Levothyroxine is a synthetically produced form of thyroxine, a major endogenous hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.¹⁴ Also known as L-thyroxine or the brand name product Synthroid, levothyroxine is used primarily to treat hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland is no longer able to produce sufficient quantities of the thyroid hormones T₄ (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine) and T₃ (triiodothyronine or Liothyronine), resulting in diminished down-stream effects of these hormones. Without sufficient quantities of circulating thyroid hormones, symptoms of hypothyroidism begin to develop such as fatigue, increased heart rate, depression⁴, dry skin and hair, muscle cramps, constipation, weight gain, memory impairment, and poor tolerance to cold temperatures.^15,10

In response to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) release by the pituitary gland, a normally functioning thyroid gland will produce and secrete T₄, which is then converted through deiodination (by type I or type II 5′-deiodinases)⁸ into its active metabolite T₃. While T₄ is the major product secreted by the thyroid gland, T₃ exerts the majority of the physiological effects of the thyroid hormones; T₄ and T₃ have a relative potency of ~1:4 (T4:T3).¹⁴ T₄ and T₃ act on nearly every cell of the body, but have a particularly strong effect on the cardiac system.⁶ As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status.⁷

Prior to the development of levothyroxine, Thyroid, porcine or desiccated thyroid, used to be the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. However, this is no longer recommended for the majority of patients due to several clinical concerns including limited controlled trials supporting its use. Desiccated thyroid products contain a ratio of T4 to T3 of 4.2:1, which is significantly lower than the 14:1 ratio of secretion by the human thyroid gland. This higher proportion of T3 in desiccated thyroid products can lead to supraphysiologic levels of T3 which may put patients at risk of thyrotoxicosis if thyroid extract therapy is not adjusted according to the serum TSH.^10,15

Structure

Similar Structures

Synonyms

3,3',5,5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine
3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodo-L-thyronine
4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-L-phenylalanine
L-T4
L-Thyroxine
Levothyroxin
LT4
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diidophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine
O-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine
T4
Thyroxine

Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Levothyroxine sodium	054I36CPMN	55-03-8	YDTFRJLNMPSCFM-UHFFFAOYSA-M

Product Images

Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Unlock Additional Data
Eltroxin	Tablet	Oral	Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc.	1998-11-27	Not applicable
Eltroxin	Tablet	Oral	Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc.	1951-12-30	Not applicable
Eltroxin	Tablet	Oral	Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc.	1997-04-02	Not applicable
Eltroxin	Tablet	Oral	Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc.	1998-02-11	2018-09-17
Eltroxin	Tablet	Oral	Aspen Pharmacare Canada Inc.	1974-12-31	Not applicable
Eltroxin 150 Tab	Tablet	Oral	Glaxo Canada Inc	1974-12-31	1999-08-12
Eltroxin Tab 100mcg	Tablet	Oral	Glaxo Canada Inc	1951-12-31	1999-08-12
Eltroxin Tab 200mcg	Tablet	Oral	Glaxo Canada Inc	1960-12-31	1998-07-30
Eltroxin Tab 300mcg	Tablet	Oral	Glaxo Canada Inc	1966-12-31	1998-07-30
Eltroxin Tab 50mcg	Tablet	Oral	Glaxo Canada Inc	1951-12-31	1998-07-30

Additional Data Available

Application Number

A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.

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Product Code

A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.

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Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
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Levothroxine Sodium	Tablet	75 ug/1	Oral	Direct_Rx	2019-07-03	Not applicable
Levothyroxine	Tablet	125 ug/1	Oral	Northwind Pharmaceuticals	2014-09-14	Not applicable
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	50 ug/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2005-03-09	Not applicable
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	0.15 mg/1	Oral	Remedy Repack	2011-03-08	2011-03-09
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	50 ug/1	Oral	A-S Medication Solutions	2002-11-01	2015-11-30
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	88 ug/1	Oral	PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2010-01-18	2018-08-21
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	175 ug/1	Oral	Mylan Institutional Inc.	2017-01-19	Not applicable
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	0.075 mg/1	Oral	Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.	2019-03-20	Not applicable
Levothyroxine sodium	Tablet	75 ug/1	Oral	bryant ranch prepack	2002-03-01	Not applicable
Levothyroxine Sodium	Tablet	0.150 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1996-09-24	Not applicable

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Product Code

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Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Thyrolar	Levothyroxine sodium (150 ug/1) + Liothyronine sodium (37.5 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Allergan	1969-11-21	Not applicable
Thyrolar	Levothyroxine sodium (100 ug/1) + Liothyronine sodium (25 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Allergan	1969-11-21	Not applicable
Thyrolar	Levothyroxine sodium (50 ug/1) + Liothyronine sodium (12.5 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Allergan	1969-11-21	Not applicable
Thyrolar	Levothyroxine sodium (25 ug/1) + Liothyronine sodium (6.25 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Allergan	1969-11-21	Not applicable
Thyrolar	Levothyroxine sodium (12.5 ug/1) + Liothyronine sodium (3.1 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Allergan	1969-11-21	Not applicable

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (38 ug/1) + Liothyronine (9 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Westminster	2017-09-19	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (19 ug/1) + Liothyronine (4.5 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Westminster	2017-09-19	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (9.5 ug/1) + Liothyronine (2.25 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Westminster	2017-11-15	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (19 ug/1) + Liothyronine (4.5 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	bryant ranch prepack	2017-09-19	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (76 ug/1) + Liothyronine (18 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Westminster	2017-11-15	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (38 ug/1) + Liothyronine (9 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	bryant ranch prepack	2017-09-19	Not applicable
Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Thyroid	Levothyroxine (57 ug/1) + Liothyronine (13.5 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Westminster	2017-09-19	Not applicable
NP Thyroid 120	Levothyroxine (76 ug/1) + Liothyronine (18 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Preferreed Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2017-10-12	Not applicable
NP Thyroid 120	Levothyroxine (76 ug/1) + Liothyronine (18 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Acella Pharmaceuticals, LLC	2017-06-12	Not applicable
NP Thyroid 15	Levothyroxine (9.5 ug/1) + Liothyronine (2.25 ug/1)	Tablet	Oral	Preferreed Pharmaceuticals Inc.	2017-10-12	Not applicable

International/Other Brands

Eutirox (Merck) / Letrox (Berlin-Chemie) / Levaxin (Nycomed) / Levothyrox (Merck) / Oroxine (GlaxoSmithKline) / Thyrax (Merck)

Categories

UNII

Q51BO43MG4

CAS number

51-48-9

Weight

Average: 776.87
Monoisotopic: 776.686681525

Chemical Formula

C₁₅H₁₁I₄NO₄

InChI Key

XUIIKFGFIJCVMT-LBPRGKRZSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C15H11I4NO4/c16-8-4-7(5-9(17)13(8)21)24-14-10(18)1-6(2-11(14)19)3-12(20)15(22)23/h1-2,4-5,12,21H,3,20H2,(H,22,23)/t12-/m0/s1

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid

SMILES

N[C@@H](CC1=CC(I)=C(OC2=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C2)C(I)=C1)C(O)=O

Pharmacology

Indication

Levothyroxine is indicated as replacement therapy in primary (thyroidal), secondary (pituitary) and tertiary (hypothalamic) congenital or acquired hypothyroidism. It is also indicated as an adjunct to surgery and radioiodine therapy in the management of thyrotropin-dependent well-differentiated thyroid cancer.

Associated Conditions

Pharmacodynamics

Oral levothyroxine is a synthetic hormone that exerts the same physiologic effect as endogenous T₄, thereby maintaining normal T₄ levels when a deficiency is present.

Levothyroxine has a narrow therapeutic index and is titrated to maintain a euthyroid state with TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) within a therapeutic range of 0.4–4.0 mIU/L.¹⁰ Over- or under-treatment with levothyroxine may have negative effects on growth and development, cardiovascular function, bone metabolism, reproductive function, cognitive function, emotional state, gastrointestinal function and glucose and lipid metabolism. The dose of levothyroxine should be titrated slowly and carefully and patients should be monitored for their response to titration to avoid these effects. TSH levels should be monitored at least yearly to avoid over-treating with levothyroxine which can result in hyperthyroidism (TSH <0.1mIU/L) and symptoms of increased heart rate, diarrhea, tremor, hypercalcemia, and weakness to name a few.¹⁵

As many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status,⁷ over-treatment with levothyroxine may result in increases in heart rate, cardiac wall thickness, and cardiac contractility and may precipitate angina or arrhythmias, particularly in patients with cardiovascular disease and in elderly patients. In populations with any cardiac concerns, levothyroxine should be initiated at lower doses than those recommended in younger individuals or in patients without cardiac disease. Patients receiving concomitant levothyroxine and sympathomimetic agents should be monitored for signs and symptoms of coronary insufficiency. If cardiac symptoms develop or worsen, reduce the levothyroxine dose or withhold for one week and restart at a lower dose.¹⁵

Increased bone resorption and decreased bone mineral density may occur as a result of levothyroxine over-replacement, particularly in post-menopausal women. The increased bone resorption may be associated with increased serum levels and urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorous, elevations in bone alkaline phosphatase and suppressed serum parathyroid hormone levels. Administer the minimum dose of levothyroxine that achieves the desired clinical and biochemical response to mitigate this risk.

Addition of levothyroxine therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus may worsen glycemic control and result in increased antidiabetic agent or insulin requirements. Carefully monitor glycemic control after starting, changing or discontinuing levothyroxine.

Mechanism of action

Levothyroxine is a synthetically prepared levo-isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T₄, a tetra-iodinated tyrosine derivative) that acts as a replacement in deficiency syndromes such as hypothyroidism. T₄ is the major hormone secreted from the thyroid gland and is chemically identical to the naturally secreted T₄: it increases metabolic rate, decreases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and, in peripheral tissues, is converted to T₃. Thyroxine is released from its precursor protein thyroglobulin through proteolysis and secreted into the blood where is it then peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine (T₃) which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism. T₄ and T₃ have a relative potency of ~1:4.

Thyroid hormone increases the metabolic rate of cells of all tissues in the body. In the fetus and newborn, thyroid hormone is important for the growth and development of all tissues including bones and the brain. In adults, thyroid hormone helps to maintain brain function, food metabolism, and body temperature, among other effects. The symptoms of thyroid deficiency relieved by levothyroxine include slow speech, lack of energy, weight gain, hair loss, dry thick skin and unusual sensitivity to cold.

The thyroid hormones have been shown to exert both genomic and non-genomic effects.⁹ They exert their genomic effects by diffusing into the cell nucleus and binding to thyroid hormone receptors in DNA regions called thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) near genes.² This complex of T₄, T₃, DNA, and other coregulatory proteins causes a conformational change and a resulting shift in transcriptional regulation of nearby genes, synthesis of messenger RNA, and cytoplasmic protein production.^2,6 For example, in cardiac tissues T₃ has been shown to regulate the genes for α- and β-myosin heavy chains, production of the sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins calcium-activated ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) and phospholamban, β-adrenergic receptors, guanine-nucleotide regulatory proteins, and adenylyl cyclase types V and VI as well as several plasma-membrane ion transporters, such as Na+/K+–ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and voltage-gated potassium channels, including Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3. ⁷ As a result, many cardiac functions including heart rate, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance are closely linked to thyroid status.

The non-genomic actions of the thyroid hormones have been shown to occur through binding to a plasma membrane receptor integrin aVb3 at the Arg-Gly-Asp recognition site.¹² From the cell-surface, T₄ binding to integrin results in down-stream effects including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; ERK1/2) and causes subsequent effects on cellular/nuclear events including angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.^6,11

Target	Actions	Organism
AThyroid hormone receptor alpha	agonist	Humans
AThyroid hormone receptor beta	agonist	Humans
AIntegrin alpha-V	Not Available	Humans
AIntegrin beta-3	Not Available	Humans

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Absorption

Absorption of orally administered T4 from the gastrointestinal tract ranges from 40% to 80% with the majority of the levothyroxine dose absorbed from the jejunum and upper ileum. T4 absorption is increased by fasting, and decreased in malabsorption syndromes and by certain foods such as soybeans, milk, and dietary fiber. Absorption may also decrease with age. In addition, many drugs affect T4 absorption including bile acide sequestrants, sucralfate, proton pump inhibitors, and minerals such as calcium (including in yogurt and milk products)³, magnesium, iron, and aluminum supplements. To prevent the formation of insoluble chelates, levothyroxine should generally be taken on an empty stomach at least 2 hours before a meal and separated by at least 4 hours from any interacting agents.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Circulating thyroid hormones are greater than 99% bound to plasma proteins, including thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (TBA). The higher affinity of both TBG and TBPA for T4 partially explains the higher serum levels, slower metabolic clearance and longer half-life of T4 compared to T3. Protein-bound thyroid hormones exist in reverse equilibrium with small amounts of free hormone where only unbound hormone is metabolically active.¹⁵

Metabolism

Approximately 70% of secreted T₄ is deiodinated to equal amounts of T₃ and reverse triiodothyronine (rT₃), which is calorigenically inactive. T₄ is slowly eliminated through its major metabolic pathway to T₃ via sequential deiodination, where approximately 80% of circulating T₃ is derived from peripheral T₄. The liver is the major site of degradation for both T₄ and T₃, with T₄ deiodination also occurring at a number of additional sites, including the kidney and other tissues.

Elimination of T₄ and T₃ involves hepatic conjugation to glucuronic and sulfuric acids. The hormones undergo enterohepatic circulation as conjugates are hydrolyzed in the intestine and reabsorbed. Conjugated compounds that reach the colon are hydrolyzed and eliminated as free compounds in the feces. Other minor T₄ metabolites have been identified. ¹⁵

Levothyroxine
Liothyronine
- Liothyronine
  Diiodothyronine
- Liothyronine
  Reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)

Route of elimination

Thyroid hormones are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. A portion of the conjugated hormone reaches the colon unchanged and is eliminated in the feces. Approximately 20% of T₄ is eliminated in the stool. Urinary excretion of T₄ decreases with age.¹⁵

Half life

T₄ half-life is 6 to 7 days. T₃ half-life is 1 to 2 days.¹⁵

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

LD₅₀=20 mg/kg (orally in rat). Hypermetabolic state indistinguishable from thyrotoxicosis of endogenous origin. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include weight loss, increased appetite, palpitations, nervousness, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, sweating, tachycardia, increased pulse and blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, tremors, insomnia, heat intolerance, fever, and menstrual irregularities.

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Pathway	Category
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis	Metabolic

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

Drug	Interaction
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(R)-warfarin	The therapeutic efficacy of (R)-warfarin can be increased when used in combination with Levothyroxine.
(S)-Warfarin	The therapeutic efficacy of (S)-Warfarin can be increased when used in combination with Levothyroxine.
2,4-thiazolidinedione	The therapeutic efficacy of 2,4-thiazolidinedione can be decreased when used in combination with Levothyroxine.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine is combined with Levothyroxine.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine is combined with Levothyroxine.
3-[4-(1-formylpiperazin-4-yl)-benzylidenyl]-2-indolinone	The therapeutic efficacy of Levothyroxine can be decreased when used in combination with 3-[4-(1-formylpiperazin-4-yl)-benzylidenyl]-2-indolinone.
3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine	Levothyroxine may increase the excretion rate of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine which could result in a lower serum level and potentially a reduction in efficacy.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine is combined with Levothyroxine.
4-hydroxycoumarin	The therapeutic efficacy of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be increased when used in combination with Levothyroxine.
5-fluorouridine	The therapeutic efficacy of Levothyroxine can be decreased when used in combination with 5-fluorouridine.

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Action

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Food Interactions

Absorption increased in fasting state and decreased in malabsorption states.
Consistent administration in relation to meals is recommended.
No iron or calium carbonate within 4 hours of taking this medication.
Oral administration with infant soybean formula, soybean flour, cotton seed meal, walnuts, foods containing large amounts of fiber, ferrous sulfate, and antacids may decrease drug absorption.
Take 30-60 minutes before breakfast.

References

Synthesis Reference

Jivn-Ren Chen, Dimitri C. Papadimitriou, "Stable dosage of levothyroxine sodium and process of production." U.S. Patent US5225204, issued November, 1991.

US5225204

General References

Uchino H, Kanai Y, Kim DK, Wempe MF, Chairoungdua A, Morimoto E, Anders MW, Endou H: Transport of amino acid-related compounds mediated by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): insights into the mechanisms of substrate recognition. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;61(4):729-37. [PubMed:11901210]
Cheng SY, Leonard JL, Davis PJ: Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions. Endocr Rev. 2010 Apr;31(2):139-70. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0007. Epub 2010 Jan 5. [PubMed:20051527]
Chon DA, Reisman T, Weinreb JE, Hershman JM, Leung AM: Concurrent Milk Ingestion Decreases Absorption of Levothyroxine. Thyroid. 2018 Apr;28(4):454-457. doi: 10.1089/thy.2017.0428. Epub 2018 Mar 28. [PubMed:29589994]
Tang R, Wang J, Yang L, Ding X, Zhong Y, Pan J, Yang H, Mu L, Chen X, Chen Z: Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Jun 4;10:340. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00340. eCollection 2019. [PubMed:31214119]
Gottwald-Hostalek U, Uhl W, Wolna P, Kahaly GJ: New levothyroxine formulation meeting 95-105% specification over the whole shelf-life: results from two pharmacokinetic trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017 Feb;33(2):169-174. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2016.1246434. Epub 2016 Oct 21. [PubMed:27718637]
Osmak-Tizon L, Poussier M, Cottin Y, Rochette L: Non-genomic actions of thyroid hormones: Molecular aspects. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Apr;107(4):207-11. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2014.02.001. Epub 2014 Mar 26. [PubMed:24680385]
Klein I, Ojamaa K: Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 15;344(7):501-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200102153440707. [PubMed:11172193]
Kaplan MM, Breitbart R: Conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in the anterior pituitary gland and the influence of this process on thyroid status. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1984;14:79-85. [PubMed:6595194]
Hammes SR, Davis PJ: Overlapping nongenomic and genomic actions of thyroid hormone and steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;29(4):581-93. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 Apr 22. [PubMed:26303085]
Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Rosenthal MS, Sawka AM: Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec;24(12):1670-751. doi: 10.1089/thy.2014.0028. [PubMed:25266247]
Davis PJ, Leonard JL, Davis FB: Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008 May;29(2):211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003. Epub 2007 Oct 5. [PubMed:17983645]
Bergh JJ, Lin HY, Lansing L, Mohamed SN, Davis FB, Mousa S, Davis PJ: Integrin alphaVbeta3 contains a cell surface receptor site for thyroid hormone that is linked to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and induction of angiogenesis. Endocrinology. 2005 Jul;146(7):2864-71. doi: 10.1210/en.2005-0102. Epub 2005 Mar 31. [PubMed:15802494]
FDA Approved Drug Products: Synthroid® oral tablets [Link]
FDA Label - levothyroxine [File]
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE): Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults [File]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0000248
KEGG Drug: D08125
KEGG Compound: C01829
PubChem Compound: 5819
PubChem Substance: 46507672
ChemSpider: 5614
BindingDB: 50301375
ChEBI: 18332
ChEMBL: CHEMBL1624
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000083
PharmGKB: PA450221
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
HET: T44
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth: PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia: Levothyroxine

ATC Codes

H03AA01 — Levothyroxine sodium

AHFS Codes

68:36.04 — Thyroid Agents

PDB Entries

1eta / 1etb / 1f86 / 1hk1 / 1hk2 / 1hk3 / 1hk4 / 1hk5 / 1ict / 1ie4 …

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MSDS

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Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
0	Completed	Other	Primary Hypothyroidism	1
0	Enrolling by Invitation	Prevention	Recurrent Pregnancy Losses	1
1	Active Not Recruiting	Other	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Drug Drug Interaction (DDI)	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Healthy Volunteers	4
1	Completed	Basic Science	Pharmacokinetics	2
1	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes / Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
1	Recruiting	Other	Healthy Volunteers	1
1, 2	Completed	Treatment	Brain Death	1
1, 2	Not Yet Recruiting	Diagnostic	Subclinical hypothyroïdism	1
1, 2	Recruiting	Other	Healthy Volunteers	1
2	Completed	Not Available	Thyroid Diseases	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
2	Not Yet Recruiting	Prevention	Intraventricular Hemorrhage of Prematurity	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Biomarkers / Endocrine System Diseases / Hypothyroidism	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Euthyroid / Hypothyroidism / Thyroid Diseases / Thyroid Gland / Thyroid Hormones	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Infertility / Thyroiditis, Autoimmune	1
2	Terminated	Treatment	Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
2, 3	Completed	Prevention	Graves' Disease	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Bipolar Disorder (BD)	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Subclinical Hypothyroidism	2
2, 3	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism / Neoplasms / Postoperative Complications	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroxinemia	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroxinemia / Pregnancy / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Paediatric Thyrotoxicosis	1
3	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Transient Hypothyroxinemia of Prematurity (THOP)	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Euthyroid Females	1
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Dyslipidemia	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Endocrine System Diseases / Hypothyroidism / Thyroid Diseases	2
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers	1
4	Completed	Not Available	Hypothyroidism	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Graves´ Disease	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Atherosclerosis / Heart Failure / Thyroid Dysfunction	2
4	Completed	Treatment	Bone Mineral Density / Fractures, Bone / Osteoporosis / Thyroid Dysfunction	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Depression / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Euthyroid Sick Syndromes	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Fatigue / Mental Fatigue / Thyroid Dysfunction	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Goiter, Nodular	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	2
4	Completed	Treatment	Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Paraquat Poisoning	1
4	Recruiting	Not Available	Hypothyroidism	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Heart Failure / Subclinical Hyperthyroidism / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism;Postablative	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism / Myocardial Infarction	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Brain Dead Organ Donors	1
4	Terminated	Treatment	Postsurgical Hypothyroidism / Thyroid Cancers	1
4	Unknown Status	Basic Science	Diabetes / Hypothyroidism	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) / Sub-clinical Hypothyroidism	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
4	Withdrawn	Prevention	Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	Goitre	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	Subclinical hypothyroïdism	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Hypothyroidism	2
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Recurrent Goiter	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	Obesity, Morbid	1
Not Available	Completed	Other	Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Screening	Pregnancy Loss / Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism / Subclinical hypothyroïdism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Anxiety / Depression / Distress / Fatigue / Thyroid Cancers	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Congenital Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Congenital Hypothyroidism / Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Down Syndrome (DS) / Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroidism / Pregnancy	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Hypothyroxinemia	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Pregnancy / Thyroid Diseases	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Thyroid Nodules	1
Not Available	Enrolling by Invitation	Not Available	Head and Neck Carcinoma / Hypothyroidism; Surgery / Laryngeal Cancer / Laryngeal fistula / Wound Heal	1
Not Available	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Hemodialysis Treatment / Hypothyroidism / Thyroid; Functional Disturbance	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Not Available	Hypothyroidism	2
Not Available	Recruiting	Not Available	Hypothyroidism / Postsurgical Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Not Available	Quality of Life / Thyroid; Deficiency	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	ASCVD / Dyslipidemia / Lipid-Lowering Therapy / Statin / Subclinical hypothyroïdism	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) / Thyroid Diseases	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Pregnancy Related / Thyroid	1
Not Available	Terminated	Basic Science	Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Terminated	Treatment	Hypothyroidism / Neoplasms, Brain	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Diagnostic	Central Hypothyroidism	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Primary Hypothyroidism	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Institute biochimique sa (ibsa)
Institut biochimique sa ibsa
Vintage pharmaceuticals llc
Alara pharmaceutical corporation
Lloyd inc
Merck kgaa
Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
King pharmaceuticals inc
Abbott laboratories
Jerome stevens pharmaceuticals inc

Packagers

Abbott Laboratories Ltd.
Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
Akrimax Pharmaceuticals
Amerisource Health Services Corp.
Apotheca Inc.
APP Pharmaceuticals
A-S Medication Solutions LLC
Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
BASF Corp.
Bedford Labs
Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
Bryant Ranch Prepack
Cardinal Health
Caremark LLC
Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
Corepharma LLC
Direct Dispensing Inc.
Direct Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Dispensing Solutions
Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
Forest Pharmaceuticals
Genpharm LP
Giant Food Inc.
H.E. Butt Grocery Co.
H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
Heartland Repack Services LLC
Innovative Manufacturing and Distribution Services Inc.
Jerome Stevens Pharmaceuticals Inc.
JMI Daniels Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Kaiser Foundation Hospital
King Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
Lannett Co. Inc.
Liberty Pharmaceuticals
Lloyd Pharmaceuticals
Macnary Ltd.
Major Pharmaceuticals
Mckesson Corp.
Medisca Inc.
Merck KGaA
Monarch Pharmacy
Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
Mylan
Neuman Distributors Inc.
Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Patheon Inc.
PCA LLC
PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
Pharmacy Service Center
Pharmedix
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Prepackage Specialists
Prepak Systems Inc.
Prescript Pharmaceuticals
Qualitest
Rebel Distributors Corp.
Remedy Repack
Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
Rite Aid Corp.
Sandhills Packaging Inc.
Sandoz
Simildiet SL
Southwood Pharmaceuticals
Stat Scripts LLC
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
UDL Laboratories
Va Cmop Dallas
Watson Pharmaceuticals

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Injection	Intravenous	100 ug/5mL
Injection	Intravenous	500 ug/5mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	100 ug/5mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	100 ug/1
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	200 ug/5mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	500 ug/5mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution	Intravenous	500 ug/1
Injection, solution	Intravenous	100 ug/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	20 ug/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	40 ug/1mL
Tablet	Not applicable	100 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	112 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	125 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	137 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	150 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	175 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	200 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	25 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	50 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	75 ug/1
Tablet	Not applicable	88 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	.025 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.05 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.075 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.088 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.1 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.112 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.125 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.137 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.15 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	.150 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.025 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.05 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.050 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.075 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.088 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.1 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.100 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.112 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.125 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.137 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.15 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.150 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.175 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.2 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.200 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.3 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	0.300 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	100 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	112 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	125 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	137 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	150 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	175 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	200 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	25 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	300 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	50 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	75 ug/1
Tablet	Oral	88 ug/1
Powder, for solution	Intramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet	Topical
Tablet	Oral	100 mcg
Tablet	Oral	112 mcg
Tablet	Oral	125 mcg
Tablet	Oral	137 mcg
Tablet	Oral	150 mcg
Tablet	Oral	175 mcg
Tablet	Oral	200 mcg
Tablet	Oral	25 mcg
Tablet	Oral	300 mcg
Tablet	Oral	50 mcg
Tablet	Oral	75 mcg
Tablet	Oral	88 mcg
Liquid	Intravenous
Tablet	Oral
Tablet	Oral
Capsule	Oral	100 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	112 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	125 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	13 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	137 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	150 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	175 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	200 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	25 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	50 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	75 ug/1
Capsule	Oral	88 ug/1
Solution	Oral	100 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	112 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	125 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	13 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	137 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	150 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	175 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	200 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	25 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	50 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	75 ug/1mL
Solution	Oral	88 ug/1mL

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Levothyroxine sodium powder	159.12USD	g
Levothyroxine 200 mcg vial	24.0USD	vial
Levothyroxine 500 mcg vial	24.0USD	vial
Levoxyl 300 mcg tablet	2.34USD	tablet
Synthroid 300 mcg tablet	1.29USD	tablet
Synthroid 175 mcg tablet	1.07USD	tablet
Synthroid 200 mcg tablet	0.99USD	tablet
Synthroid 137 mcg tablet	0.87USD	tablet
Synthroid 112 mcg tablet	0.84USD	tablet
Synthroid 125 mcg tablet	0.84USD	tablet
Synthroid 150 mcg tablet	0.83USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 300 mcg tablet	0.77USD	tablet
Synthroid 100 mcg tablet	0.73USD	tablet
Synthroid 75 mcg tablet	0.72USD	tablet
Synthroid 88 mcg tablet	0.71USD	tablet
Levoxyl 200 mcg tablet	0.7USD	tablet
Levoxyl 175 mcg tablet	0.69USD	tablet
Unithroid 300 mcg tablet	0.69USD	tablet
Synthroid 50 mcg tablet	0.65USD	tablet
Levoxyl 137 mcg tablet	0.62USD	tablet
Unithroid 200 mcg tablet	0.62USD	tablet
Levoxyl 112 mcg tablet	0.61USD	tablet
Synthroid 25 mcg tablet	0.61USD	tablet
Unithroid 175 mcg tablet	0.61USD	tablet
Levoxyl 150 mcg tablet	0.59USD	tablet
Levoxyl 125 mcg tablet	0.58USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 175 mcg tablet	0.57USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 200 mcg tablet	0.57USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 175 mcg tablet	0.55USD	tablet
Unithroid 150 mcg tablet	0.55USD	tablet
Levoxyl 88 mcg tablet	0.54USD	tablet
Unithroid 112 mcg tablet	0.53USD	tablet
Unithroid 125 mcg tablet	0.53USD	tablet
Levoxyl 75 mcg tablet	0.52USD	tablet
Levothroid 300 mcg tablet	0.51USD	tablet
Levoxyl 100 mcg tablet	0.51USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 100 mcg tablet	0.5USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 150 mcg tablet	0.5USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 88 mcg tablet	0.5USD	tablet
Levoxyl 50 mcg tablet	0.49USD	tablet
Unithroid 88 mcg tablet	0.49USD	tablet
Unithroid 100 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Unithroid 75 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 125 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 137 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 50 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 75 mcg tablet	0.47USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 112 mcg tablet	0.46USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 137 mcg tablet	0.45USD	tablet
Levoxyl 25 mcg tablet	0.45USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 112 mcg tablet	0.44USD	tablet
Levothyroxine Sodium 25 mcg tablet	0.43USD	tablet
Unithroid 50 mcg tablet	0.43USD	tablet
Unithroid 25 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 100 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 112 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 125 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 150 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 175 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 200 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 25 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 300 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 50 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 75 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Unithroid direct 88 mcg tablet	0.42USD	tablet
Levothroid 200 mcg tablet	0.4USD	tablet
Levothroid 175 mcg tablet	0.38USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 88 mcg tablet	0.38USD	tablet
Levothroid 125 mcg tablet	0.36USD	tablet
Levothroid 150 mcg tablet	0.36USD	tablet
Levothroid 100 mcg tablet	0.35USD	tablet
Levothroid 137 mcg tablet	0.35USD	tablet
Levothroid 112 mcg tablet	0.34USD	tablet
Levothroid 75 mcg tablet	0.33USD	tablet
Levothroid 88 mcg tablet	0.33USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 300 mcg tablet	0.32USD	tablet
Levothroid 25 mcg tablet	0.31USD	tablet
Unithroid 137 mcg tablet	0.31USD	tablet
Levothroid 50 mcg tablet	0.3USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 200 mcg tablet	0.29USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 150 mcg tablet	0.24USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 125 mcg tablet	0.22USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 100 mcg tablet	0.2USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 75 mcg tablet	0.2USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 50 mcg tablet	0.18USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.137 mg Tablet	0.18USD	tablet
Levothyroxine 25 mcg tablet	0.17USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.3 mg Tablet	0.12USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.175 mg Tablet	0.11USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.075 mg Tablet	0.1USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.088 mg Tablet	0.1USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.112 mg Tablet	0.1USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.125 mg Tablet	0.1USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.025 mg Tablet	0.09USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.2 mg Tablet	0.09USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.1 mg Tablet	0.08USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.15 mg Tablet	0.08USD	tablet
Eltroxin 0.3 mg Tablet	0.07USD	tablet
Synthroid 0.05 mg Tablet	0.06USD	tablet
Eltroxin 0.2 mg Tablet	0.05USD	tablet
Eltroxin 0.1 mg Tablet	0.04USD	tablet
Eltroxin 0.15 mg Tablet	0.04USD	tablet
Eltroxin 0.05 mg Tablet	0.03USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
Unlock Additional Data
US7723390	No	2010-05-25	2024-03-14
US7101569	No	2006-09-05	2023-10-02
US7067148	No	2006-06-27	2022-02-15
US6555581	No	2003-04-29	2022-02-15
US6399101	No	2002-06-04	2020-03-30
US9168239	No	2015-10-27	2032-08-29
US9168238	No	2015-10-27	2032-08-29
US9006289	No	2015-04-14	2032-10-03
US7691411	No	2010-04-06	2024-03-14
US9782376	No	2017-10-10	2036-12-01

Additional Data Available

Filed On

The date on which a patent was filed with the relevant government.

Learn more

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	235.5 °C	PhysProp
water solubility	0.105 mg/mL	Not Available
logP	4	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00898 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	1.15	ALOGPS
logP	3.73	ChemAxon
logS	-4.9	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	0.27	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.43	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	92.78 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	5	ChemAxon
Refractivity	126.79 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	49.4 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.7212
Blood Brain Barrier	-	0.6886
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.653
P-glycoprotein substrate	Non-substrate	0.5321
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9175
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9709
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.8891
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8309
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.6847
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.5924
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.7037
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.923
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9025
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.831
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.8459
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.7591
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.9148
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9693
Rat acute toxicity	2.7082 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9697
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.8508

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ac9-0591664310-c9b7aec3184ebb20a2da
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-2566449540-35bb942c7bcbcfe41af7
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00xr-3375497520-9dee3cb0c153e6c6df9e
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0059-0001001900-83ff4aafed0b73c6c7b7
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Taxonomy

Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylalanine and derivatives. These are compounds containing phenylalanine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Organic acids and derivatives
Class: Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class: Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent: Phenylalanine and derivatives
Alternative Parents: Diphenylethers / Phenylpropanoic acids / Diarylethers / Amphetamines and derivatives / L-alpha-amino acids / Phenoxy compounds / Phenol ethers / O-iodophenols / Aralkylamines / Iodobenzenes
show 10 more
Substituents: Phenylalanine or derivatives / Diphenylether / Diaryl ether / 3-phenylpropanoic-acid / Alpha-amino acid / Amphetamine or derivatives / L-alpha-amino acid / Phenoxy compound / Phenol ether / 2-halophenol
show 27 more
Molecular Framework: Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors: non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, L-phenylalanine derivative, iodophenol, 2-halophenol, thyroxine (CHEBI:18332) / thyroxine, Other amino acids, Biogenic amines (C01829)

Targets

Details1. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Isoform Alpha-1: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.Isoform Al...
Gene Name: THRA
Uniprot ID: P10827
Uniprot Name: Thyroid hormone receptor alpha
Molecular Weight: 54815.055 Da

References

Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Bernal J: Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Mar;3(3):249-59. [PubMed:17315033]
Nakajima Y, Yamada M, Horiguchi K, Satoh T, Hashimoto K, Tokuhiro E, Onigata K, Mori M: Resistance to thyroid hormone due to a novel thyroid hormone receptor mutant in a patient with hypothyroidism secondary to lingual thyroid and functional characterization of the mutant receptor. Thyroid. 2010 Aug;20(8):917-26. doi: 10.1089/thy.2009.0389. [PubMed:20615127]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
Cheng SY, Leonard JL, Davis PJ: Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions. Endocr Rev. 2010 Apr;31(2):139-70. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0007. Epub 2010 Jan 5. [PubMed:20051527]

Details2. Thyroid hormone receptor beta

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Agonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.
Gene Name: THRB
Uniprot ID: P10828
Uniprot Name: Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Molecular Weight: 52787.16 Da

References

Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Marazuela M, Nattero L, Moure D, Garcia-Polo I, Figueroa-Vega N, Guijarro C: Thyroid hormone resistance and pituitary enlargement after thyroid ablation in a woman on levothyroxine treatment. Thyroid. 2008 Oct;18(10):1119-23. doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0375. [PubMed:18816177]
Sivakumar T, Chaidarun S: Resistance to thyroid hormone in a patient with coexisting Graves' disease. Thyroid. 2010 Feb;20(2):213-6. doi: 10.1089/thy.2009.0175. [PubMed:20151830]
Grasberger H, Ringkananont U, Croxson M, Refetoff S: Resistance to thyroid hormone in a patient with thyroid dysgenesis. Thyroid. 2005 Jul;15(7):730-3. [PubMed:16053391]
Cheng SY, Leonard JL, Davis PJ: Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions. Endocr Rev. 2010 Apr;31(2):139-70. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0007. Epub 2010 Jan 5. [PubMed:20051527]

Details3. Integrin alpha-V

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: The alpha-V (ITGAV) integrins are receptors for vitronectin, cytotactin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, osteopontin, osteomodulin, prothrombin, thrombospondin and vWF...
Gene Name: ITGAV
Uniprot ID: P06756
Uniprot Name: Integrin alpha-V
Molecular Weight: 116036.855 Da

References

Hammes SR, Davis PJ: Overlapping nongenomic and genomic actions of thyroid hormone and steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;29(4):581-93. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 Apr 22. [PubMed:26303085]
Davis PJ, Leonard JL, Davis FB: Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008 May;29(2):211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003. Epub 2007 Oct 5. [PubMed:17983645]

Details4. Integrin beta-3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Yes

General Function: Virus receptor activity
Specific Function: Integrin alpha-V/beta-3 (ITGAV:ITGB3) is a receptor for cytotactin, fibronectin, laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, osteopontin, osteomodulin, prothrombin, thrombospondin, vitronectin and von Wil...
Gene Name: ITGB3
Uniprot ID: P05106
Uniprot Name: Integrin beta-3
Molecular Weight: 87056.975 Da

References

Hammes SR, Davis PJ: Overlapping nongenomic and genomic actions of thyroid hormone and steroids. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;29(4):581-93. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 Apr 22. [PubMed:26303085]
Davis PJ, Leonard JL, Davis FB: Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008 May;29(2):211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003. Epub 2007 Oct 5. [PubMed:17983645]

Enzymes

Details1. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP2C8
Uniprot ID: P10632
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight: 55824.275 Da

References

Walsky RL, Gaman EA, Obach RS: Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):68-78. [PubMed:15601807]
Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [PubMed:26721703]

Details2. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid binding
Specific Function: UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
Gene Name: UGT1A1
Uniprot ID: P22309
Uniprot Name: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Molecular Weight: 59590.91 Da

References

Williams JA, Hyland R, Jones BC, Smith DA, Hurst S, Goosen TC, Peterkin V, Koup JR, Ball SE: Drug-drug interactions for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates: a pharmacokinetic explanation for typically observed low exposure (AUCi/AUC) ratios. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Nov;32(11):1201-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.104.000794. Epub 2004 Aug 10. [PubMed:15304429]

Details3. P-glycoprotein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Regulator

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Siegmund W, Altmannsberger S, Paneitz A, Hecker U, Zschiesche M, Franke G, Meng W, Warzok R, Schroeder E, Sperker B, Terhaag B, Cascorbi I, Kroemer HK: Effect of levothyroxine administration on intestinal P-glycoprotein expression: consequences for drug disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;72(3):256-64. [PubMed:12235446]
Mitin T, Von Moltke LL, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ: Levothyroxine up-regulates P-glycoprotein independent of the pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 Aug;32(8):779-82. doi: 10.1124/dmd.32.8.779. [PubMed:15258100]

Carriers

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	10500	N/A	N/A	19651509

Details1. Transthyretin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No

General Function: Identical protein binding
Specific Function: Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.
Gene Name: TTR
Uniprot ID: P02766
Uniprot Name: Transthyretin
Molecular Weight: 15886.88 Da

References

Eneqvist T, Lundberg E, Karlsson A, Huang S, Santos CR, Power DM, Sauer-Eriksson AE: High resolution crystal structures of piscine transthyretin reveal different binding modes for triiodothyronine and thyroxine. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26411-6. Epub 2004 Apr 13. [PubMed:15082720]
Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [PubMed:12553433]

Details2. Thyroxine-binding globulin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
Specific Function: Major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum.
Gene Name: SERPINA7
Uniprot ID: P05543
Uniprot Name: Thyroxine-binding globulin
Molecular Weight: 46324.12 Da

References

Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [PubMed:12553433]

Details3. Serum albumin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: No

General Function: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name: ALB
Uniprot ID: P02768
Uniprot Name: Serum albumin
Molecular Weight: 69365.94 Da

References

Palha JA: Transthyretin as a thyroid hormone carrier: function revisited. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002 Dec;40(12):1292-300. [PubMed:12553433]

Transporters

Details1. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent high affinity transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and rT3. Other potential substrates, such as triiodothyronine (T3), 17-beta-gluc...
Gene Name: SLCO1C1
Uniprot ID: Q9NYB5
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1C1
Molecular Weight: 78695.625 Da

References

Westholm DE, Stenehjem DD, Rumbley JN, Drewes LR, Anderson GW: Competitive inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1-mediated thyroxine transport by the fenamate class of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Endocrinology. 2009 Feb;150(2):1025-32. doi: 10.1210/en.2008-0188. Epub 2008 Oct 9. [PubMed:18845642]
Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235]
Pizzagalli F, Hagenbuch B, Stieger B, Klenk U, Folkers G, Meier PJ: Identification of a novel human organic anion transporting polypeptide as a high affinity thyroxine transporter. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Oct;16(10):2283-96. [PubMed:12351693]
Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22541068]

Details2. Monocarboxylate transporter 8

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Very active and specific thyroid hormone transporter. Stimulates cellular uptake of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) and diidothyronine. Does not transport Leu,...
Gene Name: SLC16A2
Uniprot ID: P36021
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 8
Molecular Weight: 59510.86 Da

References

Friesema EC, Ganguly S, Abdalla A, Manning Fox JE, Halestrap AP, Visser TJ: Identification of monocarboxylate transporter 8 as a specific thyroid hormone transporter. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 10;278(41):40128-35. Epub 2003 Jul 18. [PubMed:12871948]

Details3. P-glycoprotein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inducer

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Siegmund W, Altmannsberger S, Paneitz A, Hecker U, Zschiesche M, Franke G, Meng W, Warzok R, Schroeder E, Sperker B, Terhaag B, Cascorbi I, Kroemer HK: Effect of levothyroxine administration on intestinal P-glycoprotein expression: consequences for drug disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Sep;72(3):256-64. [PubMed:12235446]

Details4. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
Gene Name: SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID: P46721
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
Molecular Weight: 74144.105 Da

References

Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [PubMed:11159893]
Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22541068]

Details5. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
Gene Name: SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID: Q9Y6L6
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
Molecular Weight: 76447.99 Da

References

Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [PubMed:11159893]
Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22541068]

Details6. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotre...
Gene Name: SLCO1B3
Uniprot ID: Q9NPD5
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
Molecular Weight: 77402.175 Da

References

Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ, Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 2001 Feb;120(2):525-33. [PubMed:11159893]
Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22541068]

Details7. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as the thyroid hormones T3 (triiodo-L-thyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and rT3, and of estrone-3-sulfate and taurocholate.
Gene Name: SLCO4A1
Uniprot ID: Q96BD0
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4A1
Molecular Weight: 77192.505 Da

References

Fujiwara K, Adachi H, Nishio T, Unno M, Tokui T, Okabe M, Onogawa T, Suzuki T, Asano N, Tanemoto M, Seki M, Shiiba K, Suzuki M, Kondo Y, Nunoki K, Shimosegawa T, Iinuma K, Ito S, Matsuno S, Abe T: Identification of thyroid hormone transporters in humans: different molecules are involved in a tissue-specific manner. Endocrinology. 2001 May;142(5):2005-12. [PubMed:11316767]

Details8. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Organic anion transporter, capable of transporting pharmacological substances such as digoxin, ouabain, thyroxine, methotrexate and cAMP. May participate in the regulation of membrane transport of ...
Gene Name: SLCO4C1
Uniprot ID: Q6ZQN7
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 4C1
Molecular Weight: 78947.525 Da

References

Mikkaichi T, Suzuki T, Onogawa T, Tanemoto M, Mizutamari H, Okada M, Chaki T, Masuda S, Tokui T, Eto N, Abe M, Satoh F, Unno M, Hishinuma T, Inui K, Ito S, Goto J, Abe T: Isolation and characterization of a digoxin transporter and its rat homologue expressed in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 9;101(10):3569-74. Epub 2004 Mar 1. [PubMed:14993604]

Details9. Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Peptide antigen binding
Specific Function: Sodium-independent, high-affinity transport of large neutral amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, arginine and tryptophan, when associated with SLC3A2/4F2hc. Involved in cellular a...
Gene Name: SLC7A5
Uniprot ID: Q01650
Uniprot Name: Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1
Molecular Weight: 55009.62 Da

References

Uchino H, Kanai Y, Kim DK, Wempe MF, Chairoungdua A, Morimoto E, Anders MW, Endou H: Transport of amino acid-related compounds mediated by L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): insights into the mechanisms of substrate recognition. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Apr;61(4):729-37. [PubMed:11901210]

Details10. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost.
Gene Name: SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID: O94956
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
Molecular Weight: 76709.98 Da

References

Karlgren M, Vildhede A, Norinder U, Wisniewski JR, Kimoto E, Lai Y, Haglund U, Artursson P: Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4740-63. doi: 10.1021/jm300212s. Epub 2012 May 15. [PubMed:22541068]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on January 18, 2020 13:24

Levothyroxine

Identification

Structure for Levothyroxine (DB00451)

Pharmacology

Interactions

References

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Properties

Spectra

Taxonomy

Targets

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Enzymes

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Carriers

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Transporters

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