Pimecrolimus

Identification

Summary

Pimecrolimus is a topical calcineurin inhibitor used in the treatment of mild-moderate atopic dermatitis who are not candidates for other types of therapy due to previous lack of response or other reasons.

Brand Names
Elidel
Generic Name
Pimecrolimus
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00337
Background

Pimecrolimus is an immunomodulating agent that was first marketed by Novartis under the trade name Elidel. It is now promoted in Canada by Galderma since early 2007. It is currently available as a topic cream used in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema).

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 810.46
Monoisotopic: 809.4480897
Chemical Formula
C43H68ClNO11
Synonyms
  • 33-Epi-chloro-33-desoxyascomycin
  • Pimecrolimus
  • Pimecrolimusum
External IDs
  • ASM 981
  • SDZ ASM 981
  • SDZ ASM-981

Pharmacology

Indication

For treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Treatment ofVitiligo••• •••••
Management ofIntertriginous psoriasis••• •••••
Management ofMild atopic dermatitis•••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofModerate atopic dermatitis•••••••••••••••••• •••• •••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Pimecrolimus is a chemical that is used to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema). Atopic dermatitis is a skin condition characterized by redness, itching, scaling and inflammation of the skin. The cause of atopic dermatitis is not known; however, scientists believe that it may be due to activation of the immune system by various environmental or emotional triggers. Scientists do not know exactly how pimecrolimus reduces the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, but pimecrolimus reduces the action of T-cells and mast cells which are part of the immune system and contribute to responses of the immune system. Pimecrolimus prevents the activation of T-cells by blocking the effects of chemicals (cytokines) released by the body that stimulate T-cells. Pimecrolimus also reduces the ability of mast cells to release chemicals that promote inflammation.

Mechanism of action

Pimecrolimus binds with high affinity to macrophilin-12 (FKBP-12) and inhibits the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin. As a consequence, it inhibits T cell activation by blocking the transcription of early cytokines. In particular, pimecrolimus inhibits at nanomolar concentrations Interleukin-2 and interferon gamma (Th1-type) and Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 (Th2-type) cytokine synthesis in human T cells. Also, pimecrolimus prevents the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators from mast cells in vitro after stimulation by antigen/lgE.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASerine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR
potentiator
Humans
UPeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A
potentiator
Humans
Absorption

Because of the low systemic absorption of pimecrolimus following topical application the calculation of standard pharmacokinetic measures such as AUC, Cmax, half-life, etc. cannot be reliably done.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

74%-87% (in vitro, bound to plasma proteins)

Metabolism

No drug metabolism was observed in human skin in vitro. Oral administration yielded metabolites produced from O-demethylation and oxygenation reactions.

Route of elimination

80% of the drug is excreted in the feces.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Side effects include burning sensation, irritation, pruritus, erythema, and skin infections, at the application site.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Pimecrolimus can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Abatacept.
AdalimumabThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Adalimumab.
AldesleukinThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Aldesleukin.
AlefaceptThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pimecrolimus is combined with Alefacept.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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International/Other Brands
Aregen (Meda Pharm) / Rizan (Esteve)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
ElidelCream10 mg/1gTopicalNovartis2001-12-022013-04-30US flag
ElidelCream1 % w/wTopicalBausch Health, Canada Inc.2003-03-24Not applicableCanada flag
ElidelCream10 mg/1gTopicalBausch Health US, LLC2001-12-02Not applicableUS flag
ElidelCream10 mg/1gTopicalPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2003-10-30Not applicableUS flag
ElidelCream10 mg/1gTopicalBausch Health US, LLC2001-12-02Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
PimecrolimusCream10 mg/1gTopicalGlenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA2019-08-29Not applicableUS flag
PimecrolimusCream10 mg/1gTopicalOceanside Pharmaceuticals2018-11-26Not applicableUS flag
PimecrolimusCream10 mg/1gTopicalActavis Pharma, Inc.2018-12-27Not applicableUS flag
PimecrolimusCream10 mg/1gTopicalOceanside Pharmaceuticals2018-11-26Not applicableUS flag
PimecrolimusCream10 mg/1gTopicalREMEDYREPACK INC.2019-09-03Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
D11AH02 — Pimecrolimus
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as macrolide lactams. These are cyclic polyketides containing both a cyclic amide and a cyclic ester group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides
Class
Macrolide lactams
Sub Class
Not Available
Direct Parent
Macrolide lactams
Alternative Parents
Alpha amino acid esters / Macrolides and analogues / Cyclohexyl halides / Oxanes / Piperidines / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Carboxylic acid esters / Cyclic ketones / Hemiacetals / Lactams
show 12 more
Substituents
Alcohol / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Alkyl chloride / Alkyl halide / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Azacycle / Carbonyl group / Carboxamide group / Carboxylic acid derivative
show 27 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
7KYV510875
CAS number
137071-32-0
InChI Key
KASDHRXLYQOAKZ-XDSKOBMDSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C43H68ClNO11/c1-10-30-18-24(2)17-25(3)19-36(53-8)39-37(54-9)21-27(5)43(51,56-39)40(48)41(49)45-16-12-11-13-32(45)42(50)55-38(28(6)33(46)23-34(30)47)26(4)20-29-14-15-31(44)35(22-29)52-7/h18,20,25,27-33,35-39,46,51H,10-17,19,21-23H2,1-9H3/b24-18+,26-20+/t25-,27+,28+,29-,30+,31-,32-,33-,35+,36-,37-,38+,39+,43+/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(1R,9S,12S,13R,14S,17R,18E,21S,23S,24R,25S,27R)-12-[(1E)-1-[(1R,3R,4S)-4-chloro-3-methoxycyclohexyl]prop-1-en-2-yl]-17-ethyl-1,14-dihydroxy-23,25-dimethoxy-13,19,21,27-tetramethyl-11,28-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[22.3.1.0⁴,⁹]octacos-18-ene-2,3,10,16-tetrone
SMILES
[H][C@]1(CC[C@H](Cl)[C@@H](C1)OC)\C=C(/C)[C@@]1([H])OC(=O)[C@]2([H])CCCCN2C(=O)C(=O)[C@]2(O)O[C@@]([H])([C@H](C[C@H]2C)OC)[C@H](C[C@@H](C)C\C(C)=C\[C@@H](CC)C(=O)C[C@H](O)[C@H]1C)OC

References

Synthesis Reference

Viktor Gyollai, Csaba Szabo, "Methods of preparing pimecrolimus." U.S. Patent US20060142564, issued June 29, 2006.

US20060142564
General References
  1. Grassberger M, Baumruker T, Enz A, Hiestand P, Hultsch T, Kalthoff F, Schuler W, Schulz M, Werner FJ, Winiski A, Wolff B, Zenke G: A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Aug;141(2):264-73. [Article]
PubChem Compound
6509979
PubChem Substance
46505748
ChemSpider
21111755
BindingDB
50248356
RxNav
321952
ChEBI
135888
ChEMBL
CHEMBL1200686
ZINC
ZINC000085536990
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000594
PharmGKB
PA164783790
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Pimecrolimus
FDA label
Download (230 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedPreventionAtopic Dermatitis1
4CompletedTreatmentAtopic Dermatitis19
4CompletedTreatmentMild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis1
4CompletedTreatmentOral Lichen Planus1
4CompletedTreatmentVitiligo1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Novartis pharmaceuticals corp
Packagers
  • Novartis AG
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CreamCutaneous1.000 g
CreamCutaneous1 mg/g
CreamTopical1 % w/w
CreamTopical1.000 g
CreamTopical10 mg/1g
Cream1 %
Cream1 %w/w
CreamCutaneous
CreamTopical
CreamTopical10 mg/g
CreamTopical1 g
Cream
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Elidel 100 Gram Tube 1% 100 gm Tube315.76USD tube
Elidel 60 Gram Tube 1% 60 gm Tube200.05USD tube
Elidel 30 Gram Tube 1% 30 gm Tube101.44USD tube
Elidel 1% cream3.21USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
CA2200966No2006-12-192015-10-26Canada flag
US5912238Yes1999-06-152016-12-15US flag
US6352998Yes2002-03-052016-04-26US flag
US6423722Yes2002-07-232018-12-26US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP4.4Not Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00152 mg/mLALOGPS
logP4.36ALOGPS
logP6.81Chemaxon
logS-5.7ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)9.96Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.9Chemaxon
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count10Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area158.13 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count6Chemaxon
Refractivity214.03 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability87.79 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings4Chemaxon
Bioavailability0Chemaxon
Rule of FiveNoChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.6208
Blood Brain Barrier-0.9554
Caco-2 permeable-0.5764
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.8064
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IInhibitor0.8064
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IIInhibitor0.7014
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8556
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.9117
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.8856
CYP450 3A4 substrateSubstrate0.7519
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.8678
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8671
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9026
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8248
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8672
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9326
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.6495
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9183
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9937
Rat acute toxicity2.6919 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9787
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.6886
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03dl-0200002920-7fc2fa1ddbfa0e2ffea4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0000000090-ba963b33ae0c7e34274f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0000001970-a9a90a07ad70a110064f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0wmi-0100001910-68302d3c1b0f4a514c9c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-01qc-0200006900-f5bc2bfc4becccfa7ec6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02d0-1800001910-ecb684673340fb23a02a
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-272.08328
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+273.807
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+280.18326
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Tfiiic-class transcription factor binding
Specific Function
Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals. MTOR directly...
Gene Name
MTOR
Uniprot ID
P42345
Uniprot Name
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR
Molecular Weight
288889.05 Da
References
  1. Reitamo S, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Saarikko J: Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(6):381-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Potentiator
General Function
Type i transforming growth factor beta receptor binding
Specific Function
Keeps in an inactive conformation TGFBR1, the TGF-beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, preventing TGF-beta receptor activation in absence of ligand. Recruites SMAD7 to ACVR1B which prevent...
Gene Name
FKBP1A
Uniprot ID
P62942
Uniprot Name
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A
Molecular Weight
11950.665 Da
References
  1. Reitamo S, Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Saarikko J: Topical noncorticosteroid immunomodulation in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(6):381-8. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. Zollinger M, Waldmeier F, Hartmann S, Zenke G, Zimmerlin AG, Glaenzel U, Baldeck JP, Schweitzer A, Berthier S, Moenius T, Grassberger MA: Pimecrolimus: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in healthy volunteers after a single oral dose and supplementary investigations in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 May;34(5):765-74. Epub 2006 Feb 7. [Article]
  2. Kuper JI, D'Aprile M: Drug-Drug interactions of clinical significance in the treatment of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 Sep;39(3):203-14. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200039030-00003. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48