
    		Oxalic acid Details
    Vitamin C
      		ascorbic acid-2-sulfate Details
      Route of elimination Not Available
      Half life 16 days (3.4 hours in people who have excess levels of vitamin C)
      Clearance Not Available
      Toxicity Not Available
      Affected organisms
      • Humans and other mammals
      Pathways Not Available
      Pharmacoeconomics
      Manufacturers Not Available
      Packagers
      Dosage forms
      Form Route Strength
      Bar, chewable Oral
      Capsule Oral
      Capsule, extended release Oral
      Granule Oral
      Liquid Intravenous
      Liquid Oral
      Lozenge Oral
      Powder Oral
      Powder, for solution Oral
      Solution Intramuscular
      Solution Intravenous
      Solution Oral
      Solution / drops Oral
      Tablet Oral
      Tablet, chewable Oral
      Tablet, effervescent Oral
      Tablet, extended release Oral
      Wafer Oral
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      Prices
      Unit description Cost Unit
      Cenolate 500 mg/1 ml ampul 1.74 USD ml
      Cenolate 1 gm/2 ml ampul 1.21 USD ml
      Calcium ascorbate powder 0.79 USD g
      Ascorbic acid 222 mg/ml vial 0.35 USD ml
      Ascor l 500 500 mg/ml vial 0.24 USD ml
      Vitamin c 1500 mg tablet sa 0.22 USD tablet
      CVS Pharmacy vit c ener boost 1000 mg 0.21 USD each
      Cemill+bioflavonoids tablet 0.09 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet sa 0.09 USD tablet
      Cemill-1000 tablet 0.08 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet 0.08 USD tablet
      Cemill-500 tablet sa 0.07 USD tablet
      CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg tablet chw 0.06 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 1000 mg caplet 0.06 USD caplet
      Ascorbic acid 500 mg tablet 0.04 USD tablet
      CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg caplet 0.04 USD caplet
      Pv ester-c 500 mg tablet 0.04 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 500 mg chew tablet 0.04 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 500 mg tablet 0.04 USD tablet
      Vitamin c drops 0.04 USD tablet
      Ra vitamin c cough drops 0.03 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 250 mg tablet 0.03 USD tablet
      Vitamin c 250 mg tablet chew 0.03 USD tablet
      CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg caplet 0.02 USD caplet
      CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg tablet 0.02 USD tablet
      Ra vitamin c 100 mg tablet 0.02 USD tablet
      Vicks vitamin c 60 mg drops 0.02 USD tablet
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      DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
      Patents Not Available
      Properties
      State solid
      Experimental Properties
      Property Value Source
      melting point 191 dec °C PhysProp
      water solubility 4E+005 mg/L (at 40 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996)
      logP -1.85 AVDEEF,A (1997)
      pKa 4.7 (at 10 °C) KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)
      Predicted Properties
      Property Value Source
      water solubility 2.45e+02 g/l ALOGPS
      logP -1.6 ALOGPS
      logP -1.9 ChemAxon
      logS 0.14 ALOGPS
      pKa (strongest acidic) 4.36 ChemAxon
      pKa (strongest basic) -3 ChemAxon
      physiological charge -1 ChemAxon
      hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon
      hydrogen donor count 4 ChemAxon
      polar surface area 107.22 ChemAxon
      rotatable bond count 2 ChemAxon
      refractivity 37.03 ChemAxon
      polarizability 14.93 ChemAxon
      References
      Synthesis Reference Not Available
      General Reference
      1. Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M: Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35. Pubmed
      2. Meister A: Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 1;269(13):9397-400. Pubmed
      3. Englard S, Seifter S: The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:365-406. Pubmed
      4. Banhegyi G, Mandl J: The hepatic glycogenoreticular system. Pathol Oncol Res. 2001;7(2):107-10. Pubmed
      5. Proctor P: Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man? Nature. 1970 Nov 28;228(5274):868. Pubmed
      6. Korcok J, Dixon SJ, Lo TC, Wilson JX: Differential effects of glucose on dehydroascorbic acid transport and intracellular ascorbate accumulation in astrocytes and skeletal myocytes. Brain Res. 2003 Dec 12;993(1-2):201-7. Pubmed
      External Links
      Resource Link
      KEGG Drug D00018 Link_out
      KEGG Compound C00072 Link_out
      BindingDB 50090256 Link_out
      ChEBI 17208 Link_out
      ChEMBL 17208 Link_out
      Therapeutic Targets Database DNC000259 Link_out
      PharmGKB PA451898 Link_out
      Drug Product Database 583960 Link_out
      RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/vitamc.htm Link_out
      Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/ascorbic-acid.html Link_out
      PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0264.shtml Link_out
      Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C Link_out
      ATC Codes
      • A11GA01
      • S01XA15
      • G01AD03
      AHFS Codes
      • 88:04.00
      • 88:12.00
      PDB Entries
      FDA label Not Available
      MSDS show (74.6 KB)
      Interactions
      Drug Interactions
      Drug Interaction
      Deferoxamine Vitamin C may increase the adverse effects of deferoxamine. Transient deterioration of left ventricular function has been observed during concomitant therapy. Use caution during concomitant therapy.
      Indinavir Vitamin C decreases indinavir levels
      Food Interactions Not Available
      Targets

      1. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      LPH splits lactose in the small intestine

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: P09848 Link_out
      Gene: LCT Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

      2. Hyaluronate lyase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Cleaves hyaluronate chains at a beta-D-GalNAc- (1->4)-beta-D-GlcA bond, ultimately breaking the polysaccharide down to 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D- glucosamine

      Organism class: bacterial
      UniProt ID: Q54873 Link_out
      Gene: SP_0314
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
      3. Li S, Taylor KB, Kelly SJ, Jedrzejas MJ: Vitamin C inhibits the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15125-30. Epub 2001 Jan 12. Pubmed
      4. Okorukwu ON, Vercruysse KP: Effects of ascorbic acid and analogs on the activity of testicular hyaluronidase and hyaluronan lyase on hyaluronan. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2003 Aug;18(4):377-82. Pubmed
      5. Botzki A, Rigden DJ, Braun S, Nukui M, Salmen S, Hoechstetter J, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Jedrzejas MJ, Buschauer A: L-Ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate, a potent hyaluronidase inhibitor. X-ray structure and molecular modeling of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45990-7. Epub 2004 Aug 18. Pubmed

      3. DNA

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

      Gene Sequence: FASTA

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
      3. Guarnieri S, Loft S, Riso P, Porrini M, Risom L, Poulsen HE, Dragsted LO, Moller P: DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct 10;:1-7. Pubmed
      4. Singh S, Rana SV: Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-Ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J Environ Biol. 2007 Apr;28(2 Suppl):377-84. Pubmed
      5. Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Protection of arsenic-induced hepatic disorder by arjunolic Acid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):333-8. Pubmed

      4. Xylose isomerase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Involved in D-xylose catabolism

      Organism class: bacterial
      UniProt ID: P24300 Link_out
      Gene: xylA
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      5. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: O00469 Link_out
      Gene: PLOD2 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      6. Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: O14832 Link_out
      Gene: PHYH Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      7. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: O60568 Link_out
      Gene: PLOD3 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      8. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma- butyrobetaine

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: O75936 Link_out
      Gene: BBOX1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
      3. Dunn WA, Rettura G, Seifter E, Englard S: Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 10;259(17):10764-70. Pubmed
      4. Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, IJlst L, Wanders RJ: Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from rat liver. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;466:117-24. Pubmed
      5. Rebouche CJ: Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6 Suppl):1147S-1152S. Pubmed

      9. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: P09172 Link_out
      Gene: DBH Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
      3. Suzuki E, Kurata T, Shibata M, Mori M, Arakawa N: Activities of D- and L-xyloascorbic acid and D- and L-araboascorbic acid as a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase reaction. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Oct;43(5):491-6. Pubmed
      4. Pettingill TM, Strange RW, Blackburn NJ: Carbonmonoxy dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 15;266(26):16996-7003. Pubmed
      5. Feng J, Shi J, Sirimanne SR, Mounier-Lee CE, May SW: Kinetic and stereochemical studies on novel inactivators of C-terminal amidation. Biochem J. 2000 Sep 1;350 Pt 2:521-30. Pubmed

      10. Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequencial steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: P19021 Link_out
      Gene: PAM Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Romero I, Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta M, Maldonado R, Isabel Escribano M, Merodio C: Anthocyanin, antioxidant activity and stress-induced gene expression in high CO-treated table grapes stored at low temperature. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Jun 12;. Pubmed
      2. Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Milczarek G, Arasimowicz M, Ciszewski A: Do nitric oxide donors mimic endogenous NO-related response in plants? Planta. 2006 Nov;224(6):1363-72. Epub 2006 Jun 14. Pubmed
      3. Crespo A, Marti MA, Roitberg AE, Amzel LM, Estrin DA: The catalytic mechanism of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase investigated by computer simulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Oct 4;128(39):12817-28. Pubmed

      11. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: P13674 Link_out
      Gene: P4HA1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      12. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro- Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q32P28 Link_out
      Gene: LEPRE1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      13. Hypothetical protein DKFZp686H15154

      Pharmacological action: unknown
      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q6N063 Link_out
      Gene: OGFOD2 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      14. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 2

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q6NS38 Link_out
      Gene: ALKBH2 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      15. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q8IVL5 Link_out
      Gene: LEPREL1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      16. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q8IVL6 Link_out
      Gene: LEPREL2 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      17. 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1

      Pharmacological action: unknown
      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q8N543 Link_out
      Gene: OGFOD1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      18. Egl nine homolog 2

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q96KS0 Link_out
      Gene: EGLN2 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Nytko KJ, Spielmann P, Camenisch G, Wenger RH, Stiehl DP: Regulated function of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) oxygen sensor proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Sep;9(9):1329-38. Pubmed
      2. Bruegge K, Jelkmann W, Metzen E: Hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and chemical compounds targeting the HIF-alpha hydroxylases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(17):1853-62. Pubmed

      19. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1- methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q96Q83 Link_out
      Gene: ALKBH3 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      20. Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1D

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      May play a role in spermatogenesis

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9BY66 Link_out
      Gene: JARID1D Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      21. Egl nine homolog 1

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9GZT9 Link_out
      Gene: EGLN1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      22. Solute carrier family 23 member 1

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9UHI7 Link_out
      Gene: SLC23A1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Kang JS, Kim HN, Jung da J, Kim JE, Mun GH, Kim YS, Cho D, Shin DH, Hwang YI, Lee WJ: Regulation of UVB-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in skin keratinocytes by increasing vitamin C uptake via the redistribution of SVCT-1 from the cytosol to the membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Sep 28. Pubmed
      2. Johnston L, Laverty G: Vitamin C transport and SVCT1 transporter expression in chick renal proximal tubule cells in culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Mar;146(3):327-34. Epub 2006 Dec 5. Pubmed
      3. Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV: SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake. Amino Acids. 2007 Jun 1;. Pubmed
      4. Perez MJ, Castano B, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Marin JJ: Multiple protective effects of melatonin against maternal cholestasis-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver trio. J Pineal Res. 2007 Sep;43(2):130-9. Pubmed
      5. Steiling H, Longet K, Moodycliffe A, Mansourian R, Bertschy E, Smola H, Mauch C, Williamson G: Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter isoforms in skin: Distribution, kinetics, and effect of UVB-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Sep 1;43(5):752-62. Epub 2007 May 10. Pubmed

      23. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

      Pharmacological action: unknown
      Actions: activator

      Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q02809 Link_out
      Gene: PLOD1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Salavoura K, Valari M, Kolialexi A, Mavrou A, Kitsiou S: A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI. Genet Couns. 2006;17(3):291-4. Pubmed
      2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

      24. Egl nine homolog 3

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation in muscle cells and in apoptosis in neuronal tissue. Promotes cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9H6Z9 Link_out
      Gene: EGLN3 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      25. Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML)

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9NVH6 Link_out
      Gene: TMLHE Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

      26. Putative HIF-prolyl hydroxylase PH-4

      Pharmacological action: unknown

      May catalyze the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. May function as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, may target HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex

      Organism class: human
      UniProt ID: Q9NXG6 Link_out
      Gene: P4HTM
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
      2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
      Transporters

      1. Solute carrier family 23 member 1

      Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate

      UniProt ID: Q9UHI7 Link_out
      Gene: SLC23A1 Link_out
      Protein Sequence: FASTA
      Gene Sequence: FASTA
      SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

      References:
      1. Tsukaguchi H, Tokui T, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Chen XZ, Wang Y, Brubaker RF, Hediger MA: A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters. Nature. 1999 May 6;399(6731):70-5. Pubmed
      Comments
      Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 16, 2013 16:37