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Identification
Name Hydroxocobalamin
Accession Number DB00200 (APRD01022)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Injectable form of vitamin B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat vitamin B 12 deficiency. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
Hydroxomin
Vitamin B-12b
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Acti-B12
Alpharedisol
Cyanokit
Hydro Cobex
Hydroxy Cobal
Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Acti-Hemosyn Copper (Copper Malate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Citrate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Folic Acid + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate, Ferrous Citrate, Iron Malate, Iron Glutarate, Ferrous Succinate) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Nicotinic Acid + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cobamamide) + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate)
Acti-Hydroxo/Dibencoz 500 + Folic Acid Tab Folic Acid + Vitamin B12 (Cobamamide, Hydroxocobalamin)
Acti-Multiveg Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Organic Complex) + Choline Citrate + Chromium (Chromium Organic Complex) + Copper (Copper Organic Complex) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Iron Organic Complex) + Magnesium (Magnesium Organic Complex) + Manganese (Manganese Organic Complex) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Organic Complex) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Organic Complex) + Selenium (Selenium Organic Complex) + Vanadium (Vanadium Organic Complex) + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin 5'-Phosphate Sodium) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate) + Zinc (Zinc Organic Complex)
Awesome Nubears Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate) + Choline + Copper Fumarate (Copper Fumarate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Folic Acid + Inositol (Choline Citrate) + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate) + Nicotinamide + Potassium (Potassium Citrate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate) + Zinc (Zinc Citrate)
Magnum Plus Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + Copper (Copper Citrate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Malate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate, Iron Citrate, Iron Malate, Ferrous Succinate, Iron Glutarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Vanadium (Vanadium Citrate, Vanadium Fumarate, Vanadium Malate, Vanadium Succinate, Vanadium Glutarate) + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine 5' Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
The Legend Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Oxide, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate, Molybdenum Malate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vanadium (Vanadium Citrate, Vanadium Fumarate, Vanadium Malate, Vanadium Succinate, Vanadium Glutarate) + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
The Ultimate One - 50 Plus Men Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
The Ultimate One - 50 Plus Women Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + Copper (Copper Citrate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Malate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
The Ultimate One - Active Men Caplet Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Iron Citrate, Ferrous Fumarate, Iron Malate, Ferrous Succinate, Iron Glutarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate, Manganese Malate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine 5' Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate, Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate, Zinc Malate)
The Ultimate One - Active Women Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + Copper (Copper Malate, Copper Citrate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate, Iron Citrate, Iron Malate, Ferrous Succinate, Iron Glutarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
The Ultimate One - Adult Women Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline (Choline Citrate) + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + Copper (Copper Citrate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Malate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate, Iron Citrate, Iron Malate, Ferrous Succinate, Iron Glutarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate, Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Thiamine Hydrochloride + Ubidecarenone + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin, Dibencozide) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin, Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
Vege 1 Daily Beta-Carotene + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Citrate, Calcium Fumarate, Calcium Malate, Calcium Succinate, Calcium Glutarate) + Choline Citrate + Chromium (Chromium Citrate, Chromium Fumarate, Chromium Malate, Chromium Succinate, Chromium Glutarate) + Copper (Copper Citrate, Copper Fumarate, Copper Malate, Copper Succinate, Copper Glutarate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Citrate, Ferrous Fumarate, Iron Malate, Ferrous Succinate, Iron Glutarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Citrate, Magnesium Fumarate, Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Succinate, Magnesium Glutarate) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate, Manganese Fumarate, Manganese Malate, Manganese Succinate, Manganese Glutarate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate, Molybdenum Fumarate, Molybdenum Malate, Molybdenum Succinate, Molybdenum Glutarate) + Nicotinamide + Nicotinic Acid + Potassium (Potassium Citrate, Potassium Fumarate, Potassium Malate, Potassium Succinate, Potassium Glutarate) + Selenium (Selenium Citrate, Selenium Fumarate, Selenium Malate, Selenium Succinate, Selenium Glutarate) + Vanadium (Vanadium Citrate, Vanadium Fumarate, Vanadium Malate, Vanadium Succinate, Vanadium Glutarate) + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Hydroxocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate) + Zinc (Zinc Citrate, Zinc Fumarate, Zinc Malate, Zinc Succinate, Zinc Glutarate)
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Categories
  • Nutritional Supplement
  • Anti-anemic Agents
  • Vitamin B Complex
  • Hematinics
CAS number 13422-51-0
Weight Average: 1346.3551
Monoisotopic: 1345.567070949
Chemical Formula C62H89CoN13O15P
InChI Key InChIKey=YOZNUFWCRFCGIH-WZHZPDAFSA-K
InChI
InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.Co.H2O/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);;1H2/q;+3;/p-3/t31-,34-,35-,36-,37+,41-,52-,53-,56-,57+,59-,60+,61+,62+;;/m1../s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
SMILES
[H]O[Co+]N1\C2=C(C)/C3=N/C(=C\C4=N\C(=C(C)/C5=N[C@@](C)([C@@]1([H])[C@H](CC(=O)N)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)NC[C@@H](C)OP(=O)([O-])O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]1CO)N1C=NC2=CC(C)=C(C)C=C12)[C@@](C)(CC(N)=O)[C@@H]5CCC(=O)N)\[C@@](C)(CC(=O)N)[C@@H]4CCC(=O)N)/C(C)(C)[C@@H]3CCC(=O)N
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Not Available
Classes Not Available
Substructures Not Available
Pharmacology
Indication For treatment of pernicious anemia and the prevention and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency arising from alcoholism, malabsorption, tapeworm infestation, celiac, hyperthyroidism, hepatic-biliary tract disease, persistent diarrhea, ileal resection, pancreatic cancer, renal disease, prolonged stress, vegan diets, macrobiotic diets or other restrictive diets. Also for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning.
Pharmacodynamics Hydroxocobalamin is a synthetic, injectable form of Vitamin B12. Hydroxocobalamin is actually a precursor of two cofactors or vitamins (Vitamin B12 and Methylcobalamin) which are involved in various biological systems in man. Vitamin B12 is required for the conversion of methylmalonate to succinate. Deficiency of this enzyme could therefore interfere with the production of lipoprotein in myelin sheath tissue and so give rise to neurological lesions. The second cofactor, Methylcobalamin, is necessary for the conversion of homocysteine to methionine which is essential for the metabolism of folic acid. Deficiency of tetrahydrafolate leads to reduced synthesis of thymidylate resulting in reduced synthesis of DNA which is essential for cell maturation. Vitamin B12 is also concerned in the maintenance of sulphydryl groups in reduced form, deficiency leading to decreased amounts of reduced SH content of erythrocytes and liver cells. Overall, vitamin B12 acts as a coenzyme for various metabolic functions, including fat and carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis. It is necessary for growth, cell replication, hematopoiesis, and nucleoprotein as well as myelin synthesis. This is largely due to its effects on metabolism of methionine folic acid, and malonic acid.
Mechanism of action Vitamin B12 exists in four major forms referred to collectively as cobalamins; deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, and cyanocobalamin. Two of these, methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin, are primarily used by the body. Methionine synthase needs methylcobalamin as a cofactor. This enzyme is involved in the conversion of the amino acid homocysteine into methionine. Methionine in turn is required for DNA methylation. 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin is a cofactor needed by the enzyme that converts L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This conversion is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats. Furthermore, succinyl CoA is necessary for the production of hemoglobin, the substances that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
Absorption Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, except in malabsorption syndromes. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the lower half of the ileum.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Very high (90%). Cobalamins are extensively bound to two specific plasma proteins called transcobalamin 1 and 2; 70% to transcobalamin 1, 5% to transcobalamin 2.
Metabolism Primarily hepatic. Cobalamins are absorbed in the ileum and stored in the liver. They continuously undergo enterohepatic recycling via secretion in the bile. Part of a dose is excreted in the urine, most of it in the first 8 hours.
Route of elimination Each hydroxocobalamin molecule can bind one cyanide ion by substituting it for the hydroxo ligand linked to the trivalent cobalt ion, to form cyanocobalamin, which is then excreted in the urine.
Half life Approximately 6 days (peak plasma concentration after 8-12 hours from oral administration)
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Merck and co inc
  • Merck sante sas
  • Abraxis pharmaceutical products
  • Watson laboratories inc
  • Bel mar laboratories inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Intramuscular
Solution Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Cyanokit 5 g kit 812.5 USD kit
Hydroxocobalamin 1000 mcg/ml 1.28 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 5834448 1996-11-14 2016-11-14
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.46e-02 g/l ALOGPS
logP 2.53 ALOGPS
logS -5 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 1.84 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 8.78 ChemAxon
physiological charge 3 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Link
  2. Seetharam B, Yammani RR: Cobalamin transport proteins and their cell-surface receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2003 Jun 13;5(18):1-18. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D01027 Link_out
KEGG Compound C08230 Link_out
ChEBI 27786 Link_out
ChEMBL 27786 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP001336 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164768689 Link_out
Drug Product Database 543446 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/cyanokit.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydroxocobalamin.html Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin Link_out
ATC Codes
  • B03BA03
  • V03AB33
AHFS Codes
  • 88:08.00
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (73.6 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Searched, but no interactions found.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Methionine synthase

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: cofactor
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99707 Link_out
Gene: MTR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kolhouse JF, Utley C, Stabler SP, Allen RH: Mechanism of conversion of human apo- to holomethionine synthase by various forms of cobalamin. J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 5;266(34):23010-5. Pubmed
  2. Ogier de Baulny H, Gerard M, Saudubray JM, Zittoun J: Remethylation defects: guidelines for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Eur J Pediatr. 1998 Apr;157 Suppl 2:S77-83. Pubmed
  3. Tkachuck RD, Weinstein PP, Mueller JF: Metabolic fate of cyanocobalamin taken up by Spirometra mansonoides spargana. J Parasitol. 1977 Aug;63(4):694-700. Pubmed
  4. Quadros EV, Jacobsen DW: The dynamics of cobalamin utilization in L-1210 mouse leukemia cells: a model of cellular cobalamin metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jun 9;1244(2-3):395-403. Pubmed
  5. Rosenblatt DS, Thomas IT, Watkins D, Cooper BA, Erbe RW: Vitamin B12 responsive homocystinuria and megaloblastic anemia: heterogeneity in methylcobalamin deficiency. Am J Med Genet. 1987 Feb;26(2):377-83. Pubmed

2. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: cofactor

Involved in the degradation of several amino acids, odd- chain fatty acids and cholesterol via propionyl-CoA to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. MCM has different functions in other species

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P22033 Link_out
Gene: MUT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Willard HF, Rosenberg LE: Inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism: effect of cobalamin supplementation in culture on methylmalonyl CoA mutase activity in normal and mutant human fibroblasts. Biochem Genet. 1979 Feb;17(1-2):57-75. Pubmed
  2. Dayem LC, Carney JR, Santi DV, Pfeifer BA, Khosla C, Kealey JT: Metabolic engineering of a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase-epimerase pathway for complex polyketide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 2002 Apr 23;41(16):5193-201. Pubmed
  3. Mayatepek E, Hoffmann GF, Baumgartner R, Schulze A, Jakobs C, Trefz FK, Bremer HJ: Atypical vitamin B12-unresponsive methylmalonic aciduria in sibship with severe progressive encephalomyelopathy: a new genetic disease? Eur J Pediatr. 1996 May;155(5):398-403. Pubmed
  4. Tkachuck RD, Weinstein PP, Mueller JF: Metabolic fate of cyanocobalamin taken up by Spirometra mansonoides spargana. J Parasitol. 1977 Aug;63(4):694-700. Pubmed
  5. Quadros EV, Jacobsen DW: The dynamics of cobalamin utilization in L-1210 mouse leukemia cells: a model of cellular cobalamin metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995 Jun 9;1244(2-3):395-403. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

3. Methionine synthase reductase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Involved in the reductive regeneration of cob(I)alamin cofactor required for the maintenance of methionine synthase in a functional state

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UBK8 Link_out
Gene: MTRR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

4. Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other/unknown

May be involved in the transport of cobalamin (Cbl) into mitochondria for the final steps of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) synthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVH4 Link_out
Gene: MMAA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Manoli I, Venditti CP: Methylmalonic Acidemia Pubmed

5. Transcobalamin-1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Vitamin B12-binding protein. Transports cobalamin into cells

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P20061 Link_out
Gene: TCN1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. MacDonald CM, Farquharson J, Bessent RG, Adams JF: The forms of vitamin B12 on the transcobalamins. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1977 Feb;52(2):215-8. Pubmed
  2. Rothenberg SP, Marcoullis GP, Schwarz S, Lader E: Measurement of cyanocobalamin in serum by a specific radioimmunoassay. J Lab Clin Med. 1984 Jun;103(6):959-72. Pubmed

6. Amnionless protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Necessary for efficient absorption of vitamin B12. May direct the production of trunk mesoderm during development by modulating a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in the underlying visceral endoderm

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BXJ7 Link_out
Gene: AMN Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Seetharam B, Yammani RR: Cobalamin transport proteins and their cell-surface receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2003 Jun 13;5(18):1-18. Pubmed

7. Cubilin

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other

Cotransporter which plays a role in lipoprotein, vitamin and iron metabolism, by facilitating their uptake. Binds to ALB, MB, Kappa and lambda-light chains, TF, hemoglobin, GC, SCGB1A1, APOA1, high density lipoprotein, and the GIF-cobalamin complex. The binding of all ligands required calcium. Serves as important transporter in several absorptive epithelia, including intestine, renal proximal tubules and embryonic yolk sac. Interaction with LRP2 mediates its trafficking throughout vesicles and facilitates the uptake of specific ligands like GC, hemoglobin, ALB, TF and SCGB1A1. Interaction with AMN controls its trafficking to the plasma membrane and facilitates endocytosis of ligands. May play an important role in the development of the peri-implantation embryo through internalization of APOA1 and cholesterol. Binds to LGALS3 at the maternal-fetal interface

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O60494 Link_out
Gene: CUBN Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Seetharam B, Yammani RR: Cobalamin transport proteins and their cell-surface receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2003 Jun 13;5(18):1-18. Pubmed

8. Cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96EY8 Link_out
Gene: MMAB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

9. Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other/unknown

May be involved in the binding and intracellular trafficking of cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9Y4U1 Link_out
Gene: MMACHC Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Lerner-Ellis JP, Tirone JC, Pawelek PD, Dore C, Atkinson JL, Watkins D, Morel CF, Fujiwara TM, Moras E, Hosack AR, Dunbar GV, Antonicka H, Forgetta V, Dobson CM, Leclerc D, Gravel RA, Shoubridge EA, Coulton JW, Lepage P, Rommens JM, Morgan K, Rosenblatt DS: Identification of the gene responsible for methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type. Nat Genet. 2006 Jan;38(1):93-100. Epub 2005 Nov 27. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Transcobalamin-2

Actions: substrate

Primary vitamin B12-binding and transport protein. Delivers cobalamin to cells

UniProt ID: P20062 Link_out
Gene: TCN2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Begley JA, Colligan PD, Chu RC: Transcobalamin II mediated delivery of albumin-bound hydroxocobalamin to human liver cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1993 Nov;204(2):206-10. Pubmed
  2. Skouby AP, Hippe E, Olesen H: Antibody to transcobalamin II and B12 binding capacity in patients treated with hydroxocobalamin. Blood. 1971 Dec;38(6):769-74. Pubmed
  3. Hippe E, Olesen H, Skouby A: [Occurrence of antibodies against transcobalamin II in relation to the number of and the intervals between depot therapy with hydroxocobalamin] Nord Med. 1970 Dec 3;84(49):1570. Pubmed
  4. Brown KL, Marques HM, Jacobsen DW: Heteronuclear NMR studies of cobalamins. 31P NMR observations of cobalamins bound to a haptocorrin from chicken serum. J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 5;263(4):1872-7. Pubmed
  5. Chu RC, Begley JA, Colligan PD, Hall CA: The methylcobalamin metabolism of cultured human fibroblasts. Metabolism. 1993 Mar;42(3):315-9. Pubmed
  6. Seetharam B, Yammani RR: Cobalamin transport proteins and their cell-surface receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2003 Jun 13;5(18):1-18. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19