DrugBank: Vitamin C (DB00126)

targets (26)

Identification

Name

Vitamin C

Accession Number

DB00126 (APRD00084, EXPT00568, NUTR00001)

Type

small molecule

Groups

approved, nutraceutical

Description

A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [PubChem]

Structure

Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure

Synonyms

AA
Ascorbate
Ascorbic Acid
L-Ascorbate
L-Ascorbic Acid
L-Lyxoascorbic Acid
L-Xyloascorbic Acid

Brand names

Adenex
Allercorb
Antiscorbic Vitamin
Antiscorbutic Vitamin
Arco-Cee
Ascoltin
Ascor-B.I.D.
Ascorb
Ascorbajen
Ascorbicab
Ascorbicap
Ascorbicin
Ascorbin
Ascorbutina
Ascorin
Ascorteal
Ascorvit
C-Level
C-Long
C-Quin
C-Span
C-Vimin
Cantan
Cantaxin
Catavin C
Ce Lent
Cebicure
Cebid
Cebion
Cebione
Cecon
Cee-Caps Td
Cee-Vite
Cegiolan
Ceglion
Celaskon
Celin
Cemagyl
Cemill
Cenetone
Cenolate
Cereon
Cergona
Cescorbat
Cetamid
Cetane
Cetane-Caps Tc
Cetane-Caps Td
Cetebe
Cetemican
Cevalin
Cevatine
Cevex
Cevi-Bid
Cevimin
Cevital
Cevitamic Acid
Cevitamin
Cevitan
Cevitex
Cewin
Ciamin
Cipca
Citriscorb
Colascor
Concemin
Davitamon C
Duoscorb
Hicee
Hybrin
IDO-C
Kyselina Askorbova
Laroscorbine
Lemascorb
Liqui-Cee
Meri-C
Natrascorb
Planavit C
Proscorbin
Redoxon
Ribena
Roscorbic
Scorbacid
Scorbu-C
Secorbate
Sodascorbate
Testascorbic
Vicelat
Vicin
Vicomin C
Viforcit
Viscorin
Vitace
Vitacee
Vitacimin
Vitacin
Vitamisin
Vitascorbol
Xitix

Brand name mixtures

Not Available

Categories

Antioxidants
Essential Vitamins
Free Radical Scavengers
Vitamins (Vitamin C)
Vitamins

CAS number

50-81-7

Weight

Average: 176.1241
Monoisotopic: 176.0321

Chemical Formula

C₆H₈O₆

InChI Key

InChIKey=CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1

Plain Text

IUPAC Name

(5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one

SMILES

[H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(O)=C1O)[C@@H](O)CO

Plain Text

Mass Spec

show (8.3 KB)

Taxonomy

Kingdom

Not Available

Classes

Not Available

Substructures

Not Available

Pharmacology

Indication

Used to treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an effective antiviral agent.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy, as ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels. Administration of ascorbic acid completely reverses the symptoms of ascorbic acid deficiency.

Mechanism of action

In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration.

Absorption

70% to 90%

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

25%

Metabolism

Hepatic. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of ascorbic acid) to dehydroascorbic acid. The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some ascorbic acid is metabolized to inactive compounds including ascorbic acid-2-sulfate and oxalic acid.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

16 days (3.4 hours in people who have excess levels of vitamin C)

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

Not Available

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Bar, chewable	Oral
Capsule	Oral
Capsule, extended release	Oral
Granule	Oral
Liquid	Intravenous
Liquid	Oral
Lozenge	Oral
Powder	Oral
Powder, for solution	Oral
Solution	Intramuscular
Solution	Intravenous
Solution	Oral
Solution / drops	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Tablet, chewable	Oral
Tablet, effervescent	Oral
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Wafer	Oral

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Cenolate 500 mg/1 ml ampul	1.74 USD	ml
Cenolate 1 gm/2 ml ampul	1.21 USD	ml
Calcium ascorbate powder	0.79 USD	g
Ascorbic acid 222 mg/ml vial	0.35 USD	ml
Ascor l 500 500 mg/ml vial	0.24 USD	ml
Vitamin c 1500 mg tablet sa	0.22 USD	tablet
CVS Pharmacy vit c ener boost 1000 mg	0.21 USD	each
Cemill+bioflavonoids tablet	0.09 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet sa	0.09 USD	tablet
Cemill-1000 tablet	0.08 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet	0.08 USD	tablet
Cemill-500 tablet sa	0.07 USD	tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg tablet chw	0.06 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg caplet	0.06 USD	caplet
Ascorbic acid 500 mg tablet	0.04 USD	tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg caplet	0.04 USD	caplet
Pv ester-c 500 mg tablet	0.04 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 500 mg chew tablet	0.04 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 500 mg tablet	0.04 USD	tablet
Vitamin c drops	0.04 USD	tablet
Ra vitamin c cough drops	0.03 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 250 mg tablet	0.03 USD	tablet
Vitamin c 250 mg tablet chew	0.03 USD	tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg caplet	0.02 USD	caplet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg tablet	0.02 USD	tablet
Ra vitamin c 100 mg tablet	0.02 USD	tablet
Vicks vitamin c 60 mg drops	0.02 USD	tablet

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

solid

Melting point

191 oC

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	40 g/L	PhysProp
logP	-0.5	PhysProp
pKa	4.7	Various sources

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
water solubility	2.45e+02 g/l	ALOGPS
logP	-1.58	ALOGPS
logP	-1.9136	ChemAxon Molconvert
logS	0.14	ALOGPS
pKa	11.1977	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count	5	ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count	4	ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area	107.2200	ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count	2	ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity	37.0321	ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability	14.9325	ChemAxon Molconvert

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General Reference

Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M: Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35. Pubmed
Meister A: Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 1;269(13):9397-400. Pubmed
Englard S, Seifter S: The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:365-406. Pubmed
Banhegyi G, Mandl J: The hepatic glycogenoreticular system. Pathol Oncol Res. 2001;7(2):107-10. Pubmed
Proctor P: Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man? Nature. 1970 Nov 28;228(5274):868. Pubmed

External Links

Resource	Link
KEGG Drug	D00018
KEGG Compound	C00072
BindingDB	50090256
ChEBI	17208
ChEMBL	17208
Therapeutic Targets Database	DNC000259
PharmGKB	PA451898
Drug Product Database	583960
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/vitamc.htm
Drugs.com	http://www.drugs.com/cdi/ascorbic-acid.html
PDRhealth	http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0264.shtml
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C

ATC Codes

A11GA01

AHFS Codes

88:04.00
88:12.00

PDB Entries

1F9G

FDA label

Not Available

MSDS

show (74.6 KB)

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Not Available

Food Interactions

Not Available

Targets
1. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase Pharmacological action: unknown LPH splits lactose in the small intestine Organism class: human UniProt ID: P09848 Gene: LCT Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed 2. Hyaluronate lyase Pharmacological action: unknown Cleaves hyaluronate chains at a beta-D-GalNAc- (1->4)-beta-D-GlcA bond, ultimately breaking the polysaccharide down to 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D- glucosamine Organism class: bacterial UniProt ID: Q54873 Gene: SP_0314 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed Li S, Taylor KB, Kelly SJ, Jedrzejas MJ: Vitamin C inhibits the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15125-30. Epub 2001 Jan 12. Pubmed Okorukwu ON, Vercruysse KP: Effects of ascorbic acid and analogs on the activity of testicular hyaluronidase and hyaluronan lyase on hyaluronan. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2003 Aug;18(4):377-82. Pubmed Botzki A, Rigden DJ, Braun S, Nukui M, Salmen S, Hoechstetter J, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Jedrzejas MJ, Buschauer A: L-Ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate, a potent hyaluronidase inhibitor. X-ray structure and molecular modeling of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45990-7. Epub 2004 Aug 18. Pubmed 3. DNA Pharmacological action: unknown DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes. Gene Sequence: FASTA References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed Guarnieri S, Loft S, Riso P, Porrini M, Risom L, Poulsen HE, Dragsted LO, Moller P: DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct 10;:1-7. Pubmed Singh S, Rana SV: Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-Ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J Environ Biol. 2007 Apr;28(2 Suppl):377-84. Pubmed Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Protection of arsenic-induced hepatic disorder by arjunolic Acid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):333-8. Pubmed 4. Xylose isomerase Pharmacological action: unknown Involved in D-xylose catabolism Organism class: bacterial UniProt ID: P24300 Gene: xylA Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 5. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 Pharmacological action: unknown Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links Organism class: human UniProt ID: O00469 Gene: PLOD2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 6. Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal Pharmacological action: unknown Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA Organism class: human UniProt ID: O14832 Gene: PHYH Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 7. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 Pharmacological action: unknown Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links Organism class: human UniProt ID: O60568 Gene: PLOD3 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 8. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase Pharmacological action: unknown Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma- butyrobetaine Organism class: human UniProt ID: O75936 Gene: BBOX1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed Dunn WA, Rettura G, Seifter E, Englard S: Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 10;259(17):10764-70. Pubmed Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, IJlst L, Wanders RJ: Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from rat liver. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;466:117-24. Pubmed Rebouche CJ: Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6 Suppl):1147S-1152S. Pubmed 9. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase Pharmacological action: unknown Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline Organism class: human UniProt ID: P09172 Gene: DBH Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed Suzuki E, Kurata T, Shibata M, Mori M, Arakawa N: Activities of D- and L-xyloascorbic acid and D- and L-araboascorbic acid as a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase reaction. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Oct;43(5):491-6. Pubmed Pettingill TM, Strange RW, Blackburn NJ: Carbonmonoxy dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 15;266(26):16996-7003. Pubmed Feng J, Shi J, Sirimanne SR, Mounier-Lee CE, May SW: Kinetic and stereochemical studies on novel inactivators of C-terminal amidation. Biochem J. 2000 Sep 1;350 Pt 2:521-30. Pubmed 10. Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase Pharmacological action: unknown Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequencial steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity Organism class: human UniProt ID: P19021 Gene: PAM Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Romero I, Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta M, Maldonado R, Isabel Escribano M, Merodio C: Anthocyanin, antioxidant activity and stress-induced gene expression in high CO-treated table grapes stored at low temperature. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Jun 12;. Pubmed Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Milczarek G, Arasimowicz M, Ciszewski A: Do nitric oxide donors mimic endogenous NO-related response in plants? Planta. 2006 Nov;224(6):1363-72. Epub 2006 Jun 14. Pubmed Crespo A, Marti MA, Roitberg AE, Amzel LM, Estrin DA: The catalytic mechanism of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase investigated by computer simulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Oct 4;128(39):12817-28. Pubmed 11. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 Pharmacological action: unknown Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins Organism class: human UniProt ID: P13674 Gene: P4HA1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 12. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro- Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q32P28 Gene: LEPRE1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 13. Hypothetical protein DKFZp686H15154 Pharmacological action: unknown Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q6N063 Gene: OGFOD2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 14. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 2 Pharmacological action: unknown Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q6NS38 Gene: ALKBH2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 15. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 Pharmacological action: unknown Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q8IVL5 Gene: LEPREL1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 16. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3 Pharmacological action: unknown Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q8IVL6 Gene: LEPREL2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 17. 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q8N543 Gene: OGFOD1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 18. Egl nine homolog 2 Pharmacological action: unknown Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q96KS0 Gene: EGLN2 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Nytko KJ, Spielmann P, Camenisch G, Wenger RH, Stiehl DP: Regulated function of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) oxygen sensor proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Sep;9(9):1329-38. Pubmed Bruegge K, Jelkmann W, Metzen E: Hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and chemical compounds targeting the HIF-alpha hydroxylases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(17):1853-62. Pubmed 19. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3 Pharmacological action: unknown Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1- methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q96Q83 Gene: ALKBH3 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 20. Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1D Pharmacological action: unknown May play a role in spermatogenesis Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9BY66 Gene: JARID1D Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 21. Egl nine homolog 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9GZT9 Gene: EGLN1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 22. Solute carrier family 23 member 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9UHI7 Gene: SLC23A1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Kang JS, Kim HN, Jung da J, Kim JE, Mun GH, Kim YS, Cho D, Shin DH, Hwang YI, Lee WJ: Regulation of UVB-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in skin keratinocytes by increasing vitamin C uptake via the redistribution of SVCT-1 from the cytosol to the membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Sep 28. Pubmed Johnston L, Laverty G: Vitamin C transport and SVCT1 transporter expression in chick renal proximal tubule cells in culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Mar;146(3):327-34. Epub 2006 Dec 5. Pubmed Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV: SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake. Amino Acids. 2007 Jun 1;. Pubmed Perez MJ, Castano B, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Marin JJ: Multiple protective effects of melatonin against maternal cholestasis-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver trio. J Pineal Res. 2007 Sep;43(2):130-9. Pubmed Steiling H, Longet K, Moodycliffe A, Mansourian R, Bertschy E, Smola H, Mauch C, Williamson G: Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter isoforms in skin: Distribution, kinetics, and effect of UVB-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Sep 1;43(5):752-62. Epub 2007 May 10. Pubmed 23. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 Pharmacological action: unknown Actions: activator Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q02809 Gene: PLOD1 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Salavoura K, Valari M, Kolialexi A, Mavrou A, Kitsiou S: A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI. Genet Couns. 2006;17(3):291-4. Pubmed Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed 24. Egl nine homolog 3 Pharmacological action: unknown Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation in muscle cells and in apoptosis in neuronal tissue. Promotes cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9H6Z9 Gene: EGLN3 Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 25. Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial Pharmacological action: unknown Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML) Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9NVH6 Gene: TMLHE Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed 26. Putative HIF-prolyl hydroxylase PH-4 Pharmacological action: unknown May catalyze the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. May function as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, may target HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex Organism class: human UniProt ID: Q9NXG6 Gene: P4HTM Protein Sequence: FASTA Gene Sequence: FASTA SNPs: SNPJam Report References: Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

Targets

1. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase

Pharmacological action: unknown

LPH splits lactose in the small intestine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09848 Link_out

Gene: LCT

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

2. Hyaluronate lyase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Cleaves hyaluronate chains at a beta-D-GalNAc- (1->4)-beta-D-GlcA bond, ultimately breaking the polysaccharide down to 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D- glucosamine

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: Q54873 Link_out

Gene: SP_0314
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Li S, Taylor KB, Kelly SJ, Jedrzejas MJ: Vitamin C inhibits the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15125-30. Epub 2001 Jan 12. Pubmed
Okorukwu ON, Vercruysse KP: Effects of ascorbic acid and analogs on the activity of testicular hyaluronidase and hyaluronan lyase on hyaluronan. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2003 Aug;18(4):377-82. Pubmed
Botzki A, Rigden DJ, Braun S, Nukui M, Salmen S, Hoechstetter J, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Jedrzejas MJ, Buschauer A: L-Ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate, a potent hyaluronidase inhibitor. X-ray structure and molecular modeling of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45990-7. Epub 2004 Aug 18. Pubmed

3. DNA

Pharmacological action: unknown

DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

Gene Sequence: FASTA

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Guarnieri S, Loft S, Riso P, Porrini M, Risom L, Poulsen HE, Dragsted LO, Moller P: DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct 10;:1-7. Pubmed
Singh S, Rana SV: Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-Ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J Environ Biol. 2007 Apr;28(2 Suppl):377-84. Pubmed
Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Protection of arsenic-induced hepatic disorder by arjunolic Acid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):333-8. Pubmed

4. Xylose isomerase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in D-xylose catabolism

Organism class: bacterial
UniProt ID: P24300 Link_out

Gene: xylA
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

5. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecular collagen cross-links

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O00469 Link_out

Gene: PLOD2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

6. Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14832 Link_out

Gene: PHYH Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

7. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O60568 Link_out

Gene: PLOD3 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma- butyrobetaine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75936 Link_out

Gene: BBOX1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Dunn WA, Rettura G, Seifter E, Englard S: Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 10;259(17):10764-70. Pubmed
Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, IJlst L, Wanders RJ: Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from rat liver. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;466:117-24. Pubmed
Rebouche CJ: Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6 Suppl):1147S-1152S. Pubmed

9. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09172 Link_out

Gene: DBH

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Suzuki E, Kurata T, Shibata M, Mori M, Arakawa N: Activities of D- and L-xyloascorbic acid and D- and L-araboascorbic acid as a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase reaction. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Oct;43(5):491-6. Pubmed
Pettingill TM, Strange RW, Blackburn NJ: Carbonmonoxy dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 15;266(26):16996-7003. Pubmed
Feng J, Shi J, Sirimanne SR, Mounier-Lee CE, May SW: Kinetic and stereochemical studies on novel inactivators of C-terminal amidation. Biochem J. 2000 Sep 1;350 Pt 2:521-30. Pubmed

10. Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequencial steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutated to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide by the lyase part. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P19021 Link_out

Gene: PAM

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Romero I, Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta M, Maldonado R, Isabel Escribano M, Merodio C: Anthocyanin, antioxidant activity and stress-induced gene expression in high CO-treated table grapes stored at low temperature. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Jun 12;. Pubmed
Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Milczarek G, Arasimowicz M, Ciszewski A: Do nitric oxide donors mimic endogenous NO-related response in plants? Planta. 2006 Nov;224(6):1363-72. Epub 2006 Jun 14. Pubmed
Crespo A, Marti MA, Roitberg AE, Amzel LM, Estrin DA: The catalytic mechanism of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase investigated by computer simulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Oct 4;128(39):12817-28. Pubmed

11. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13674 Link_out

Gene: P4HA1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

12. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro- Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q32P28 Link_out

Gene: LEPRE1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

13. Hypothetical protein DKFZp686H15154

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q6N063 Link_out

Gene: OGFOD2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

14. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has strong preference for double-stranded DNA. Has low efficiency with single-stranded substrates. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q6NS38 Link_out

Gene: ALKBH2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

15. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL5 Link_out

Gene: LEPREL1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

16. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL6 Link_out

Gene: LEPREL2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

17. 2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain containing 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8N543 Link_out

Gene: OGFOD1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

18. Egl nine homolog 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96KS0 Link_out

Gene: EGLN2 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Nytko KJ, Spielmann P, Camenisch G, Wenger RH, Stiehl DP: Regulated function of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) oxygen sensor proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Sep;9(9):1329-38. Pubmed
Bruegge K, Jelkmann W, Metzen E: Hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and chemical compounds targeting the HIF-alpha hydroxylases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(17):1853-62. Pubmed

19. Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1- methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. May also act on RNA. Requires molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate and iron

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96Q83 Link_out

Gene: ALKBH3 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

20. Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1D

Pharmacological action: unknown

May play a role in spermatogenesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BY66 Link_out

Gene: JARID1D Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

21. Egl nine homolog 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9GZT9 Link_out

Gene: EGLN1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

22. Solute carrier family 23 member 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UHI7 Link_out

Gene: SLC23A1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Kang JS, Kim HN, Jung da J, Kim JE, Mun GH, Kim YS, Cho D, Shin DH, Hwang YI, Lee WJ: Regulation of UVB-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in skin keratinocytes by increasing vitamin C uptake via the redistribution of SVCT-1 from the cytosol to the membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Sep 28. Pubmed
Johnston L, Laverty G: Vitamin C transport and SVCT1 transporter expression in chick renal proximal tubule cells in culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Mar;146(3):327-34. Epub 2006 Dec 5. Pubmed
Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV: SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake. Amino Acids. 2007 Jun 1;. Pubmed
Perez MJ, Castano B, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Marin JJ: Multiple protective effects of melatonin against maternal cholestasis-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver trio. J Pineal Res. 2007 Sep;43(2):130-9. Pubmed
Steiling H, Longet K, Moodycliffe A, Mansourian R, Bertschy E, Smola H, Mauch C, Williamson G: Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter isoforms in skin: Distribution, kinetics, and effect of UVB-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Sep 1;43(5):752-62. Epub 2007 May 10. Pubmed

23. Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: activator

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02809 Link_out

Gene: PLOD1 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Salavoura K, Valari M, Kolialexi A, Mavrou A, Kitsiou S: A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI. Genet Couns. 2006;17(3):291-4. Pubmed
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

24. Egl nine homolog 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF-1 alpha at 'Pro-564', and HIF-2 alpha. Functions as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, targets HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex. May play a role in cell growth regulation in muscle cells and in apoptosis in neuronal tissue. Promotes cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9H6Z9 Link_out

Gene: EGLN3 Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

25. Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NVH6 Link_out

Gene: TMLHE Link_out

Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

26. Putative HIF-prolyl hydroxylase PH-4

Pharmacological action: unknown

May catalyze the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. May function as a cellular oxygen sensor and, under normoxic conditions, may target HIF through the hydroxylation for proteasomal degradation via the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitination complex

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NXG6 Link_out

Gene: P4HTM
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

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Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 17, 2011 20:26

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.