Gramicidin D - DrugBank

ID Pharmacology Interactions References Trials Economics Properties Taxonomy

Transporters (1)

Transporters (1)Biointeractions (1)

Identification

Name

Gramicidin D

Accession Number

DB00027 (BTD00036, BIOD00036)

Type

Biotech

Groups

Approved

Description

Gramcidin D is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramcidins are 15 residue peptides with alternating D and L amino acids. The peptides assemble inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form a β-helix. The helix itself is not long enough to span the membrane but it dimerizes to form the elongated channel needed to span the whole membrane. Gramicidin D is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is one of the three constituents of consumer antibiotic polysporin ophthalmic solution.

Protein structure

Protein chemical formula

C₉₉H₁₄₀N₂₀O₁₇

Protein average weight

1882.2947 Da

Sequences

Not Available

Synonyms

Bacillus brevis gramicidin D

Gramicidin

Gramicidin A

Gramicidin B

Gramicidin C

Gramicidine

External IDs

Not Available

Product Ingredients

Not Available

Approved Prescription Products

Not Available

Approved Generic Prescription Products

Not Available

Approved Over the Counter Products

Not Available

Unapproved/Other Products

Not Available

International Brands

Name	Company
Sofradex	Sanofi

Brand mixtures

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Antibiotic Cream	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Pharmetics (2011) Inc.	2009-12-23	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Cream for Kids	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2009-07-30	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Pharmetics (2011) Inc.	2009-12-23	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Cream Plus Pain Relief for Kids	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Canadian Custom Packaging Company	2012-07-11	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Drops	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	2017-06-01	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Ear Drops	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Auricular (otic)	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	Not applicable	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Eye Drops	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	Not applicable	Not applicable	Canada
Antibiotic Plus Pain Relief Cream	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2009-07-30	Not applicable	Canada
Complete Antibiotic Ointment	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2009-01-23	Not applicable	Canada
Kenacomb Cream	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Westwood Squibb, Division Of Bristol Myers Squibb Canada Inc.	1965-12-31	2004-08-05	Canada
Kenacomb Mild Cream	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Westwood Squibb, Division Of Bristol Myers Squibb Canada Inc.	1968-12-31	2004-08-05	Canada
Kenacomb Mild Ointment	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Ointment	Topical	Westwood Squibb, Division Of Bristol Myers Squibb Canada Inc.	1968-12-31	2004-08-05	Canada
Kenacomb Ointment	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Ointment	Topical	Westwood Squibb, Division Of Bristol Myers Squibb Canada Inc.	1996-07-31	2004-08-05	Canada
Kenacomb Ont	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Ointment	Topical	Squibb Canada Inc., Division Of Bristol Myers Squibb Canada Inc.	1965-12-31	1997-08-14	Canada
Lidecomb Cream	Fluocinonide Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin	Cream	Topical	Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation	1980-12-31	1998-09-25	Canada
Lidosporin Cream	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Glaxo Wellcome	1971-12-31	2000-08-03	Canada
Mecomb Crm 0.1%	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Medic Laboratory LtÉe	1979-12-31	2003-07-17	Canada
Neocidin	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Major	2004-06-07	Not applicable	US
Neomycin and Polymyxin B Sulfates and Gramicidin	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Ophthalmic	Rebel Distributors	1996-01-31	Not applicable	US
Neosporin	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution	Ophthalmic	Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer Inc.	1955-04-11	Not applicable	US
Neosporin Antibiotic Cream	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Glaxosmithkline Inc	1986-12-31	2007-12-19	Canada
Neosporin Eye-ear Solution	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Glaxosmithkline Inc	1987-12-31	2006-11-21	Canada
Odan-spor	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Liquid	Ophthalmic	Odan Laboratories Ltd	1992-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Optimyxin	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	1989-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Optimyxin Plus Oto-opht Gtte	Gramicidin D Neomycin Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	1989-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Original Antibiotic Cream	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2010-10-26	Not applicable	Canada
Polycidin Eye, Ear Drops	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Liquid	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Novartis Ophthalmics Novartis Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc	1997-01-30	2002-09-10	Canada
Polysporin Antibiotic Burn Cream	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Warner Lambert Canada Inc.	1998-07-08	1999-06-18	Canada
Polysporin Antibiotic Cream	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	1997-08-07	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin Burn Formula Cream	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Glaxo Wellcome	1991-12-31	2000-08-03	Canada
Polysporin Cold Sore Ointment	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	Not applicable	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin Complete	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	2005-05-24	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin Cream	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Glaxo Wellcome	1971-12-31	2000-08-03	Canada
Polysporin Eye and Ear Drops Sterile	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Solution / drops	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Johnson & Johnson	2000-02-12	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin for Kids	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	2004-04-05	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin for Stitches	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	Not applicable	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin Plus Pain Relief	Gramicidin D Lidocaine Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Johnson & Johnson	1999-06-18	Not applicable	Canada
Polysporin Triple Antibiotic Ointment	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Glaxo Wellcome	1996-12-31	2000-08-03	Canada
Polytopic Cream	Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Cream	Topical	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	1997-01-27	Not applicable	Canada
Ratio-triacomb	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Teva	1992-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Sandoz Opticort	Dexamethasone Framycetin Gramicidin D	Solution	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Sandoz Canada Incorporated	2004-01-16	Not applicable	Canada
Sofracort Ear/eye Ointment	Dexamethasone Framycetin Gramicidin D	Ointment	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Roussel Canada Inc.	1966-12-31	1996-09-09	Canada
Sofracort Sterile Ear/eye Drops	Dexamethasone Framycetin Gramicidin D	Solution / drops	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic	Sanofi Aventis	2002-07-26	Not applicable	Canada
Sofracort Sterile Ear/eye Ointment	Dexamethasone Framycetin Gramicidin D	Ointment	Topical	Hoechst Roussel Canada Inc.	1966-12-31	2001-07-20	Canada
Soframycin Nasal Spray	Framycetin Gramicidin D Phenylephrine	Spray	Nasal	Erfa Canada 2012 Inc	2001-05-04	Not applicable	Canada
Soframycin Ointment	Framycetin Gramicidin D	Ointment	Topical	Roussel Canada Inc.	1961-12-31	1997-08-05	Canada
Soframycin Skin Ointment	Framycetin Gramicidin D	Ointment	Topical	Hoechst Roussel Canada Inc.	1995-12-31	2000-07-28	Canada
Theraderm Cream	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Bimeda Mtc Animal Health Inc	1993-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Triple Antibiotic Ointment	Bacitracin Gramicidin D Polymyxin B Sulfate	Ointment	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2003-01-20	Not applicable	Canada
Viaderm Kc Crm	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Cream	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	1983-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Viaderm Kc Ont	Gramicidin D Neomycin Nystatin Triamcinolone	Ointment	Topical	Taro Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	1983-12-31	Not applicable	Canada

Categories

UNII

WHM29QA23F

CAS number

1405-97-6

Pharmacology

Indication

For treatment of skin lesions, surface wounds and eye infections

Structured Indications

Superficial Eye Infections

Pharmacodynamics

Gramicidin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria. Because the drug is highly hemolytic, it cannot be administered internally and so is used only on the skin as a lotion or ointment. It is used primarily in the treatment of infected surface wounds, and in eye, nose, and throat infections. It is normally given with two other antibiotics (neomycin and polymixin B) as an ophthalmic solution

Mechanism of action

Gramicidin D binds to and inserts itself into bacterial membranes (with a strong preference to gram-positive cell membranes). This results in membrane disruption and permeabilization (it acts as a channel). This leads to (i) loss of intracellular solutes (e.g., K+ and amino acids); (ii) dissipation of the transmembrane potential; (iii) inhibition of respiration; (iv) a reduction in ATP pools; and (v) inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which leads to cell death.

Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Not Available

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

Not Available

Affected organisms

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus agalactiae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella
Enterobacter

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Drug	Interaction	Drug group
Acebutolol	The serum concentration of Acebutolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Acetaminophen	The serum concentration of Acetaminophen can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Acetylsalicylic acid	The serum concentration of Acetylsalicylic acid can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Afatinib	The serum concentration of Afatinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Aldosterone	The serum concentration of Aldosterone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Experimental
Alitretinoin	The serum concentration of Alitretinoin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Ambrisentan	The serum concentration of Ambrisentan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Amitriptyline	The serum concentration of Amitriptyline can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Apixaban	The serum concentration of Apixaban can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Arsenic trioxide	The serum concentration of Arsenic trioxide can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Atazanavir	The serum concentration of Atazanavir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Atenolol	The serum concentration of Atenolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Axitinib	The serum concentration of Axitinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
BCG vaccine	The therapeutic efficacy of Bcg can be decreased when used in combination with Gramicidin D.	Investigational
Betamethasone	The serum concentration of Betamethasone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Boceprevir	The serum concentration of Boceprevir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Withdrawn
Bosutinib	The serum concentration of Bosutinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Brentuximab vedotin	The serum concentration of Brentuximab vedotin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Bromocriptine	The serum concentration of Bromocriptine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Cabazitaxel	The serum concentration of Cabazitaxel can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Caffeine	The serum concentration of Caffeine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Camptothecin	The serum concentration of Camptothecin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Experimental
Canagliflozin	The serum concentration of Canagliflozin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Carbamazepine	The serum concentration of Carbamazepine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Carfilzomib	The serum concentration of Carfilzomib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ceritinib	The serum concentration of Ceritinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Cerivastatin	The serum concentration of Cerivastatin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Withdrawn
Chlorpromazine	The serum concentration of Chlorpromazine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Cimetidine	The serum concentration of Cimetidine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ciprofloxacin	The serum concentration of Ciprofloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Cisplatin	The serum concentration of Cisplatin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Citalopram	The serum concentration of Citalopram can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Clarithromycin	The serum concentration of Clarithromycin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Clobazam	The serum concentration of Clobazam can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Illicit
Clomifene	The serum concentration of Clomifene can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Clonidine	The serum concentration of Clonidine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Clopidogrel	The serum concentration of Clopidogrel can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Nutraceutical
Clozapine	The serum concentration of Clozapine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Cobimetinib	The serum concentration of Cobimetinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Colchicine	The serum concentration of Colchicine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Conjugated estrogens	The serum concentration of Conjugated Equine Estrogens can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Crizotinib	The serum concentration of Crizotinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Cyclosporine	The serum concentration of Cyclosporine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Dabigatran etexilate	The serum concentration of the active metabolites of Dabigatran etexilate can be increased when Dabigatran etexilate is used in combination with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dabrafenib	The serum concentration of Dabrafenib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dactinomycin	The serum concentration of Dactinomycin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dapagliflozin	The serum concentration of Dapagliflozin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dasatinib	The serum concentration of Dasatinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Daunorubicin	The serum concentration of Daunorubicin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Debrisoquin	The serum concentration of Debrisoquin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dexamethasone	The serum concentration of Dexamethasone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Diazepam	The serum concentration of Diazepam can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Illicit, Vet Approved
Diethylstilbestrol	The serum concentration of Diethylstilbestrol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Digitoxin	The serum concentration of Digitoxin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Digoxin	The serum concentration of Digoxin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dihydrotestosterone	The serum concentration of Dihydrotestosterone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Illicit
Diltiazem	The serum concentration of Diltiazem can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Dipyridamole	The serum concentration of Dipyridamole can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Docetaxel	The serum concentration of Docetaxel can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Domperidone	The serum concentration of Domperidone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Doxorubicin	The serum concentration of Doxorubicin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Edoxaban	The serum concentration of Edoxaban can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Eletriptan	The serum concentration of Eletriptan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Epinastine	The serum concentration of Epinastine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Erlotinib	The serum concentration of Erlotinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Erythromycin	The serum concentration of Erythromycin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Estradiol	The serum concentration of Estradiol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Estriol	The serum concentration of Estriol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Estrone	The serum concentration of Estrone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ethinyl Estradiol	The serum concentration of Ethinyl Estradiol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Etoposide	The serum concentration of Etoposide can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Everolimus	The serum concentration of Everolimus can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ezetimibe	The serum concentration of Ezetimibe can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Fesoterodine	The serum concentration of Fesoterodine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Fexofenadine	The serum concentration of Fexofenadine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Fidaxomicin	The serum concentration of Fidaxomicin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Fluticasone furoate	The serum concentration of Fluticasone furoate can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Gefitinib	The serum concentration of Gefitinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Gemcitabine	The serum concentration of Gemcitabine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Grazoprevir	The serum concentration of Grazoprevir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Grepafloxacin	The serum concentration of Grepafloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Withdrawn
Haloperidol	The serum concentration of Haloperidol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Hydrocortisone	The serum concentration of Hydrocortisone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Ibuprofen	The serum concentration of Ibuprofen can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Idelalisib	The serum concentration of Idelalisib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Imatinib	The serum concentration of Imatinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Imipramine	The serum concentration of Imipramine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Indacaterol	The serum concentration of Indacaterol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Indinavir	The serum concentration of Indinavir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Indomethacin	The serum concentration of Indomethacin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Irinotecan	The serum concentration of Irinotecan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Ivermectin	The serum concentration of Ivermectin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Ketazolam	The serum concentration of Ketazolam can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ketoconazole	The serum concentration of Ketoconazole can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Lamivudine	The serum concentration of Lamivudine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Lamotrigine	The serum concentration of Lamotrigine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Lansoprazole	The serum concentration of Lansoprazole can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Ledipasvir	The serum concentration of Ledipasvir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Lenalidomide	The serum concentration of Lenalidomide can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Lenvatinib	The serum concentration of Lenvatinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Levetiracetam	The serum concentration of Levetiracetam can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Levofloxacin	The serum concentration of Levofloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Levomilnacipran	The serum concentration of Levomilnacipran can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Linagliptin	The serum concentration of Linagliptin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Loperamide	The serum concentration of Loperamide can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Losartan	The serum concentration of Losartan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Mannitol	The serum concentration of Mannitol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Methotrexate	The serum concentration of Methotrexate can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Methylprednisolone	The serum concentration of Methylprednisolone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Metoprolol	The serum concentration of Metoprolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Midazolam	The serum concentration of Midazolam can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Illicit
Mirabegron	The serum concentration of Mirabegron can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Mitoxantrone	The serum concentration of Mitoxantrone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Morphine	The serum concentration of Morphine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Mycophenolate mofetil	The serum concentration of Mycophenolate mofetil can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Nadolol	The serum concentration of Nadolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Naloxegol	The serum concentration of Naloxegol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Naloxone	The serum concentration of Naloxone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Nelfinavir	The serum concentration of Nelfinavir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Nicardipine	The serum concentration of Nicardipine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Nifedipine	The serum concentration of Nifedipine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Nilotinib	The serum concentration of Nilotinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Nintedanib	The serum concentration of Nintedanib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Nizatidine	The serum concentration of Nizatidine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Olanzapine	The serum concentration of Olanzapine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Ombitasvir	The serum concentration of Ombitasvir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Osimertinib	The serum concentration of Osimertinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Paclitaxel	The serum concentration of Paclitaxel can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Panobinostat	The serum concentration of Panobinostat can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Pazopanib	The serum concentration of Pazopanib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Phenobarbital	The serum concentration of Phenobarbital can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Phenytoin	The serum concentration of Phenytoin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Picosulfuric acid	The therapeutic efficacy of Picosulfuric acid can be decreased when used in combination with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Pitavastatin	The serum concentration of Pitavastatin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Pomalidomide	The serum concentration of Pomalidomide can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ponatinib	The serum concentration of Ponatinib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Pravastatin	The serum concentration of Pravastatin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Prazosin	The serum concentration of Prazosin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Prednisolone	The serum concentration of Prednisolone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Prednisone	The serum concentration of Prednisone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Progesterone	The serum concentration of Progesterone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Propranolol	The serum concentration of Propranolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Prucalopride	The serum concentration of Prucalopride can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Quetiapine	The serum concentration of Quetiapine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Quinidine	The serum concentration of Quinidine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Quinine	The serum concentration of Quinine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ranitidine	The serum concentration of Ranitidine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ranolazine	The serum concentration of Ranolazine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Reserpine	The serum concentration of Reserpine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Rifampicin	The serum concentration of Rifampicin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Rifaximin	The serum concentration of Rifaximin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Risperidone	The serum concentration of Risperidone can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Ritonavir	The serum concentration of Ritonavir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Rivaroxaban	The serum concentration of Rivaroxaban can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Romidepsin	The serum concentration of Romidepsin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Salicylic acid	The serum concentration of Salicylic acid can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Vet Approved
Saquinavir	The serum concentration of Saquinavir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Selexipag	The serum concentration of Selexipag can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Silodosin	The serum concentration of Silodosin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Simeprevir	The serum concentration of Simeprevir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Sitagliptin	The serum concentration of Sitagliptin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Sofosbuvir	The serum concentration of Sofosbuvir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Sorafenib	The serum concentration of Sorafenib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Sparfloxacin	The serum concentration of Sparfloxacin can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Sphingosine	The serum concentration of Sphingosine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Experimental
Tacrolimus	The serum concentration of Tacrolimus can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Tamoxifen	The serum concentration of Tamoxifen can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Taurocholic Acid	The serum concentration of Taurocholic Acid can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Experimental
Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi	The serum concentration of Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Telaprevir	The serum concentration of Telaprevir can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Withdrawn
Temsirolimus	The serum concentration of Temsirolimus can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ticagrelor	The serum concentration of Ticagrelor can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Timolol	The serum concentration of Timolol can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Tolvaptan	The serum concentration of Tolvaptan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Topotecan	The serum concentration of Topotecan can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Toremifene	The serum concentration of Toremifene can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Trastuzumab emtansine	The serum concentration of Trastuzumab emtansine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Ulipristal	The serum concentration of Ulipristal can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Umeclidinium	The serum concentration of Umeclidinium can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Vecuronium	The serum concentration of Vecuronium can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Venetoclax	The serum concentration of Venetoclax can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Venlafaxine	The serum concentration of Venlafaxine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Verapamil	The serum concentration of Verapamil can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Vinblastine	The serum concentration of Vinblastine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Vincristine	The serum concentration of Vincristine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved, Investigational
Vismodegib	The serum concentration of Vismodegib can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved
Zidovudine	The serum concentration of Zidovudine can be increased when it is combined with Gramicidin D.	Approved

Food Interactions

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

U.S.Patent 2,534,541.

General References

Ketchem RR, Lee KC, Huo S, Cross TA: Macromolecular structural elucidation with solid-state NMR-derived orientational constraints. J Biomol NMR. 1996 Jul;8(1):1-14. [PubMed:8810522 ]
Townsley LE, Tucker WA, Sham S, Hinton JF: Structures of gramicidins A, B, and C incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Biochemistry. 2001 Oct 2;40(39):11676-86. [PubMed:11570868 ]
Burkhart BM, Gassman RM, Langs DA, Pangborn WA, Duax WL, Pletnev V: Gramicidin D conformation, dynamics and membrane ion transport. Biopolymers. 1999;51(2):129-44. [PubMed:10397797 ]

External Links

Resource	Link
PharmGKB	PA449808
Drug Product Database	8523
Wikipedia	Gramicidin_D

ATC Codes

R02AB30 — Gramicidin

AHFS Codes

Not Available

PDB Entries

1AL4

FDA label

Not Available

MSDS

Download (71.9 KB)

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Hordeolum	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Nasal Carriers of Staphylococcus Aureus	1
Not Available	Withdrawn	Prevention	Blood Stream Infections / Skin Diseases, Infectious	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Solution / drops	Auricular (otic)
Solution / drops	Ophthalmic
Solution	Ophthalmic
Liquid	Ophthalmic
Solution / drops	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic
Liquid	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic
Cream	Topical
Solution	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic
Ointment	Auricular (otic); Ophthalmic
Solution / drops	Topical
Spray	Nasal
Ointment	Topical

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Gramicidin d powder	240.0USD	g
Neosporin gu irr 40 mg/ml amp	23.12USD	ml
Neosporin + pain relief cream	0.32USD	g

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	229 °C	Not Available

Taxonomy

Description

Not Available

Kingdom

Organic Compounds

Super Class

Organic Acids

Class

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

Sub Class

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Analogues

Direct Parent

Peptides

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Not Available

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

Not Available

Transporters

Details

1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

General Function:: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function:: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name:: ABCB1
Uniprot ID:: P08183
Uniprot Name:: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight:: 141477.255 Da

References

Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. [PubMed:14985103 ]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on August 17, 2016 12:23