Glucocorticoid receptor

Details

Name
Glucocorticoid receptor
Synonyms
  • GR
  • GRL
  • Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1
Gene Name
NR3C1
Organism
Humans
Amino acid sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0001584|Glucocorticoid receptor
MDSKESLTPGREENPSSVLAQERGDVMDFYKTLRGGATVKVSASSPSLAVASQSDSKQRR
LLVDFPKGSVSNAQQPDLSKAVSLSMGLYMGETETKVMGNDLGFPQQGQISLSSGETDLK
LLEESIANLNRSTSVPENPKSSASTAVSAAPTEKEFPKTHSDVSSEQQHLKGQTGTNGGN
VKLYTTDQSTFDILQDLEFSSGSPGKETNESPWRSDLLIDENCLLSPLAGEDDSFLLEGN
SNEDCKPLILPDTKPKIKDNGDLVLSSPSNVTLPQVKTEKEDFIELCTPGVIKQEKLGTV
YCQASFPGANIIGNKMSAISVHGVSTSGGQMYHYDMNTASLSQQQDQKPIFNVIPPIPVG
SENWNRCQGSGDDNLTSLGTLNFPGRTVFSNGYSSPSMRPDVSSPPSSSSTATTGPPPKL
CLVCSDEASGCHYGVLTCGSCKVFFKRAVEGQHNYLCAGRNDCIIDKIRRKNCPACRYRK
CLQAGMNLEARKTKKKIKGIQQATTGVSQETSENPGNKTIVPATLPQLTPTLVSLLEVIE
PEVLYAGYDSSVPDSTWRIMTTLNMLGGRQVIAAVKWAKAIPGFRNLHLDDQMTLLQYSW
MFLMAFALGWRSYRQSSANLLCFAPDLIINEQRMTLPCMYDQCKHMLYVSSELHRLQVSY
EEYLCMKTLLLLSSVPKDGLKSQELFDEIRMTYIKELGKAIVKREGNSSQNWQRFYQLTK
LLDSMHEVVENLLNYCFQTFLDKTMSIEFPEMLAEIITNQIPKYSNGNIKKLLFHQK
Number of residues
777
Molecular Weight
85658.57
Theoretical pI
6.31
GO Classification
Functions
glucocorticoid receptor activity / glucocorticoid-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity / RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific DNA binding / steroid binding / steroid hormone binding / transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding / transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding / zinc ion binding
Processes
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus / chromatin modification / gene expression / positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter / regulation of transcription, DNA-templated / signal transduction / transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter / transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter / transcription, DNA-templated
Components
cytoplasm / mitochondrial matrix / nucleoplasm / nucleus
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Receptor for glucocorticoids (GC). Has a dual mode of action: as a transcription factor that binds to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE), both for nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and as a modulator of other transcription factors. Affects inflammatory responses, cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Could act as a coactivator for STAT5-dependent transcription upon growth hormone (GH) stimulation and could reveal an essential role of hepatic GR in the control of body growth. Involved in chromatin remodeling. May play a negative role in adipogenesis through the regulation of lipolytic and antilipogenic genes expression.
Pfam Domain Function
Transmembrane Regions
Not Available
Cellular Location
Cytoplasm
Gene sequence
>lcl|BSEQ0020486|Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1)
ATGGACTCCAAAGAATCATTAACTCCTGGTAGAGAAGAAAACCCCAGCAGTGTGCTTGCT
CAGGAGAGGGGAGATGTGATGGACTTCTATAAAACCCTAAGAGGAGGAGCTACTGTGAAG
GTTTCTGCGTCTTCACCCTCACTGGCTGTCGCTTCTCAATCAGACTCCAAGCAGCGAAGA
CTTTTGGTTGATTTTCCAAAAGGCTCAGTAAGCAATGCGCAGCAGCCAGATCTGTCCAAA
GCAGTTTCACTCTCAATGGGACTGTATATGGGAGAGACAGAAACAAAAGTGATGGGAAAT
GACCTGGGATTCCCACAGCAGGGCCAAATCAGCCTTTCCTCGGGGGAAACAGACTTAAAG
CTTTTGGAAGAAAGCATTGCAAACCTCAATAGGTCGACCAGTGTTCCAGAGAACCCCAAG
AGTTCAGCATCCACTGCTGTGTCTGCTGCCCCCACAGAGAAGGAGTTTCCAAAAACTCAC
TCTGATGTATCTTCAGAACAGCAACATTTGAAGGGCCAGACTGGCACCAACGGTGGCAAT
GTGAAATTGTATACCACAGACCAAAGCACCTTTGACATTTTGCAGGATTTGGAGTTTTCT
TCTGGGTCCCCAGGTAAAGAGACGAATGAGAGTCCTTGGAGATCAGACCTGTTGATAGAT
GAAAACTGTTTGCTTTCTCCTCTGGCGGGAGAAGACGATTCATTCCTTTTGGAAGGAAAC
TCGAATGAGGACTGCAAGCCTCTCATTTTACCGGACACTAAACCCAAAATTAAGGATAAT
GGAGATCTGGTTTTGTCAAGCCCCAGTAATGTAACACTGCCCCAAGTGAAAACAGAAAAA
GAAGATTTCATCGAACTCTGCACCCCTGGGGTAATTAAGCAAGAGAAACTGGGCACAGTT
TACTGTCAGGCAAGCTTTCCTGGAGCAAATATAATTGGTAATAAAATGTCTGCCATTTCT
GTTCATGGTGTGAGTACCTCTGGAGGACAGATGTACCACTATGACATGAATACAGCATCC
CTTTCTCAACAGCAGGATCAGAAGCCTATTTTTAATGTCATTCCACCAATTCCCGTTGGT
TCCGAAAATTGGAATAGGTGCCAAGGATCTGGAGATGACAACTTGACTTCTCTGGGGACT
CTGAACTTCCCTGGTCGAACAGTTTTTTCTAATGGCTATTCAAGCCCCAGCATGAGACCA
GATGTAAGCTCTCCTCCATCCAGCTCCTCAACAGCAACAACAGGACCACCTCCCAAACTC
TGCCTGGTGTGCTCTGATGAAGCTTCAGGATGTCATTATGGAGTCTTAACTTGTGGAAGC
TGTAAAGTTTTCTTCAAAAGAGCAGTGGAAGGACAGCACAATTACCTATGTGCTGGAAGG
AATGATTGCATCATCGATAAAATTCGAAGAAAAAACTGCCCAGCATGCCGCTATCGAAAA
TGTCTTCAGGCTGGAATGAACCTGGAAGCTCGAAAAACAAAGAAAAAAATAAAAGGAATT
CAGCAGGCCACTACAGGAGTCTCACAAGAAACCTCTGAAAATCCTGGTAACAAAACAATA
GTTCCTGCAACGTTACCACAACTCACCCCTACCCTGGTGTCACTGTTGGAGGTTATTGAA
CCTGAAGTGTTATATGCAGGATATGATAGCTCTGTTCCAGACTCAACTTGGAGGATCATG
ACTACGCTCAACATGTTAGGAGGGCGGCAAGTGATTGCAGCAGTGAAATGGGCAAAGGCA
ATACCAGGTTTCAGGAACTTACACCTGGATGACCAAATGACCCTACTGCAGTACTCCTGG
ATGTTTCTTATGGCATTTGCTCTGGGGTGGAGATCATATAGACAATCAAGTGCAAACCTG
CTGTGTTTTGCTCCTGATCTGATTATTAATGAGCAGAGAATGACTCTACCCTGCATGTAC
GACCAATGTAAACACATGCTGTATGTTTCCTCTGAGTTACACAGGCTTCAGGTATCTTAT
GAAGAGTATCTCTGTATGAAAACCTTACTGCTTCTCTCTTCAGTTCCTAAGGACGGTCTG
AAGAGCCAAGAGCTATTTGATGAAATTAGAATGACCTACATCAAAGAGCTAGGAAAAGCC
ATTGTCAAGAGGGAAGGAAACTCCAGCCAGAACTGGCAGCGGTTTTATCAACTGACAAAA
CTCTTGGATTCTATGCATGAAGTGGTTGAAAATCTCCTTAACTATTGCTTCCAAACATTT
TTGGATAAGACCATGAGTATTGAATTCCCCGAGATGTTAGCTGAAATCATCACCAATCAG
ATACCAAAATATTCAAATGGAAATATCAAAAAACTTCTGTTTCATCAAAAGTGA
Chromosome Location
5
Locus
5q31.3
External Identifiers
ResourceLink
UniProtKB IDP04150
UniProtKB Entry NameGCR_HUMAN
GenBank Protein ID31680
GenBank Gene IDX03225
GenAtlas IDNR3C1
HGNC IDHGNC:7978
General References
  1. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM: Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature. 1985 Dec 19-1986 Jan 1;318(6047):635-41. [Article]
  2. Encio IJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD: The genomic structure of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem. 1991 Apr 15;266(11):7182-8. [Article]
  3. Wang W, Shen P, Thiyagarajan S, Lin S, Palm C, Horvath R, Klopstock T, Cutler D, Pique L, Schrijver I, Davis RW, Mindrinos M, Speed TP, Scharfe C: Identification of rare DNA variants in mitochondrial disorders with improved array-based sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(1):44-58. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq750. Epub 2010 Sep 15. [Article]
  4. Turner JD, Schote AB, Keipes M, Muller CP: A new transcript splice variant of the human glucocorticoid receptor: identification and tissue distribution of hGR Delta 313-338, an alternative exon 2 transactivation domain isoform. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Jan;1095:334-41. [Article]
  5. Bechtel S, Rosenfelder H, Duda A, Schmidt CP, Ernst U, Wellenreuther R, Mehrle A, Schuster C, Bahr A, Blocker H, Heubner D, Hoerlein A, Michel G, Wedler H, Kohrer K, Ottenwalder B, Poustka A, Wiemann S, Schupp I: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA Consortium. BMC Genomics. 2007 Oct 31;8:399. [Article]
  6. Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, Couronne O, Grimwood J, Lowry S, Gordon LA, Scott D, Xie G, Huang W, Hellsten U, Tran-Gyamfi M, She X, Prabhakar S, Aerts A, Altherr M, Bajorek E, Black S, Branscomb E, Caoile C, Challacombe JF, Chan YM, Denys M, Detter JC, Escobar J, Flowers D, Fotopulos D, Glavina T, Gomez M, Gonzales E, Goodstein D, Grigoriev I, Groza M, Hammon N, Hawkins T, Haydu L, Israni S, Jett J, Kadner K, Kimball H, Kobayashi A, Lopez F, Lou Y, Martinez D, Medina C, Morgan J, Nandkeshwar R, Noonan JP, Pitluck S, Pollard M, Predki P, Priest J, Ramirez L, Retterer J, Rodriguez A, Rogers S, Salamov A, Salazar A, Thayer N, Tice H, Tsai M, Ustaszewska A, Vo N, Wheeler J, Wu K, Yang J, Dickson M, Cheng JF, Eichler EE, Olsen A, Pennacchio LA, Rokhsar DS, Richardson P, Lucas SM, Myers RM, Rubin EM: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5. Nature. 2004 Sep 16;431(7006):268-74. [Article]
  7. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R, Good P, Guyer M, Peck AM, Derge JG, Lipman D, Collins FS, Jang W, Sherry S, Feolo M, Misquitta L, Lee E, Rotmistrovsky K, Greenhut SF, Schaefer CF, Buetow K, Bonner TI, Haussler D, Kent J, Kiekhaus M, Furey T, Brent M, Prange C, Schreiber K, Shapiro N, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Hsie F, Driscoll T, Soares MB, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brown-stein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Piao Y, Dudekula DB, Ko MS, Kawakami K, Suzuki Y, Sugano S, Gruber CE, Smith MR, Simmons B, Moore T, Waterman R, Johnson SL, Ruan Y, Wei CL, Mathavan S, Gunaratne PH, Wu J, Garcia AM, Hulyk SW, Fuh E, Yuan Y, Sneed A, Kowis C, Hodgson A, Muzny DM, McPherson J, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madari A, Young AC, Wetherby KD, Granite SJ, Kwong PN, Brinkley CP, Pearson RL, Bouffard GG, Blakesly RW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Krzywinski MI, Liao N, Morin R, Palmquist D, Petrescu AS, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Stott JM, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Holt RA, Baross A, Marra MA, Clifton S, Makowski KA, Bosak S, Malek J: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome Res. 2004 Oct;14(10B):2121-7. [Article]
  8. Leclerc S, Xie BX, Roy R, Govindan MV: Purification of a human glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter-binding protein. Production of polyclonal antibodies against the purified factor. J Biol Chem. 1991 May 15;266(14):8711-9. [Article]
  9. Govindan MV, Pothier F, Leclerc S, Palaniswami R, Xie B: Human glucocorticoid receptor gene promotor-homologous down regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991;40(1-3):317-23. [Article]
  10. Weinberger C, Hollenberg SM, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM: Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1985 Dec 19-1986 Jan 1;318(6047):670-2. [Article]
  11. Moalli PA, Pillay S, Krett NL, Rosen ST: Alternatively spliced glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNAs in glucocorticoid-resistant human multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 1;53(17):3877-9. [Article]
  12. Henriksson A, Almlof T, Ford J, McEwan IJ, Gustafsson JA, Wright AP: Role of the Ada adaptor complex in gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):3065-73. [Article]
  13. Fryer CJ, Archer TK: Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex. Nature. 1998 May 7;393(6680):88-91. [Article]
  14. Schneikert J, Hubner S, Martin E, Cato AC: A nuclear action of the eukaryotic cochaperone RAP46 in downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor activity. J Cell Biol. 1999 Sep 6;146(5):929-40. [Article]
  15. Rivers C, Levy A, Hancock J, Lightman S, Norman M: Insertion of an amino acid in the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor as a result of alternative splicing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Nov;84(11):4283-6. [Article]
  16. Kayes-Wandover KM, White PC: Steroidogenic enzyme gene expression in the human heart. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jul;85(7):2519-25. [Article]
  17. Mahajan MA, Samuels HH: A new family of nuclear receptor coregulators that integrate nuclear receptor signaling through CREB-binding protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jul;20(14):5048-63. [Article]
  18. Diamond MI, Robinson MR, Yamamoto KR: Regulation of expanded polyglutamine protein aggregation and nuclear localization by the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jan 18;97(2):657-61. [Article]
  19. Wallace AD, Cidlowski JA: Proteasome-mediated glucocorticoid receptor degradation restricts transcriptional signaling by glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 16;276(46):42714-21. Epub 2001 Sep 12. [Article]
  20. Strickland I, Kisich K, Hauk PJ, Vottero A, Chrousos GP, Klemm DJ, Leung DY: High constitutive glucocorticoid receptor beta in human neutrophils enables them to reduce their spontaneous rate of cell death in response to corticosteroids. J Exp Med. 2001 Mar 5;193(5):585-93. [Article]
  21. Yudt MR, Cidlowski JA: Molecular identification and characterization of a and b forms of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Jul;15(7):1093-103. [Article]
  22. Tian S, Poukka H, Palvimo JJ, Janne OA: Small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1) modification of the glucocorticoid receptor. Biochem J. 2002 Nov 1;367(Pt 3):907-11. [Article]
  23. Wang Z, Frederick J, Garabedian MJ: Deciphering the phosphorylation "code" of the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 19;277(29):26573-80. Epub 2002 May 8. [Article]
  24. Wong CW, McNally C, Nickbarg E, Komm BS, Cheskis BJ: Estrogen receptor-interacting protein that modulates its nongenomic activity-crosstalk with Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 12;99(23):14783-8. Epub 2002 Nov 1. [Article]
  25. Lu NZ, Cidlowski JA: The origin and functions of multiple human glucocorticoid receptor isoforms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun;1024:102-23. [Article]
  26. Guerrero-Santoro J, Yang L, Stallcup MR, DeFranco DB: Distinct LIM domains of Hic-5/ARA55 are required for nuclear matrix targeting and glucocorticoid receptor binding and coactivation. J Cell Biochem. 2004 Jul 1;92(4):810-9. [Article]
  27. Martens C, Bilodeau S, Maira M, Gauthier Y, Drouin J: Protein-protein interactions and transcriptional antagonism between the subfamily of NGFI-B/Nur77 orphan nuclear receptors and glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;19(4):885-97. Epub 2004 Dec 9. [Article]
  28. Shimizu N, Ouchida R, Yoshikawa N, Hisada T, Watanabe H, Okamoto K, Kusuhara M, Handa H, Morimoto C, Tanaka H: HEXIM1 forms a transcriptionally abortive complex with glucocorticoid receptor without involving 7SK RNA and positive transcription elongation factor b. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 14;102(24):8555-60. Epub 2005 Jun 7. [Article]
  29. Chadli A, Graham JD, Abel MG, Jackson TA, Gordon DF, Wood WM, Felts SJ, Horwitz KB, Toft D: GCUNC-45 is a novel regulator for the progesterone receptor/hsp90 chaperoning pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Mar;26(5):1722-30. [Article]
  30. Beausoleil SA, Villen J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP: A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nat Biotechnol. 2006 Oct;24(10):1285-92. Epub 2006 Sep 10. [Article]
  31. Daub H, Olsen JV, Bairlein M, Gnad F, Oppermann FS, Korner R, Greff Z, Keri G, Stemmann O, Mann M: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle. Mol Cell. 2008 Aug 8;31(3):438-48. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007. [Article]
  32. Dephoure N, Zhou C, Villen J, Beausoleil SA, Bakalarski CE, Elledge SJ, Gygi SP: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 5;105(31):10762-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105. Epub 2008 Jul 31. [Article]
  33. Nader N, Chrousos GP, Kino T: Circadian rhythm transcription factor CLOCK regulates the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor by acetylating its hinge region lysine cluster: potential physiological implications. FASEB J. 2009 May;23(5):1572-83. doi: 10.1096/fj.08-117697. Epub 2009 Jan 13. [Article]
  34. Mayya V, Lundgren DH, Hwang SI, Rezaul K, Wu L, Eng JK, Rodionov V, Han DK: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions. Sci Signal. 2009 Aug 18;2(84):ra46. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007. [Article]
  35. Olsen JV, Vermeulen M, Santamaria A, Kumar C, Miller ML, Jensen LJ, Gnad F, Cox J, Jensen TS, Nigg EA, Brunak S, Mann M: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis. Sci Signal. 2010 Jan 12;3(104):ra3. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475. [Article]
  36. Burkard TR, Planyavsky M, Kaupe I, Breitwieser FP, Burckstummer T, Bennett KL, Superti-Furga G, Colinge J: Initial characterization of the human central proteome. BMC Syst Biol. 2011 Jan 26;5:17. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17. [Article]
  37. Psarra AM, Sekeris CE: Glucocorticoids induce mitochondrial gene transcription in HepG2 cells: role of the mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct;1813(10):1814-21. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.05.014. Epub 2011 Jun 2. [Article]
  38. Gallo LI, Lagadari M, Piwien-Pilipuk G, Galigniana MD: The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90)-binding immunophilin FKBP51 is a mitochondrial protein that translocates to the nucleus to protect cells against oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 26;286(34):30152-60. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.256610. Epub 2011 Jul 5. [Article]
  39. Lamia KA, Papp SJ, Yu RT, Barish GD, Uhlenhaut NH, Jonker JW, Downes M, Evans RM: Cryptochromes mediate rhythmic repression of the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature. 2011 Dec 14;480(7378):552-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10700. [Article]
  40. Charmandari E, Chrousos GP, Lambrou GI, Pavlaki A, Koide H, Ng SS, Kino T: Peripheral CLOCK regulates target-tissue glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity in a circadian fashion in man. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e25612. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025612. Epub 2011 Sep 28. [Article]
  41. Van Damme P, Lasa M, Polevoda B, Gazquez C, Elosegui-Artola A, Kim DS, De Juan-Pardo E, Demeyer K, Hole K, Larrea E, Timmerman E, Prieto J, Arnesen T, Sherman F, Gevaert K, Aldabe R: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12449-54. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109. Epub 2012 Jul 18. [Article]
  42. Druker J, Liberman AC, Antunica-Noguerol M, Gerez J, Paez-Pereda M, Rein T, Iniguez-Lluhi JA, Holsboer F, Arzt E: RSUME enhances glucocorticoid receptor SUMOylation and transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Jun;33(11):2116-27. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01470-12. Epub 2013 Mar 18. [Article]
  43. Bian Y, Song C, Cheng K, Dong M, Wang F, Huang J, Sun D, Wang L, Ye M, Zou H: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. J Proteomics. 2014 Jan 16;96:253-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 22. [Article]
  44. Bledsoe RK, Montana VG, Stanley TB, Delves CJ, Apolito CJ, McKee DD, Consler TG, Parks DJ, Stewart EL, Willson TM, Lambert MH, Moore JT, Pearce KH, Xu HE: Crystal structure of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain reveals a novel mode of receptor dimerization and coactivator recognition. Cell. 2002 Jul 12;110(1):93-105. [Article]
  45. Kauppi B, Jakob C, Farnegardh M, Yang J, Ahola H, Alarcon M, Calles K, Engstrom O, Harlan J, Muchmore S, Ramqvist AK, Thorell S, Ohman L, Greer J, Gustafsson JA, Carlstedt-Duke J, Carlquist M: The three-dimensional structures of antagonistic and agonistic forms of the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding domain: RU-486 induces a transconformation that leads to active antagonism. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 20;278(25):22748-54. Epub 2003 Apr 9. [Article]
  46. Hurley DM, Accili D, Stratakis CA, Karl M, Vamvakopoulos N, Rorer E, Constantine K, Taylor SI, Chrousos GP: Point mutation causing a single amino acid substitution in the hormone binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor in familial glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Invest. 1991 Feb;87(2):680-6. [Article]
  47. Powers JH, Hillmann AG, Tang DC, Harmon JM: Cloning and expression of mutant glucocorticoid receptors from glucocorticoid-sensitive and -resistant human leukemic cells. Cancer Res. 1993 Sep 1;53(17):4059-65. [Article]
  48. Karl M, Lamberts SW, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Encio IJ, Stratakis CA, Hurley DM, Accili D, Chrousos GP: Familial glucocorticoid resistance caused by a splice site deletion in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar;76(3):683-9. [Article]
  49. Malchoff DM, Brufsky A, Reardon G, McDermott P, Javier EC, Bergh CH, Rowe D, Malchoff CD: A mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary cortisol resistance. J Clin Invest. 1993 May;91(5):1918-25. [Article]
  50. Ashraf J, Thompson EB: Identification of the activation-labile gene: a single point mutation in the human glucocorticoid receptor presents as two distinct receptor phenotypes. Mol Endocrinol. 1993 May;7(5):631-42. [Article]
  51. Koper JW, Stolk RP, de Lange P, Huizenga NA, Molijn GJ, Pols HA, Grobbee DE, Karl M, de Jong FH, Brinkmann AO, Lamberts SW: Lack of association between five polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor gene and glucocorticoid resistance. Hum Genet. 1997 May;99(5):663-8. [Article]
  52. Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes. Nat Genet. 1999 Jul;22(3):231-8. [Article]
  53. Feng J, Zheng J, Bennett WP, Heston LL, Jones IR, Craddock N, Sommer SS: Five missense variants in the amino-terminal domain of the glucocorticoid receptor: no association with puerperal psychosis or schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet. 2000 Jun 12;96(3):412-7. [Article]
  54. Ruiz M, Lind U, Gafvels M, Eggertsen G, Carlstedt-Duke J, Nilsson L, Holtmann M, Stierna P, Wikstrom AC, Werner S: Characterization of two novel mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor gene in patients with primary cortisol resistance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001 Sep;55(3):363-71. [Article]
  55. Dobson MG, Redfern CP, Unwin N, Weaver JU: The N363S polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor: potential contribution to central obesity in men and lack of association with other risk factors for coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 May;86(5):2270-4. [Article]
  56. Kino T, Stauber RH, Resau JH, Pavlakis GN, Chrousos GP: Pathologic human GR mutant has a transdominant negative effect on the wild-type GR by inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus: importance of the ligand-binding domain for intracellular GR trafficking. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5600-8. [Article]
  57. van Rossum EF, Koper JW, Huizenga NA, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen JA, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, van Duyn CM, Pols HA, Lamberts SW: A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene, which decreases sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo, is associated with low insulin and cholesterol levels. Diabetes. 2002 Oct;51(10):3128-34. [Article]
  58. Mendonca BB, Leite MV, de Castro M, Kino T, Elias LL, Bachega TA, Arnhold IJ, Chrousos GP, Latronico AC: Female pseudohermaphroditism caused by a novel homozygous missense mutation of the GR gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Apr;87(4):1805-9. [Article]
  59. Vottero A, Kino T, Combe H, Lecomte P, Chrousos GP: A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2658-67. [Article]
  60. van Rossum EF, Feelders RA, van den Beld AW, Uitterlinden AG, Janssen JA, Ester W, Brinkmann AO, Grobbee DE, de Jong FH, Pols HA, Koper JW, Lamberts SW: Association of the ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene with survival and C-reactive protein levels in elderly men. Am J Med. 2004 Aug 1;117(3):158-62. [Article]
  61. van Rossum EF, Voorhoeve PG, te Velde SJ, Koper JW, Delemarre-van de Waal HA, Kemper HC, Lamberts SW: The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with a beneficial body composition and muscle strength in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Aug;89(8):4004-9. [Article]
  62. Charmandari E, Raji A, Kino T, Ichijo T, Tiulpakov A, Zachman K, Chrousos GP: A novel point mutation in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) causing generalized glucocorticoid resistance: the importance of the C terminus of hGR LBD in conferring transactivational activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3696-705. Epub 2005 Mar 15. [Article]
  63. Charmandari E, Kino T, Ichijo T, Jubiz W, Mejia L, Zachman K, Chrousos GP: A novel point mutation in helix 11 of the ligand-binding domain of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene causing generalized glucocorticoid resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Oct;92(10):3986-90. Epub 2007 Jul 17. [Article]

Drug Relations

Drug Relations
DrugBank IDNameDrug groupPharmacological action?ActionsDetails
DB00288AmcinonideapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00443Betamethasoneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00635Prednisoneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00764MometasoneexperimentalyesagonistDetails
DB00959Methylprednisoloneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB01222BudesonideapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB01234Dexamethasoneapproved, investigational, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00741Hydrocortisoneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00769HydrocortamateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB14596Loteprednol etabonateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00588Fluticasone propionateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00834Mifepristoneapproved, investigationalyesantagonistDetails
DB02210Hexane-1,6-DiolexperimentalunknownDetails
DB00180Flunisolideapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00663Flumethasoneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB05423ORG-34517investigationalunknownDetails
DB01410Ciclesonideapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00351Megestrol acetateapproved, investigational, vet_approvedunknownagonistDetails
DB01130Prednicarbateapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00860Prednisoloneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB01185Fluoxymesteroneapproved, illicitunknownantagonistDetails
DB00591Fluocinolone acetonideapproved, investigational, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00846FlurandrenolideapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00394Beclomethasone dipropionateapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00687Fludrocortisoneapproved, investigationalunknownagonistDetails
DB00620Triamcinoloneapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB01013Clobetasol propionateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00838ClocortoloneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00547DesoximetasoneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00896RimexoloneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00596UlobetasolapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00253MedrysoneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00240AlclometasoneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB01260Desonideapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00223DiflorasoneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB01047Fluocinonideapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB01384ParamethasoneexperimentalyesagonistDetails
DB06781DifluprednateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB01380Cortisone acetateapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB00324Fluorometholoneapproved, investigationalyesagonistDetails
DB08867UlipristalapprovedyesantagonistDetails
DB08906Fluticasone furoateapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB00421SpironolactoneapprovedunknownantagonistDetails
DB13158ClobetasoneapprovedyesagonistDetails
DB04630Aldosteroneexperimental, investigationalunknownDetails
DB13003CortivazolinvestigationalunknownDetails
DB12637OnapristoneinvestigationalunknownDetails
DB00396Progesteroneapproved, vet_approvedunknownpartial agonistDetails
DB09091Tixocortolapproved, withdrawnyesbinderDetails
DB09095Difluocortoloneapproved, investigational, withdrawnyesbinderDetails
DB11619GestrinoneapprovedunknownantagonistDetails
DB14512Mometasone furoateapproved, investigational, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14538Hydrocortisone aceponateexperimental, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14539Hydrocortisone acetateapproved, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14540Hydrocortisone butyrateapproved, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14541Hydrocortisone cypionateapproved, investigational, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14542Hydrocortisone phosphateapproved, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14543Hydrocortisone probutateapproved, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14544Hydrocortisone valerateapproved, vet_approvedyesDetails
DB14583Segesterone acetateapproved, experimental, investigationalnoagonistDetails
DB13867Fluticasoneapproved, experimentalyesagonistDetails
DB11921Deflazacortapproved, investigationalunknownagonistDetails
DB00367Levonorgestrelapproved, investigationalunknownbinderDetails
DB01395DrospirenoneapprovedunknownbinderDetails
DB15566Prednisolone acetateapproved, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB00717NorethisteroneapprovedunknownagonistDetails
DB14631Prednisolone phosphateapproved, vet_approvedunknownagonistDetails
DB14669Betamethasone phosphateapproved, vet_approvedunknownagonistDetails
DB14649Dexamethasone acetateapproved, investigational, vet_approvedyesagonistDetails
DB15114Vamoroloneapproved, investigationalunknownagonistDetails