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IdentificationPharmacologyInteractionsReferencesTrialsEconomicsPropertiesSpectraTaxonomyIdentification
- Name
- Felodipine
- Accession Number
- DB01023 (APRD00374)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Description
Felodipine is a long-acting 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB)b. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, felodipine prevents calcium-dependent myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. Felodipine is the most potent CCB in use and is unique in that it exhibits fluorescent activity. In addition to binding to L-type calcium channels, felodipine binds to a number of calcium-binding proteins, exhibits competitive antagonism of the mineralcorticoid receptor, inhibits the activity of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, and blocks calcium influx through voltage-gated T-type calcium channels. Felodipine is used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension.
- Structure
Structure for Felodipine (DB01023)
- Synonyms
- (±)-ethyl methyl 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
- 3-ethyl 5-methyl 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate
- 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid ethyl methyl ester
- Felodipina
- Felodipine
- Felodipino
- Felodipinum
- Product Images
- Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Unlock Additional DataFelodipine Tablet, extended release 5 mg/1 Oral Med Pharma Co., Ltd. 2011-06-07 2012-05-15 US 
Felodipine Tablet, extended release 2.5 mg/1 Oral Med Pharma Co., Ltd. 2011-06-07 2012-05-15 US Felodipine Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Med Pharma Co., Ltd. 2011-06-07 2012-05-15 US Felodipineextended-release Tablets Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Ranbaxy Inc. 2008-09-10 Not applicable US Felodipineextended-release Tablets Tablet, extended release 5 mg/1 Oral Ranbaxy Inc. 2008-09-10 Not applicable US Felodipineextended-release Tablets Tablet, extended release 2.5 mg/1 Oral Ranbaxy Inc. 2008-09-10 Not applicable US Plendil Tablet, extended release 5 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1991-07-25 2011-05-31 US Plendil Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1991-07-25 2011-05-31 US Plendil Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral bryant ranch prepack 1991-09-16 Not applicable US Plendil Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Astra Zeneca Lp 1991-09-16 2011-12-31 US Additional Data Available- Application NumberApplication Number
A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.
Learn more - Product CodeProduct Code
A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.
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- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Unlock Additional DataApo-felodipine Tablet, extended release Oral Apotex Corporation 2016-04-22 Not applicable Canada 
Apo-felodipine Tablet, extended release Oral Apotex Corporation 2016-04-22 Not applicable Canada Apo-felodipine Tablet, extended release Oral Apotex Corporation 2016-04-22 Not applicable Canada Felodipine Tablet, film coated, extended release 2.5 mg/1 Oral Carilion Materials Management 2004-11-02 Not applicable US 
Felodipine Tablet, film coated, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Jubilant Cadista Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2016-08-19 Not applicable US Felodipine Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Yiling Pharmaceutical Inc. 2019-08-01 Not applicable US Felodipine Tablet, film coated, extended release 2.5 mg/1 Oral Richmond Pharmaceuticals 2012-07-23 2012-07-24 US Felodipine Tablet, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited 2011-11-28 Not applicable US 
Felodipine Tablet, film coated, extended release 5 mg/1 Oral PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2004-11-02 Not applicable US Felodipine Tablet, film coated, extended release 10 mg/1 Oral A-S Medication Solutions 2010-12-20 2018-04-19 US 
Additional Data Available- Application NumberApplication Number
A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.
Learn more - Product CodeProduct Code
A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.
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- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Altace Plus Felodipine 2.5mg + 2.5mg Felodipine (2.5 mg) + Ramipril (2.5 mg) Tablet Oral Sanofi Aventis 2006-06-27 2012-10-10 Canada Altace Plus Felodipine 5mg + 5mg Felodipine (5 mg) + Ramipril (5 mg) Tablet Oral Sanofi Aventis 2006-06-27 2012-10-15 Canada Lexxel Felodipine (5 mg/1) + Enalapril maleate (5 mg/1) Tablet, extended release Oral Astra Zeneca Lp 1996-12-27 2010-08-31 US - International/Other Brands
- Felodur ER / Felogard / Penedil / Plendil Depottab (AstraZeneca) / Plendil ER (AstraZeneca) / Plendil Retard (AstraZeneca) / Splendil
- Categories
- ACE Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Antihypertensive Agents
- Beta blocking agents and calcium channel blockers
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- BSEP/ABCB11 Substrates
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine)
- Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents
- Cardiovascular Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strength unknown)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates with a Narrow Therapeutic Index
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A7 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 Substrates
- Dihydropyridine Derivatives
- Dihydropyridines
- Hypotensive Agents
- Membrane Transport Modulators
- P-glycoprotein inhibitors
- Potential QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Pyridines
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- Selective Calcium Channel Blockers With Mainly Vascular Effects
- Vasodilating Agents
- UNII
- OL961R6O2C
- CAS number
- 72509-76-3
- Weight
- Average: 384.254
Monoisotopic: 383.069113515 - Chemical Formula
- C18H19Cl2NO4
- InChI Key
- RZTAMFZIAATZDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C18H19Cl2NO4/c1-5-25-18(23)14-10(3)21-9(2)13(17(22)24-4)15(14)11-7-6-8-12(19)16(11)20/h6-8,15,21H,5H2,1-4H3
- IUPAC Name
- 3-ethyl 5-methyl 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
- SMILES
- CCOC(=O)C1=C(C)NC(C)=C(C1C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CC=C1)C(=O)OC
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
- Associated Conditions
- Pharmacodynamics
Felodipine belongs to the dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), the most widely used class of CCBs. There are at least five different types of calcium channels in Homo sapiens: L-, N-, P/Q-, R- and T-type. It was widely accepted that CCBs target L-type calcium channels, the major channel in muscle cells that mediates contraction; however, some studies have shown that felodipine also binds to and inhibits T-type calcium channels. T-type calcium channels are most commonly found on neurons, cells with pacemaker activity and on osteocytes. The pharmacologic significance of T-type calcium channel blockade is unknown. Felodipine also binds to calmodulin and inhibits calmodulin-dependent calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effect of this interaction appears to be minor. Another study demonstrated that felodipine attenuates the activity of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (CaMPDE) by binding to the PDE-1B1 and PDE-1A2 enzyme subunits. CaMPDE is one of the key enzymes involved in cyclic nucleotides and calcium second messenger systems. Felodipine also acts as an antagonist to the mineralcorticoid receptor by competing with aldosterone for binding and blocking aldosterone-induced coactivator recruitment of the mineralcorticoid receptor. Felodipine is able to bind to skeletal and cardiac muscle isoforms of troponin C, one of the key regulatory proteins in muscle contraction. Though felodipine exhibits binding to many endogenous molecules, its vasodilatory effects are still thought to be brought about primarily through inhibition of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels. Similar to other DHP CCBs, felodipine binds directly to inactive calcium channels stabilizing their inactive conformation. Since arterial smooth muscle depolarizations are longer in duration than cardiac muscle depolarizations, inactive channels are more prevalent in smooth muscle cells. Alternative splicing of the alpha-1 subunit of the channel gives felodipine additional arterial selectivity. At therapeutic sub-toxic concentrations, felodipine has little effect on cardiac myocytes and conduction cells.
- Mechanism of action
Felodipine decreases arterial smooth muscle contractility and subsequent vasoconstriction by inhibiting the influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels. It reversibly competes against nitrendipine and other DHP CCBs for DHP binding sites in vascular smooth muscle and cultured rabbit atrial cells. Calcium ions entering the cell through these channels bind to calmodulin. Calcium-bound calmodulin then binds to and activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Activated MLCK catalyzes the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain subunit of myosin, a key step in muscle contraction. Signal amplification is achieved by calcium-induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors. Inhibition of the initial influx of calcium decreases the contractile activity of arterial smooth muscle cells and results in vasodilation. The vasodilatory effects of felodipine result in an overall decrease in blood pressure. Felodipine may be used to treat mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Target Actions Organism AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D inhibitorHumans AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S inhibitorHumans UVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H inhibitorHumans UVoltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2 inhibitorHumans UCalmodulin otherHumans UCalcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B inhibitorHumans UCalcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A inhibitorHumans UMineralocorticoid receptor antagonistHumans UTroponin C, skeletal muscle otherHumans UTroponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles otherHumans - Absorption
Is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; however, extensive first-pass metabolism through the portal circulation results in a low systemic availability of 15%. Bioavailability is unaffected by food.
- Volume of distribution
- 10 L/kg
- Protein binding
99%, primarily to the albumin fraction.
- Metabolism
Hepatic metabolism primarily via cytochrome P450 3A4. Six metabolites with no appreciable vasodilatory effects have been identified.
- Route of elimination
Although higher concentrations of the metabolites are present in the plasma due to decreased urinary excretion, these are inactive. Animal studies have demonstrated that felodipine crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.
- Half life
17.5-31.5 hours in hypertensive patients; 19.1-35.9 hours in elderly hypertensive patients; 8.5-19.7 in healthy volunteers.
- Clearance
- 0.8 L/min [Young healthy subjects]
- Toxicity
Symptoms of overdose include excessive peripheral vasodilation with marked hypotension and possibly bradycardia. Oral rat LD50 is 1050 mg/kg.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
Pathway Category Felodipine Metabolism Pathway Drug metabolism Felodipine Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
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Additional Data Available
Adverse Effects
Comprehensive structured data on known drug adverse effects with statistical prevalence. MedDRA and ICD10 ids are provided for adverse effect conditions and symptoms.
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Contraindications
Structured data covering drug contraindications. Each contraindication describes a scenario in which the drug is not to be used. Includes restrictions on co-administration, contraindicated populations, and more.
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Blackbox Warnings
Structured data representing warnings from the black box section of drug labels. These warnings cover important and dangerous risks, contraindications, or adverse effects.
Learn moreInteractions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Unlock Additional Data(R)-warfarin The serum concentration of (R)-warfarin can be increased when it is combined with Felodipine. (S)-Warfarin The serum concentration of (S)-Warfarin can be increased when it is combined with Felodipine. 1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine. 2,4-thiazolidinedione The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Felodipine is combined with 2,4-thiazolidinedione. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Felodipine. 4-hydroxycoumarin The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Felodipine. 4-Methoxyamphetamine The metabolism of 4-Methoxyamphetamine can be decreased when combined with Felodipine. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine The metabolism of Felodipine can be decreased when combined with 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Additional Data Available- Extended DescriptionExtended Description
Extended description of the mechanism of action and particular properties of each drug interaction.
Learn more - Severity
- Evidence Level
- ActionAction
An effect category for each drug interaction. Know how this interaction affects the subject drug.
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- Food Interactions
- Avoid grapefruit products.
- Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.
References
- Synthesis Reference
Vinay Sharma, "Preparation of micron-size felodipine particles by microfluidization." U.S. Patent US20020086061, issued July 04, 2002.
US20020086061- General References
- Dunselman PH, Edgar B: Felodipine clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1991 Dec;21(6):418-30. [PubMed:1782737]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0015158
- KEGG Drug
- D00319
- PubChem Compound
- 3333
- PubChem Substance
- 46506968
- ChemSpider
- 3216
- BindingDB
- 189379
- RxNav
- 4316
- ChEBI
- 585948
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1480
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000487
- PharmGKB
- PA449591
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Felodipine
- ATC Codes
- C07FB02 — Metoprolol and felodipine
- C07FB — Beta blocking agents and calcium channel blockers
- C07F — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS, OTHER COMBINATIONS
- C07 — BETA BLOCKING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C08CA — Dihydropyridine derivatives
- C08C — SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS WITH MAINLY VASCULAR EFFECTS
- C08 — CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- AHFS Codes
- 24:28.08 — Dihydropyridines
- FDA label
- Download (228 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (55.4 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 1 Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers 3 1 Completed Treatment Food-Drug Interactions 1 3 Completed Prevention Atherosclerosis / Cardiovascular Heart Disease / Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Diabetes Mellitus / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / High Cholesterol / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 3 Completed Treatment BMI >30 kg/m2 / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 4 Completed Prevention Disorders Related to Lung Transplantation 1 4 Completed Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 4 4 Completed Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Left Ventricular Hypertrophy 1 4 Unknown Status Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Sexual Dysfunctions 1 Not Available Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers 2 Not Available Completed Not Available High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 Not Available Completed Treatment High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) 1 Not Available Unknown Status Basic Science High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Insulin Resistance / Microcirculation 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- AstraZeneca Inc.
- Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- Cardinal Health
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Merck & Co.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mutual Pharmaceutical Co.
- Mylan
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Prescript Pharmaceuticals
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Richmond Pharmacy
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- UDL Laboratories
- Va Cmop Dallas
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral Tablet, film coated Oral 2.5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 2.5 mg/1 Tablet, film coated, extended release Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 2.5 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral 5 mg/1 Tablet, extended release Oral Tablet, extended release Oral - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Plendil 10 mg 24 Hour tablet 3.17USD tablet Plendil er 10 mg tablet 3.05USD tablet Plendil 10 mg tablet sa 2.96USD tablet Felodipine 10 mg 24 Hour tablet 2.95USD tablet Plendil er 2.5 mg tablet 2.94USD tablet Felodipine er 10 mg tablet 2.72USD tablet Plendil er 5 mg tablet 2.6USD tablet Plendil 5 mg 24 Hour tablet 1.77USD tablet Plendil 2.5 mg 24 Hour tablet 1.76USD tablet Felodipine 5 mg 24 Hour tablet 1.67USD tablet Plendil 2.5 mg tablet sa 1.65USD tablet Plendil 5 mg tablet sa 1.65USD tablet Felodipine 2.5 mg 24 Hour tablet 1.57USD tablet Felodipine er 2.5 mg tablet 1.51USD tablet Felodipine er 5 mg tablet 1.51USD tablet Renedil 10 mg Extended-Release Tablet 1.22USD tablet Plendil 10 mg Extended-Release Tablet 1.15USD tablet Renedil 5 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.81USD tablet Plendil 5 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.77USD tablet Sandoz Felodipine 10 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.73USD tablet Renedil 2.5 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.6USD tablet Plendil 2.5 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.57USD tablet Sandoz Felodipine 5 mg Extended-Release Tablet 0.48USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 145 °C Not Available water solubility 19.7 mg/L Not Available logP 3.86 SANGSTER (1994) Caco2 permeability -4.64 ADME Research, USCD - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00715 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.36 ALOGPS logP 3.44 ChemAxon logS -4.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 19.46 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -6.6 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 64.63 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 ChemAxon Refractivity 99.2 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 37.96 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter Yes ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9878 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.83 Caco-2 permeable + 0.8867 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5149 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8563 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.8383 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8664 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8357 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.9116 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6954 CYP450 1A2 substrate Inhibitor 0.9106 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8948 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9232 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8994 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.7959 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity High CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9304 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7849 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.7511 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9527 Rat acute toxicity 2.4526 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9455 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8734
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positive LC-MS/MS Not Available MS/MS Spectrum - , positive LC-MS/MS splash10-0udu-0139000000-085071c20c5d0c134d8f
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dihydropyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are compounds containing a dihydropyridine moiety bearing a carboxylic acid group.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Pyridines and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Hydropyridines
- Direct Parent
- Dihydropyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Dichlorobenzenes / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Aryl chlorides / Vinylogous amides / Methyl esters / Enoate esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Enamines / Dialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds show 5 more
- Substituents
- Dihydropyridinecarboxylic acid derivative / 1,2-dichlorobenzene / Chlorobenzene / Halobenzene / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Monocyclic benzene moiety / Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives / Benzenoid / Vinylogous amide show 22 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- ethyl ester, dichlorobenzene, methyl ester, dihydropyridine (CHEBI:585948)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
- Gene Name
- CACNA1C
- Uniprot ID
- Q13936
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
- Molecular Weight
- 248974.1 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Furukawa T, Yamakawa T, Midera T, Sagawa T, Mori Y, Nukada T: Selectivities of dihydropyridine derivatives in blocking Ca(2+) channel subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):464-73. [PubMed:10525060]
- Zahradnikova A, Minarovic I, Zahradnik I: Competitive and cooperative effects of Bay K8644 on the L-type calcium channel current inhibition by calcium channel antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):638-45. Epub 2007 May 2. [PubMed:17475903]
- Striessnig, J. (2004). Ca 2+ channel blockers. In Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (pp. 201-207). Berlin: Springer. [ISBN:9783540298328]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Plays an important role in excitation-...
- Gene Name
- CACNA2D1
- Uniprot ID
- P54289
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1
- Molecular Weight
- 124566.93 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Furukawa T, Yamakawa T, Midera T, Sagawa T, Mori Y, Nukada T: Selectivities of dihydropyridine derivatives in blocking Ca(2+) channel subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):464-73. [PubMed:10525060]
- Zahradnikova A, Minarovic I, Zahradnik I: Competitive and cooperative effects of Bay K8644 on the L-type calcium channel current inhibition by calcium channel antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):638-45. Epub 2007 May 2. [PubMed:17475903]
- Striessnig, J. (2004). Ca 2+ channel blockers. In Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (pp. 201-207). Berlin: Springer. [ISBN:9783540298328]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and ina...
- Gene Name
- CACNB2
- Uniprot ID
- Q08289
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2
- Molecular Weight
- 73579.925 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Furukawa T, Yamakawa T, Midera T, Sagawa T, Mori Y, Nukada T: Selectivities of dihydropyridine derivatives in blocking Ca(2+) channel subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):464-73. [PubMed:10525060]
- Zahradnikova A, Minarovic I, Zahradnik I: Competitive and cooperative effects of Bay K8644 on the L-type calcium channel current inhibition by calcium channel antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):638-45. Epub 2007 May 2. [PubMed:17475903]
- Striessnig, J. (2004). Ca 2+ channel blockers. In Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology (pp. 201-207). Berlin: Springer. [ISBN:9783540298328]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved sa node cell action potential
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
- Gene Name
- CACNA1D
- Uniprot ID
- Q01668
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D
- Molecular Weight
- 245138.75 Da
References
- Sinnegger-Brauns MJ, Huber IG, Koschak A, Wild C, Obermair GJ, Einzinger U, Hoda JC, Sartori SB, Striessnig J: Expression and 1,4-dihydropyridine-binding properties of brain L-type calcium channel isoforms. Mol Pharmacol. 2009 Feb;75(2):407-14. doi: 10.1124/mol.108.049981. Epub 2008 Nov 24. [PubMed:19029287]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
- Gene Name
- CACNA1S
- Uniprot ID
- Q13698
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S
- Molecular Weight
- 212348.1 Da
References
- Peterson BZ, Catterall WA: Allosteric interactions required for high-affinity binding of dihydropyridine antagonists to Ca(V)1.1 Channels are modulated by calcium in the pore. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):667-75. Epub 2006 May 4. [PubMed:16675661]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Scaffold protein binding
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
- Gene Name
- CACNA1H
- Uniprot ID
- O95180
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H
- Molecular Weight
- 259160.2 Da
References
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [PubMed:1281221]
- Perez-Reyes E, Van Deusen AL, Vitko I: Molecular pharmacology of human Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels: block by antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, and their analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Feb;328(2):621-7. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145672. Epub 2008 Oct 30. [PubMed:18974361]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- The alpha-2/delta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics of the calcium channel. Acts as a regulatory subunit for P/Q-t...
- Gene Name
- CACNA2D2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NY47
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2
- Molecular Weight
- 129816.095 Da
References
- Cohen CJ, Spires S, Van Skiver D: Block of T-type Ca channels in guinea pig atrial cells by antiarrhythmic agents and Ca channel antagonists. J Gen Physiol. 1992 Oct;100(4):703-28. [PubMed:1281221]
- Perez-Reyes E, Van Deusen AL, Vitko I: Molecular pharmacology of human Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channels: block by antihypertensives, antiarrhythmics, and their analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Feb;328(2):621-7. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.145672. Epub 2008 Oct 30. [PubMed:18974361]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other
- General Function
- Titin binding
- Specific Function
- Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number...
- Gene Name
- CALM1
- Uniprot ID
- P0DP23
- Uniprot Name
- Calmodulin
- Molecular Weight
- 16837.47 Da
References
- Bostrom SL, Westerlund C, Rochester S, Vogel HJ: Binding of a dihydropyridine felodipine-analogue to calmodulin and related calcium-binding proteins. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 1;37(19):3723-8. [PubMed:3178884]
- Johnson JD, Andrews CT, Khabbaza EJ, Mills JS: The interaction of felodipine with calcium-binding proteins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1987;10 Suppl 1:S53-9. [PubMed:2442519]
- Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [PubMed:2933041]
- Lamers JM, Verdouw PD, Mas-Oliva J: The effects of felodipine and bepridil on calcium-stimulated calmodulin binding and calcium pumping ATPase of cardiac sarcolemma before and after removal of endogenous calmodulin. Mol Cell Biochem. 1987 Dec;78(2):169-76. [PubMed:2964559]
- Mills JS, Bailey BL, Johnson JD: Cooperativity among calmodulin's drug binding sites. Biochemistry. 1985 Aug 27;24(18):4897-902. [PubMed:4074665]
- Walsh MP, Sutherland C, Scott-Woo GC: Effects of felodipine (a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker) and analogues on calmodulin-dependent enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Apr 15;37(8):1569-80. [PubMed:2833901]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. Has a preference for cGMP as...
- Gene Name
- PDE1B
- Uniprot ID
- Q01064
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1B
- Molecular Weight
- 61379.235 Da
References
- Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [PubMed:2933041]
- Sharma RK, Wang JH, Wu Z: Mechanisms of inhibition of calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase by dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. J Neurochem. 1997 Aug;69(2):845-50. [PubMed:9231746]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase with a dual-specificity for the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, which are key regulators of many important physiological processes. Has a higher affinity for cG...
- Gene Name
- PDE1A
- Uniprot ID
- P54750
- Uniprot Name
- Calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1A
- Molecular Weight
- 61251.38 Da
References
- Lamers JM, Cysouw KJ, Verdouw PD: Slow calcium channel blockers and calmodulin. Effect of felodipine, nifedipine, prenylamine and bepridil on cardiac sarcolemmal calcium pumping ATPase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1985 Nov 1;34(21):3837-43. [PubMed:2933041]
- Sharma RK, Wang JH, Wu Z: Mechanisms of inhibition of calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase by dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. J Neurochem. 1997 Aug;69(2):845-50. [PubMed:9231746]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Receptor for both mineralocorticoids (MC) such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) such as corticosterone or cortisol. Binds to mineralocorticoid response elements (MRE) and transactivates targ...
- Gene Name
- NR3C2
- Uniprot ID
- P08235
- Uniprot Name
- Mineralocorticoid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 107066.575 Da
References
- Dietz JD, Du S, Bolten CW, Payne MA, Xia C, Blinn JR, Funder JW, Hu X: A number of marketed dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers have mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist activity. Hypertension. 2008 Mar;51(3):742-8. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.103580. Epub 2008 Feb 4. [PubMed:18250364]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other
- General Function
- Calcium ion binding
- Specific Function
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
- Gene Name
- TNNC2
- Uniprot ID
- P02585
- Uniprot Name
- Troponin C, skeletal muscle
- Molecular Weight
- 18121.895 Da
References
- Bostrom SL, Westerlund C, Rochester S, Vogel HJ: Binding of a dihydropyridine felodipine-analogue to calmodulin and related calcium-binding proteins. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 1;37(19):3723-8. [PubMed:3178884]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Other
- General Function
- Troponin t binding
- Specific Function
- Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
- Gene Name
- TNNC1
- Uniprot ID
- P63316
- Uniprot Name
- Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
- Molecular Weight
- 18402.36 Da
References
- Bostrom SL, Westerlund C, Rochester S, Vogel HJ: Binding of a dihydropyridine felodipine-analogue to calmodulin and related calcium-binding proteins. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988 Oct 1;37(19):3723-8. [PubMed:3178884]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Galetin A, Clarke SE, Houston JB: Quinidine and haloperidol as modifiers of CYP3A4 activity: multisite kinetic model approach. Drug Metab Dispos. 2002 Dec;30(12):1512-22. [PubMed:12433827]
- Lown KS, Bailey DG, Fontana RJ, Janardan SK, Adair CH, Fortlage LA, Brown MB, Guo W, Watkins PB: Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP3A protein expression. J Clin Invest. 1997 May 15;99(10):2545-53. doi: 10.1172/JCI119439. [PubMed:9153299]
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Felodipine - LiverTox - NIH [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A5
- Uniprot ID
- P20815
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A5
- Molecular Weight
- 57108.065 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A7
- Uniprot ID
- P24462
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A7
- Molecular Weight
- 57525.03 Da
References
- Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Schoch GA, Yano JK, Sansen S, Dansette PM, Stout CD, Johnson EF: Determinants of cytochrome P450 2C8 substrate binding: structures of complexes with montelukast, troglitazone, felodipine, and 9-cis-retinoic acid. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jun 20;283(25):17227-37. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M802180200. Epub 2008 Apr 15. [PubMed:18413310]
- Walsky RL, Gaman EA, Obach RS: Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;45(1):68-78. [PubMed:15601807]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Enzyme inhibition data obtained from an in vitro study using felodipine at supratherapeutic concentrations.
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Ma B, Prueksaritanont T, Lin JH: Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30. [PubMed:10640508]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Ma B, Prueksaritanont T, Lin JH: Drug interactions with calcium channel blockers: possible involvement of metabolite-intermediate complexation with CYP3A. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Feb;28(2):125-30. [PubMed:10640508]
- Snyder BD, Rowland A, Polasek TM, Miners JO, Doogue MP: Evaluation of felodipine as a potential perpetrator of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Sep;70(9):1115-22. doi: 10.1007/s00228-014-1716-8. Epub 2014 Jul 17. [PubMed:25028073]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 30;289(2):580-5. [PubMed:11716514]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
- Gene Name
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID
- O95342
- Uniprot Name
- Bile salt export pump
- Molecular Weight
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:24014644]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on March 27, 2020 16:56
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