Showing drug card for L-Alanine (DB00160)

• NUTR00013

• Approved
• Nutraceutical
• Small Molecule

1. (2S)-2-Aminopropanoic acid
2. (S)-(+)-Alanine
3. (S)-2-Aminopropanoic acid
4. (S)-Alanine
5. 2-Aminopropanoic acid
6. 2-Aminopropionic acid
7. ALA
8. Alanine
9. L-(+)-Alanine
10. L-2-Aminopropanoic acid
11. L-2-Aminopropionic acid
12. L-a-Alanine
13. L-a-Aminopropionic acid
14. a-Alanine
15. a-Aminopropionic acid

1. Aminosyn (Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine + L-Lysine (L-Lysine Acetate) + L-Phenylalanine + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Tyrosine + L-Valine + Methionine + Serine + Tryptophan)
2. Aminosyn II (Glutamic Acid + Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Aspartic Acid + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine + L-Lysine (L-Lysine Acetate) + L-Phenylalanine + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Valine + Methionine + N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine + Serine + Tryptophan)
3. Primene (Glutamic Acid + Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Aspartic Acid + L-Cysteine + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine + L-Lysine + L-Ornithine Dihydrochloride + L-Phenylalanine + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Tyrosine + L-Valine + Methionine + Serine + Taurine + Tryptophan)
4. Renamin (Amino Acids) Injection (Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine + L-Lysine Hydrochloride + L-Phenylalanine + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Tyrosine + L-Valine + Methionine + Serine + Tryptophan)
5. Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes (Dextrose + Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine + L-Lysine (L-Lysine Hydrochloride) + L-Phenylalanine + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Tyrosine + L-Valine + Magnesium Chloride + Methionine + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Serine + Sodium Acetate + Sodium Chloride + Tryptophan)
6. Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes (Dextrose + Glycine + Histidine + L-Alanine + L-Arginine + L-Isoleucine + L-Leucine Hydrochloride + L-Lysine Hydrochloride + L-Phenylalanine Hydrochloride + L-Proline + L-Threonine + L-Tyrosine + L-Valine + Methionine + Tryptophan)

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• Dietary supplement
• Micronutrient
• Non-Essential Amino Acids

• Humans and other mammals

1. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial
2. Cysteine desulfurase, mitochondrial
3. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
4. Alanyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic
5. Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase
6. Kynureninase
7. Neutral amino acid transporter A
8. Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
9. Alanine aminotransferase 1
10. Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 2
11. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 2
12. Alanine aminotransferase 2
13. Probable alanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial

1. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate--pyruvate transaminase
2. AGT 2
3. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial precursor
4. Beta- ALAAT II
5. Beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase
6. D-AIBAT
7. EC 2.6.1.40
8. EC 2.6.1.44

MTLIWRHLLRPLCLVTSAPRILEMHPFLSLGTSRTSVTKLSLHTKPRMPPCDFMPERYQS
LGYNRVLEIHKEHLSPVVTAYFQKPLLLHQGHMEWLFDAEGSRYLDFFSGIVTVSVGHCH
PKVNAVAQKQLGRLWHTSTVFFHPPMHEYAEKLAALLPEPLKVIFLVNSGSEANELAMLM
ARAHSNNIDIISFRGAYHGCSPYTLGLTNVGTYKMELPGGTGCQPTMCPDVFRGPWGGSH
CRDSPVQTIRKCSCAPDCCQAKDQYIEQFKDTLSTSVAKSIAGFFAEPIQGVNGVVQYPK
GFLKEAFELVRARGGVCIADEVQTGFGRLGSHFWGFQTHDVLPDIVTMAKGIGNGFPMAA
VITTPEIAKSLAKCLQHFNTFGGNPMACAIGSAVLEVIKEENLQENSQEVGTYMLLKFAK
LRDEFEIVGDVRGKGLMIGIEMVQDKISCRPLPREEVNQIHEDCKHMGLLVGRGSIFSQT
FRIAPSMCITKPEVDFAVEVFRSALTQHMERRAK

• (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion (Potential)

ATGACTCTAATCTGGAGACATTTGCTGAGACCCTTGTGCCTGGTCACTTCCGCTCCCAGG
ATCCTTGAGATGCATCCTTTCCTGAGCCTAGGTACTTCCCGGACATCAGTAACCAAGCTC
AGTCTTCATACAAAGCCCAGAATGCCTCCATGTGACTTCATGCCTGAAAGATACCAGTCC
CTTGGCTACAACCGTGTCCTGGAAATCCACAAGGAACATCTTTCTCCTGTGGTGACGGCA
TATTTCCAGAAACCCCTGCTGCTCCACCAGGGGCACATGGAGTGGCTCTTTGATGCTGAA
GGAAGCAGATACCTGGATTTCTTTTCCGGGATTGTTACTGTCAGTGTTGGCCATTGCCAC
CCAAAGGTGAATGCAGTGGCACAAAAGCAGCTCGGCCGCCTGTGGCATACAAGCACCGTC
TTCTTCCACCCTCCAATGCATGAATATGCAGAGAAGCTTGCCGCACTTCTTCCTGAGCCT
CTTAAGGTCATTTTCTTGGTGAACAGTGGCTCAGAAGCCAATGAGCTGGCCATGCTGATG
GCCAGGGCGCACTCAAACAACATAGACATCATTTCTTTCAGAGGAGCCTACCATGGATGC
AGTCCTTACACACTTGGCTTGACAAACGTAGGGACCTACAAGATGGAACTCCCTGGTGGG
ACAGGTTGCCAACCAACAATGTGTCCAGATGTTTTTCGTGGCCCTTGGGGAGGAAGCCAC
TGTCGAGATTCTCCAGTGCAAACAATCAGGAAGTGCAGCTGTGCACCAGACTGCTGCCAA
GCTAAAGATCAGTATATTGAGCAATTCAAAGATACGCTGAGCACATCTGTGGCCAAGTCA
ATTGCTGGATTTTTCGCAGAACCTATTCAAGGTGTGAATGGAGTTGTCCAGTACCCAAAG
GGGTTTCTAAAGGAAGCCTTTGAGCTGGTGCGAGCAAGGGGAGGCGTGTGCATTGCAGAT
GAAGTGCAGACAGGATTTGGAAGGTTGGGCTCTCACTTCTGGGGCTTCCAAACCCACGAT
GTCCTGCCTGACATTGTCACCATGGCTAAAGGGATTGGGAATGGCTTTCCCATGGCAGCA
GTCATAACCACTCCAGAGATTGCCAAATCTTTGGCGAAATGCCTGCAGCACTTCAACACC
TTTGGAGGGAACCCCATGGCCTGTGCCATTGGATCTGCTGTGCTTGAGGTGATTAAAGAA
GAAAATCTACAGGAAAACAGTCAAGAAGTTGGGACCTACATGTTACTAAAGTTTGCTAAG
CTGCGGGATGAATTTGAAATTGTTGGAGACGTCCGAGGCAAAGGTCTCATGATAGGCATA
GAAATGGTGCAGGATAAGATAAGCTGTCGGCCTCTTCCCCGTGAAGAAGTAAATCAGATC
CATGAGGACTGCAAGCACATGGGACTCCTCGTTGGCAGAGGCAGCATTTTTTCTCAGACA
TTTCGCATTGCGCCCTCAATGTGCATCACTAAACCAGAAGTTGATTTTGCAGTAGAAGTA
TTTCGTTCTGCCTTAACCCAACACATGGAAAGAAGAGCTAAGTAA

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
3. Okuno E, Ishikawa T, Kawai J, Kido R: Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activities in liver of Suncus murinus (insectivora). Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1988;90(4):773-8. [PubMed ]
4. Takada Y, Mori T, Noguchi T: The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzymes in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Feb 15;229(1):1-6. [PubMed ]

1. Cysteine desulfurase, mitochondrial precursor
2. EC 2.8.1.7

MLLRAAWRRAAVAVTAAPGPKPAAPTRGLRLRVGDRAPQSAVPADTAAAPEVGPVLRPLY
MDVQATTPLDPRVLDAMLPYLINYYGNPHSRTHAYGWESEAAMERARQQVASLIGADPRE
IIFTSGATESNNIAIKGVARFYRSRKKHLITTQTEHKCVLDSCRSLEAEGFQVTYLPVQK
SGIIDLKELEAAIQPDTSLVSVMTVNNEIGVKQPIAEIGRICSSRKVYFHTDAAQAVGKI
PLDVNDMKIDLMSISGHKIYGPKGVGAIYIRRRPRVRVEALQSGGGQERGMRSGTVPTPL
VVGLGAACEVAQQEMEYDHKRISKLSERLIQNIMKSLPDVVMNGDPKHHYPGCINLSFAY
VEGESLLMALKDVALSSGSACTSASLEPSYVLRAIGTDEDLAHSSIRFGIGRFTTEEEVD
YTVEKCIQHVKRLREMSPLWEMVQDGIDLKSIKWTQH

• L-cysteine + [enzyme]-cysteine = L-alanine + [enzyme]-S-sulfanylcysteine ALL_REAC (other) R07460

• Aminotran_5 (PF00266 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion. Cytoplasm

ATGCTGCTCCGAGTCGCTTGGAGGCGGGCGGCAGTGGCGGTGACAGCGGCTCCAGGGCCG
AAGCCCGCGGCGCCCACTCGGGGGCTGCGCCTGCGCGTTGGAGACCGTGCTCCTCAGTCT
GCGGTTCCCGCAGATACAACCGCTGCCCCGGAGGTGGGGCCAGTGCTGCGACCTCTCTAT
ATGGATGTGCAAGCTACAACTCCTCTGGACCCCCGGGTGCTTGATGCCATGCTCCCTTAC
CTAATCAACTACTATGGGAACCCACACTCCCGGACACATGCTTATGGCTGGGAGAGTGAG
GCAGCCATGGAACGTGCTCGTCAGCAAGTAGCATCTCTGATTGGAGCTGATCCTCGTGAG
ATCATTTTTACTAGTGGTGCTACTGAATCCAACAACATAGCAATTAAGGGGGTGGCCCGA
TTCTACAGGTCACGGAAAAAGCACTTGATCACCACCCAGACAGAACACAAATGTGTCTTG
GACTCCTGCCGTTCACTGGAAGCTGAGGGCTTTCAGGTCACCTACCTCCCAGTGCAGAAG
AGTGGGATCATTGACCTAAAGGAACTAGAGGCTGCTATCCAGCCAGATACTAGCCTGGTG
TCAGTCATGACTGTGAACAATGAGATTGGAGTGAAGCAGCCTATTGCAGAAATAGGGCGG
ATTTGCAGTTCCAGAAAGGTATATTTCCATACTGATGCAGCCCAGGCTGTTGGAAAAATC
CCACTTGATGTCAATGACATGAAAATTGATCTCATGAGCATTAGTGGTCACAAAATCTAC
GGTCCCAAAGGGGTTGGTGCCATCTACATCCGTCGCCGGCCCCGTGTGCGTGTGGAGGCC
CTGCAGAGTGGAGGGGGGCAGGAGCGGGGTATGCGGTCTGGGACAGTGCCCACACCCTTA
GTGGTGGGGTTGGGGGCTGCGTGTGAGGTGGCACAGCAAGAGATGGAGTATGACCACAAG
CGAATCTCAAAGTTGTCAGAGCGGCTGATACAGAATATAATGAAGAGCCTTCCAGATGTG
GTGATGAATGGGGACCCTAAGCACCATTATCCCGGCTGTATCAACCTCTCCTTTGCATAT
GTGGAAGGGGAAAGTCTGCTGATGGCACTGAAGGACGTTGCCTTATCCTCAGGGAGTGCC
TGCACCTCTGCATCCCTGGAGCCCTCTTATGTGCTTAGAGCAATTGGCACTGATGAGGAT
TTAGCGCACTCTTCTATCAGGTTTGGAATTGGCGCTTTCACTACAGAGGAGGAAGTGGAC
TACACAGTGGAGAAATGCATTCAGCATGTGAATCGTCTTCGAGAAATGAGCCCTCTCTGG
GAGATGGTTCAGGATGGCATTGACCTCAAGAGCATCAAGTGGACCCAACACTAG

1. Tong WH, Rouault T: Distinct iron-sulfur cluster assembly complexes exist in the cytosol and mitochondria of human cells. EMBO J. 2000 Nov 1;19(21):5692-700. [PubMed ]
2. Stanchi F, Bertocco E, Toppo S, Dioguardi R, Simionati B, Cannata N, Zimbello R, Lanfranchi G, Valle G: Characterization of 16 novel human genes showing high similarity to yeast sequences. Yeast. 2001 Jan 15;18(1):69-80. [PubMed ]
3. Deloukas P, Matthews LH, Ashurst J, Burton J, Gilbert JG, Jones M, Stavrides G, Almeida JP, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Barlow KF, Bates KN, Beard LM, Beare DM, Beasley OP, Bird CP, Blakey SE, Bridgeman AM, Brown AJ, Buck D, Burrill W, Butler AP, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clamp M, Clark G, Clark LN, Clark SY, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley VE, Collier RE, Connor R, Corby NR, Coulson A, Coville GJ, Deadman R, Dhami P, Dunn M, Ellington AG, Frankland JA, Fraser A, French L, Garner P, Grafham DV, Griffiths C, Griffiths MN, Gwilliam R, Hall RE, Hammond S, Harley JL, Heath PD, Ho S, Holden JL, Howden PJ, Huckle E, Hunt AR, Hunt SE, Jekosch K, Johnson CM, Johnson D, Kay MP, Kimberley AM, King A, Knights A, Laird GK, Lawlor S, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha M, Lloyd C, Lloyd DM, Lovell JD, Marsh VL, Martin SL, McConnachie LJ, McLay K, McMurray AA, Milne S, Mistry D, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Nickerson T, Oliver K, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce TA, Peck AI, Phillimore BJ, Prathalingam SR, Plumb RW, Ramsay H, Rice CM, Ross MT, Scott CE, Sehra HK, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Skuce CD, Smith ML, Soderlund C, Steward CA, Sulston JE, Swann M, Sycamore N, Taylor R, Tee L, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans AC, Vaudin M, Wall M, Wallis JM, Whitehead SL, Whittaker P, Willey DL, Williams L, Williams SA, Wilming L, Wray PW, Hubbard T, Durbin RM, Bentley DR, Beck S, Rogers J: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20. Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):865-71. [PubMed ]
4. Land T, Rouault TA: Targeting of a human iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme, nifs, to different subcellular compartments is regulated through alternative AUG utilization. Mol Cell. 1998 Dec;2(6):807-15. [PubMed ]

1. You D, Wang L, Yao F, Zhou X, Deng Z: A novel DNA modification by sulfur: DndA is a NifS-like cysteine desulfurase capable of assembling DndC as an iron-sulfur cluster protein in Streptomyces lividans. Biochemistry. 2007 May 22;46(20):6126-33. Epub 2007 May 1. [PubMed ]
2. Zeng J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xia L, Liu J, Qiu G: Expression, purification and characterization of a cysteine desulfurase, IscS, from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biotechnol Lett. 2007 Jul 28;. [PubMed ]

1. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase
2. 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial precursor
3. EC 2.6.1.19
4. EC 2.6.1.22
5. GABA aminotransferase
6. GABA transaminase
7. GABA-AT
8. GABA-T
9. Gamma-amino-N-butyrate transaminase
10. L-AIBAT

MASMLLAQRLACSFQHSYRLLVPGSRHISQAAAKVDVEFDYDGPLMKTEVPGPRSQELMK
QLNIIQNAEAVHFFCNYEESRGNYLVDVDGNRMLDLYSQISSVPIGYSHPALLKLIQQPQ
NASMFVNRPALGILPPENFVEKLRQSLLSVAPKGMSQLITMACGSCSNENALKTIFMWYR
SKERGQRGFSQEELETCMINQAPGCPDYSILSFMGAFHGRTMGCLATTHSKAIHKIDIPS
FDWPIAPFPRLKYPLEEFVKENQQEEARCLEEVEDLIVKYRKKKKTVAGIIVEPIQSEGG
DNHASDDFFRKLRDIARKHGCAFLVDEVQTGGGCTGKFWAHEHWGLDDPADVMTFSKKMM
TGGFFHKEEFRPNAPYRIFNTWLGDPSKNLLLAEVINIIKREDLLNNAAHAGKALLTGLL
DLQARYPQFISRVRGRGTFCSFDTPDDSIRNKLILIARNKGVVLGGCGDKSIRFRPTLVF
RDHHAHLFLNIFSDILADFK

• 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion
• mitochondrial matrix

ATGGCCTCCATGTTGCTCGCCCAGCGGCTGGCCTGCAGCTTCCAGCACACGTACCGCCTG
CTGGTGCCTGGATCCAGACACATTAGTCAAGCTGCAGCCAAAGTCGACGTTGAATTTGAT
TATGATGGGCCTCTGATGAAGACGGAAGTCCCAGGGCCTAGATCTCAGGAGTTAATGAAA
CAGCTGAATATAATTCAGAATGCAGAGGCTGTGCATTTTTTCTGCAATTACGAAGAGAGC
CGAGGCAATTACCTGGTTGATGTGGACGGCAACCGAATGCTGGATCTTTATTCCCAGATC
TCCTCTGTTCCCATAGGTTACAGCGACCCGGCCCTCGTGAAACTCATCCAACAGCCACAA
AATGCGAGCATGTTTGTCAACAGACCCGCCCTCGAAATCCTGCCTCCGGAGAACTTTGTG
GAGAAGCTCCGGCAGTCCTTGCTCTCGGTGGCTCCCAAAGGGATGTCCCAGCTCATCACC
ATGGCCTGCGGCTCCTGCTCCAATGAAAACGCCTTAAAGACCATCTTCATGTGGTACCGG
AGCAAGGAAAGAGGGCAGAGGGGATTCTCCAAAGAGGAGCTGGAGACGTGCATGATTAAC
CAGGCCCCCTGGTGCCCCGACTACAGCATCCTCTCCTTCATGGGTTCCTTCCATGGGAGG
ACCATGGGTTGCTTAGCGACCACGCACTCTAAAGCCATTCACAAGATCGATATCCCTTCC
TTTGACTGGCCCATCGCACCGTTCCCACGGCTGAAATACCCTCTGGAAGAGTTTGTGAAA
GAGAACCAACAGGAAGAGGCCGGCTGTCTGGAAGAGGTTGAGGATCTGATTGTGAAATAT
CGAAAAAAGAAGAAGACGGTGGCCGGGATCATCGTGGAGCCCATCCAGTCCGAGGGTGGA
GACAACCATGCATCCGATGACTTCTTTCGGAAGCTGAGAGACATCGCCAGGAAGCACTGC
TGCGCCTTCTTGGTGGACGAGGTCCAGACCGGAGGAGGCTGCACGGGCAAGTTCTGGGCC
CATGAGCACTGGGGCCTGGATGACCCAGCAGACGTGATGACCTTCAGCAAGAAGATGATG
ACTGGGGGCTTCTTCCTCAAGGAGGAGTTCAGGCCTAATGCTCCCTACCGGATCTTCAAC
ACGTGGCTGGGGGACCCGTCCAAGAACCTGTTGCTGGCTGAGGTCATCAACATCATCAAG
CGGGAGGACCTGCTAAATAATGCAGCCCATGCCGGGAAGGCCCTGCTCACAGGACTGCTG
GACCTCCAGGCCCGGTACCCCCAGTTCATCAGCAGGGTGAGAGGACGAGGCACCTTTTGC
TCCTTCGATACTCCCGATGATTCCATACGGAATAAGCTCATTTTAATTGCCAGAAACAAA
GGTGTGGTGTTGGGTGGCTGTGGTGACAAATCCATTCGTTTCCGTCCCACGCTGGTGTTC
AGGGATCACCACGCTCACCTGTTCCTCAATATTTTCAGTGACATCTTAGCAGACTTCAAG
TAA

1. Medina-Kauwe LK, Tobin AJ, De Meirleir L, Jaeken J, Jakobs C, Nyhan WL, Gibson KM: 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-transaminase) deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Jun;22(4):414-27. [PubMed ]
2. Osei YD, Churchich JE: Screening and sequence determination of a cDNA encoding the human brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Gene. 1995 Apr 3;155(2):185-7. [PubMed ]
3. De Biase D, Barra D, Simmaco M, John RA, Bossa F: Primary structure and tissue distribution of human 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Jan 15;227(1-2):476-80. [PubMed ]

1. Amadasi A, Bertoldi M, Contestabile R, Bettati S, Cellini B, di Salvo ML, Borri-Voltattorni C, Bossa F, Mozzarelli A: Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes as targets for therapeutic agents. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(12):1291-324. [PubMed ]

1. AlaRS
2. Alanine--tRNA ligase
3. EC 6.1.1.7
4. Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-42

MDSTLTASEIRQRFIDFFKRNEHTYVHSSATIPLDDPTLLFANAGMNQFKPIFLNTIDPS
HPMAKLSRAANTQKCIRAGGKHNDLDDVGKDVYHHTFFEMLGSWSFGDYFKELACKMALE
LLTQEFGIPIERLYVTYFGGDEAAGLEADLECKQIWQNLGLDDTKILPGNMKDNFWEMGD
TGPCGPCSEIHYDRIGGRDAAHLVNQDDPNVLEIWNLVFIQYNREADGILKPLPKKSIDT
GMGLERLVSVLQNKMSNYDTDLFVPYFEAIQKGTGARPYTGKVGAEDADGIDMAYRVLAD
HARTITVALADGGRPDNTGRGYVLRRILRRAVRYAHEKLNASRGFFATLVDVVVQSLGDA
FPELKKDPDMVKDIINEEEVQFLKTLSRGRRILDRKIQSLGDSKTIPGDTAWLLYDTYGF
PVDLTGLIAEEKGLVVDMDGFEEERKLAQLKSQGKGAGGEDLIMLDIYAIEELRARGLEV
TDDSPKYNYHLDSSGSYVFENTVATVMALRREKMFVEEVSTGQECGVVLDKTCFYAEQGG
QIYDEGYLVKVDDSSEDKTEFTVKNAQVRGGYVLHIGTIYGDLKVGDQVWLFIDEPRRRP
IMSNHTATHILNFALRSVLGEADQKGSLVAPDRLRFDFTAKGAMSTQQIKKAEEIANEMI
EAAKAVYTQDCPLAAAKAIQGLRAVFDETYPDPVRVVSIGVPVSELLDDPSGPAGSLTSV
EFCGGTHLRNSSHAGAFVIVTEEAIAKGIRRIVAVTGAEAQKALRKAESLKKCLSVMEAK
VKAQTAPNKDVQREIADLGEALATAVIPQWQKDELRETLKSLKKVMDDLDRASKADVQKR
VLEKTKQFIDSNPNQPLVILEMESGASAKALNEALKLFKMHSPQTSAMLFTVDNEAGKIT
CLCQVPQNAANRGLKASEWVQQVSGLMDGKGGGKDVSAQATGKNVGCLQEALQLATSFAQ
LRLGDVKN

• ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm (Potential)

ATGGACTCTACTCTAACAGCAAGTGAAATCCGGCAGCGATTTATAGATTTCTTCAAGAGG
AACGAGCATACGTATGTTCACTCGTCTGCCACCATCCCATTGGATGACCCCACTTTGCTC
TTTGCCAATGCAGGCATGAACCAGTTTAAACCCATTTTCCTGAACACAATTGACCCATCT
CACCCCATGGCAAAGCTGAGCAGAGCTGCCAATACCCAGAAGTGCATCCGGGCTGGGGGC
AAACAAAATGACCTGGACGATGTGGGCAAGGATGTCTATCATCACACCTTCTTCGAGATG
CTGGGCTCTTGGTCTTTTGGAGATTACTTTAAGGAATTGGCATGTAAGATGGCTCTGGAA
CTCCTCACCCAAGAGTTTGGCATTCCCATTGAAAGACTTTATGTTACTTACTTTGGCGGG
GATGAAGCAGCTGGCTTAGAAGCAGATCTGGAATGCAAACAGATCTGGCAAAATTTGGGG
CTGGATGACACCAAAATCCTCCCAGGCAACATGAAGGATAACTTCTGGGAGATGGGTGAC
ACGGGCCCCTGTGGTCCTTGCAGTGAGATCCACTACGACCGGATTGGTGGTCGGGACGCC
GCACATCTTGTCAACCAGGACGACCCTAATGTGCTGGAGATCTGGAACCTTGTGTTCATC
CAGTATAACAGGGAAGCTGATGGCATTCTGAAACCTCTTCCCAAGAAAAGCATTGACACA
GGGATGGGCCTGGAACGACTGGTATCTGTGCTGCAGAATAAGATGTCCAACTATGACACT
GACCTTTTTGTCCCTTACTTTGAAGCCATTCAGAAGGGCACAGGTGCCCGACCATACACT
GGGAAAGTTGGTGCTGAGGATGCCGATGGGATTGACATGGCCTACCGGGTGCTGGCTGAC
CATGCTCGGACCATCACTGTGGCACTGGCTGATGGTGGCCGGCCTGACAACACAGGGCGT
GGATATGTGTTGAGACGGATTCTCCGCCGAGCTGTCCGATACGCCCATGAAAAGCTCAAT
GCCAGCAGGGGCTTCTTTGCTACGTTAGTGGATGTTGTCGTCCAGTCCCTGGGAGATGCA
TTTCCTGAGCTGAAGAAGGACCCAGACATGGTGAAGGACATCATTAATGAAGAAGAGGTG
CAGTTTCTCAAGACTCTCAGCAGAGGGCGTCGCATCCTGGACAGGAAAATTCAGAGCCTG
GGAGACAGCAAGACCATTCCCGGAGACACTGCTTGGCTCCTCTATGACACCTATGGGTTT
CCAGTGGATCTGACTGGACTGATTGCTGAAGAGAAGGGCCTGGTGGTAGACATGGATGGC
TTTGAAGAGGAGAGGAAACTGGCCCAGCTGAAATCACAGGGCAAGGGAGCTGGTGGGGAA
GACCTCATTATGCTGGACATTTACGCTATCGAAGAGCTCCGGGCACGGGGTCTGGAGGTC
ACAGATGATTCCCCAAAGTACAATTACCATTTGGACTCCAGTGGTAGCTATGTATTTGAG
AACACAGTGGCTACGGTGATGGCTCTGCGCAGGGAGAAGATGTTCGTGGAAGAGGTGTCC
ACAGGCCAGGAGTGTGGAGTGGTGCTGGACAAGACCTGTTTCTATGCTGAGCAAGGAGGC
CAGATCTATGACGAAGGCTACCTGGTGAAGGTGGATGACAGCAGTGAAGATAAAACAGAG
TTTACAGTGAAGAATGCTCAGGTCCGAGGAGGGTATGTGCTACACATTGGAACCATCTAC
GGTGACCTGAAAGTGGGGGATCAGGTCTGGCTGTTTATTGATGAGCCCCGACGAAGACCC
ATCATGAGCAACCACACAGCTACGCACATTCTGAACTTCGCCCTGCGCTCAGTGCTTGGG
GAAGCTGACCAGAAAGGCTCATTGGTTGCTCCTGACCGCCTCAGATTTGACTTTACTGCC
AAGGGAGCCATGTCCACCCAACAGATCAAGAAGGCTGAAGAGATTGCTAATGAGATGATT
GAGGCAGCCAAGGCCGTCTATACCCAGGATTGCCCCCTGGCAGCAGCGAAAGCCATCCAG
GGCCTACGGGCTGTGTTTGATGAGACCTATCCTGACCCTGTGCGAGTCGTCTCCATTGGG
GTCCCGGTGTCCGAGTTGCTGGATGACCCCTCTGGGCCTGCTGGCTCCCTGACTTCTGTT
GAGTTCTGTGGGGGAACGCACCTGCGGAACTCGAGTCATGCAGGAGCTTTTGTGATCGTG
ACGGAAGAAGCCATTGCCAAGGGTATCCGGAGGATTGTGGCTGTCACAGGTGCCGAGGCC
CAGAAGGCCCTCAGGAAAGCAGAGAGCTTGAAGAAATGTCTCTCTGTCATGGAAGCCAAA
GTGAAGGCTCAGACTGCTCCAAACAAGGATGTGCAGAGGGAGATCGCTGACCTTGGAGAG
GCCCTGGCCACTGCAGTCATCCCCCAGTGGCAGAAGGATGAATTGCGGGAGACTCTCAAA
TCCCTAAAGAAGGTCATGGATGACTTGGACCGAGCCAGCAAAGCCGATGTCCAGAAACGA
GTGTTAGAGAAGACGAAGCAGTTCATCGACAGCAACCCCAACCAGCCTCTTGTCATCCTG
GAGATGGAGAGCGGCGCCTCAGCCAAGGCCCTGAATGAAGCCTTGAAGCTCTTCAAGATG
CACTCCCCTCAGACTTCTGCCATGCTCTTCACGGTGGACAATGAGGCTGGCAAGATCACG
TGCCTGTGTCAAGTCCCCCAGAATGCAGCCAATCGGGGCTTAAAAGCCAGCGAGTGGGTG
CAGCAGGTGTCAGGCTTGATGGACGGTAAAGGTGGTGGCAAGGATGTGTCTGCACAGGCC
ACAGGCAAGAACGTTGGCTGCCTGCAGGAGGCGCTGCAGCTGGCCACTTCCTTCGCCCAG
CTGCGCCTCGGGGATGTAAAGAACTGA

1. Scanlan MJ, Gordan JD, Williamson B, Stockert E, Bander NH, Jongeneel V, Gure AO, Jager D, Jager E, Knuth A, Chen YT, Old LJ: Antigens recognized by autologous antibody in patients with renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1999 Nov 12;83(4):456-64. [PubMed ]
2. Shiba K, Ripmaster T, Suzuki N, Nichols R, Plotz P, Noda T, Schimmel P: Human alanyl-tRNA synthetase: conservation in evolution of catalytic core and microhelix recognition. Biochemistry. 1995 Aug 22;34(33):10340-9. [PubMed ]

1. Nagan MC, Beuning P, Musier-Forsyth K, Cramer CJ: Importance of discriminator base stacking interactions: molecular dynamics analysis of A73 microhelix(Ala) variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jul 1;28(13):2527-34. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]
4. Buechter DD, Schimmel P: Minor groove recognition of the critical acceptor helix base pair by an appended module of a class II tRNA synthetase. Biochemistry. 1995 May 9;34(18):6014-9. [PubMed ]
5. McClain WH, Gabriel K, Schneider J: Specific function of a G.U wobble pair from an adjacent helical site in tRNA(Ala) during recognition by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. RNA. 1996 Feb;2(2):105-9. [PubMed ]

1. AGT
2. Alanine-- glyoxylate aminotransferase
3. EC 2.6.1.44
4. EC 2.6.1.51
5. SPT

MASHKLLVTPPKALLKPLSIPNQLLLGPGPSNLPPRIMAAGGLQMIGSMSKDMYQIMDEI
KEGIQYVFQTRNPLTLVISGSGHCALEAALVNVLEPGDSFLVGANGIWGQRAVDIGERIG
ARVHPMTKDPGGHYTLQEVEEGLAQHKPVLLFLTHGESSTGVLQPLDGFGELCHRYKCLL
LVDSVASLGGTPLYMDRQGIDILYSGSQKALNAPPGTSLISFSDKAKKKMYSRKTKPFSF
YLDIKWLANFWGCDDQPRMYHHTIPVISLYSLRESLALIAEQGLENSWRQHREAAAYLHG
RLQALGLQLFVKDPALRLPTVTTVAVPAGYDWRDIVSYVIDHFDIEIMGGLGPSTGKVLR
IGLLGCNATRENVDRVTEALRAALQHCPKKKL

• L-alanine + glyoxylate = pyruvate + glycine

• Aminotran_5 (PF00266 )

• None

• None

• Peroxisome. Except in some PH1 patients where AGT is found in the mitochondrial matrix

ATGGCCTCTCACAAGCTGCTGGTGACCCCCCCCAAGGCCCTGCTCAAGCCCCTCTCCATC
CCCAACCAGCTCCTGCTGGGGCCTGGTCCTTCCAACCTGCCTCCTCGCATCATGGCAGCC
GGGGGGCTGCAGATGATCGGGTCCATGAGCAAGGATATGTACCAGATCATGGACGAGATC
AAGGAAGGCATCCAGTACGTGTTCCAGACCAGGAACCCACTCACACTGGTCATCTCTGGC
TCGGGACACTGTGCCCTGGAGGCCGCCCTGGTCAATGTGCTGGAGCCTGGGGACTCCTTC
CTGGTTGGGGCCAATGGCATTTGGGGGCAGCGAGCCGTGGACATCGGGGAGCGCATAGGA
GCCCGAGTGCACCCGATGACCAAGGACCCTGGAGGCCACTACACACTGCAGGAGGTGGAG
GAGGGCCTGGCCCAGCACAAGCCAGTGCTGCTGTTCTTAACCCACGGGGAGTCGTCCACC
GGCGTGCTGCAGCCCCTTGATGGCTTCGGGGAACTCTGCCACAGGTACAAGTGCCTGCTC
CTGGTGGATTCGGTGGCATCCCTGGGCGGGACCCCCCTTTACATGGACCGGCAAGGCATC
GACATCCTGTACTCGGGCTCCCAGAAGGCCCTGAACGCCCCTCCAGGGACCTCGCTCATC
TCCTTCAGTGACAAGGCCAAAAAGAAGATGTACTCCCGCAAGACGAAGCCCTTCTCCTTC
TACCTGGACATCAAGTGGCTGGCCAACTTCTGGGGCTGTGACGACCAGCCCAGGATGTAC
CATCACACAATCCCCGTCATCAGCCTGTACAGCCTGAGAGAGAGCCTGGCCCTCATTGCG
GAACAGGGCCTGGAGAACAGCTGGCGCCAGCACCGCGAGGCCGCGGCGTATCTGCATGGG
CGCCTGCAGGCACTGGGGCTGCAGCTCTTCGTGAAGGACCCGGCGCTCCGGCTTCCCACA
GTCACCACTGTGGCTGTACCCGCTGGCTATGACTGGAGAGACATCGTCAGCTACGTCATA
GACCACTTCGACATTGAGATCATGGGTGGCCTTGGGCCCTCCACGGGGAAGGTGCTGCGG
ATCGGCCTGCTGGGCTGCAATGCCACCCGCGAGAATGTGGACCGCGTGACGGAGGCCCTG
AGGGCGGCCCTGCAGCACTGCCCCAAGAAGAAGCTGTGA

1. Amoroso A, Pirulli D, Puzzer D, Ferri L, Crovella S, Ferrettini C, Marangella M, Mazzola G, Florian F: Gene symbol: AGXT. Disease: primary hyperoxaluria type I. Hum Genet. 1999 May;104(5):441. [PubMed ]
2. Basmaison O, Rolland MO, Cochat P, Bozon D: Identification of 5 novel mutations in the AGXT gene. Hum Mutat. 2000 Jun;15(6):577. [PubMed ]
3. Minatogawa Y, Tone S, Allsop J, Purdue PE, Takada Y, Danpur CJ, Kido R: A serine-to-phenylalanine substitution leads to loss of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase catalytic activity and immunoreactivity in a patient with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Nov;1(8):643-4. [PubMed ]
4. Purdue PE, Lumb MJ, Allsop J, Minatogawa Y, Danpure CJ: A glycine-to-glutamate substitution abolishes alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase catalytic activity in a subset of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1. Genomics. 1992 May;13(1):215-8. [PubMed ]
5. Purdue PE, Takada Y, Danpure CJ: Identification of mutations associated with peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase in primary hyperoxaluria type 1. J Cell Biol. 1990 Dec;111(6 Pt 1):2341-51. [PubMed ]
6. Nishiyama K, Funai T, Katafuchi R, Hattori F, Onoyama K, Ichiyama A: Primary hyperoxaluria type I due to a point mutation of T to C in the coding region of the serine:pyruvate aminotransferase gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 May 15;176(3):1093-9. [PubMed ]
7. Purdue PE, Lumb MJ, Fox M, Griffo G, Hamon-Benais C, Povey S, Danpure CJ: Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a genomic clone encoding human alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Genomics. 1991 May;10(1):34-42. [PubMed ]
8. Nishiyama K, Berstein G, Oda T, Ichiyama A: Cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding human liver serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. Eur J Biochem. 1990 Nov 26;194(1):9-18. [PubMed ]
9. Takada Y, Kaneko N, Esumi H, Purdue PE, Danpure CJ: Human peroxisomal L-alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase. Evolutionary loss of a mitochondrial targeting signal by point mutation of the initiation codon. Biochem J. 1990 Jun 1;268(2):517-20. [PubMed ]
10. Danpure CJ, Purdue PE, Fryer P, Griffiths S, Allsop J, Lumb MJ, Guttridge KM, Jennings PR, Scheinman JI, Mauer SM, et al.: Enzymological and mutational analysis of a complex primary hyperoxaluria type 1 phenotype involving alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting and intraperoxisomal aggregation. Am J Hum Genet. 1993 Aug;53(2):417-32. [PubMed ]
11. 8507692 Danpure CJ: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 and peroxisome-to-mitochondrion mistargeting of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase. Biochimie. 1993;75(3-4):309-15.
12. 9192270 von Schnakenburg C, Rumsby G: Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: a cluster of new mutations in exon 7 of the AGXT gene. J Med Genet. 1997 Jun;34(6):489-92.

1. Pirulli D, Puzzer D, Ferri L, Crovella S, Amoroso A, Ferrettini C, Marangella M, Mazzola G, Florian F: Molecular analysis of hyperoxaluria type 1 in Italian patients reveals eight new mutations in the alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase gene. Hum Genet. 1999 Jun;104(6):523-5. [PubMed ]
2. Amoroso A, Pirulli D, Florian F, Puzzer D, Boniotto M, Crovella S, Zezlina S, Spano A, Mazzola G, Savoldi S, Ferrettini C, Berutti S, Petrarulo M, Marangella M: AGXT gene mutations and their influence on clinical heterogeneity of type 1 primary hyperoxaluria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001 Oct;12(10):2072-9. [PubMed ]
3. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
4. Salido EC, Li XM, Lu Y, Wang X, Santana A, Roy-Chowdhury N, Torres A, Shapiro LJ, Roy-Chowdhury J: Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase-deficient mice, a model for primary hyperoxaluria that responds to adenoviral gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 28;103(48):18249-54. Epub 2006 Nov 16. [PubMed ]
5. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. EC 3.7.1.3
2. L-kynurenine hydrolase

MEPSSLELPADTVQRIAAELKCHPTDERVALHLDEEDKLRHFRECFYIPKIQDLPPVDLS
LVNKDENAIYFLGNSLGLQPKMVKTYLEEELDKWAKIAAYGHEVGKRPWITGDESIVGLM
KDIVGANEKEIALMNALTVNLHLLMLSFFKPTPKRYKILLEAKAFPSDHYAIESQLQLHG
LNIEESMRMIKPREGEETLRIEDILEVIEKEGDSIAVILFSGVHFYTGQHFNIPAITKAG
QAKGCYVGFDLAHAVGNVELYLHDWGVDFACWCSYKYLNAGAGGIAGAFIHEKHAHTIKP
ALVGWFGHELSTRFKMDNKLQLIPGVCGFRISNPPILLVCSLHASLEIFKQATMKALRKK
SVLLTGYLEYLIKHNYGKDKAATKKPVVNIITPSHVEERGCQLTITFSVPNKDVFQELEK
RGVVCDKRNPNGIRVAPVPLYNSFHDVYKFTNLLTSILDSAETKN

• L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine

• Aminotran_5 (PF00266 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGAGCCTTCATCTCTTGAGCTGCCGGCTGACACAGTGCAGCGCATTGCGGCTGAACTC
AAATGCCACCCAACGGATGAGAGGGTGGCTCTCCACCTAGATGAGGAAGATAAGCTGAGG
CACTTCAGGGAGTGCTTTTATATTCCCAAAATACAGGATCTGCCTCCAGTTGATTTATCA
TTAGTGAATAAAGATGAAAATGCCATCTATTTCTTGGGAAATTCTCTTGGCCTTCAACCA
AAAATGGTTAAAACATATCTTGAAGAAGAACTAGATAAGTGGGCCAAAATAGCAGCCTAT
GGTCATGAAGTGGGGAAGCGTCCTTGGATTACAGGAGATGAGAGTATTGTAGGCCTTATG
AAGGACATTGTAGGAGCCAATGAGAAAGAAATAGCCCTAATGAATGCTTTGACTGTAAAT
TTACATCTTCTAATGTTATCATTTTTTAAGCCTACGCCAAAACGATATAAAATTCTTCTA
GAAGCCAAAGCCTTCCCTTCTGATCATTATGCTATTGAGTCACAACTACAACTTCACGGA
CTTAACATTGAAGAAAGTATGCGGATGATAAAGCCAAGAGAGGGGGAAGAAACCTTAAGA
ATAGAGGATATCCTTGAAGTAATTGAGAAGGAAGGAGACTCAATTGCAGTGATCCTGTTC
AGTGGGGTGCATTTTTACACTGGACAGCACTTTAATATTCCTGCCATCACAAAAGCTGGA
CAAGCGAAGGGTTGTTATGTTGGCTTTGATCTAGCACATGCAGTTGGAAATGTTGAACTC
TACTTACATGACTGGGGAGTTGATTTTGCCTGCTGGTGTTCCTACAAGTATTTAAATGCA
GGAGCAGGAGGAATTGCTGGTGCCTTCATTCATGAAAAGCATGCCCATACGATTAAACCT
GCATTAGTGGGATGGTTTGGCCATGAACTCAGCACCAGATTTAAGATGGATAACAAACTG
CAGTTAATCCCTGGGGTCTGTGGATTCCGAATTTCAAATCCTCCCATTTTGTTGGTCTGT
TCCTTGCATGCTAGTTTAGAGATCTTTAAGCAAGCGACAATGAAGGCATTGCGGAAAAAA
TCTGTTTTGCTAACTGGCTATCTGGAATACCTGATCAAGCATAACTATGGCAAAGATAAA
GCAGCAACCAAGAAACCAGTTGTGAACATAATTACTCCGTCTCATGTAGAGGAGCGGGGG
TGCCAGCTAACAATAACATTTTCTGTTCCAAACAAAGATGTTTTCCAAGAACTAGAAAAA
AGAGGAGTGGTTTGTGACAAGCGGAATCCAAATGGCATTCGAGTGGCTCCAGTTCCTCTC
TATAATTCTTTCCATGATGTTTATAAATTTACCAATCTGCTCACTTCTATACTTGACTCT
GCAGAAACAAAAAATTAG

1. Alberati-Giani D, Buchli R, Malherbe P, Broger C, Lang G, Kohler C, Lahm HW, Cesura AM: Isolation and expression of a cDNA clone encoding human kynureninase. Eur J Biochem. 1996 Jul 15;239(2):460-8. [PubMed ]
2. Toma S, Nakamura M, Tone S, Okuno E, Kido R, Breton J, Avanzi N, Cozzi L, Speciale C, Mostardini M, Gatti S, Benatti L: Cloning and recombinant expression of rat and human kynureninase. FEBS Lett. 1997 May 12;408(1):5-10. [PubMed ]

1. Lima S, Khristoforov R, Momany C, Phillips RS: Crystal structure of Homo sapiens kynureninase. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 13;46(10):2735-44. Epub 2007 Feb 15. [PubMed ]
2. Christensen M, Duno M, Lund AM, Skovby F, Christensen E: Xanthurenic aciduria due to a mutation in KYNU encoding kynureninase. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Apr;30(2):248-55. Epub 2007 Mar 1. [PubMed ]

1. ASCT1
2. Alanine/serine/cysteine/ threonine transporter
3. SATT
4. Solute carrier family 1 member 4

MEKSNETNGYLDSAQAGPAAGPGAPGTAAGRARRCAGFLRRQALVLLTVSGVLAGAGLGA
ALRGLSLSRTQVTYLAFPGEMLLRMLRMIILPLVVCSLVSGAASLDASCLGRLGGIAVAY
FGLTTLSASALAVALAFIIKPGSGAQTLQSSDLGLEDSGPPPVPKETVDSFLDLARNLFP
SNLVVAAFRTYATDYKVVTQNSSSGNVTHEKIPIGTEIEGMNILGLVLFALVLGVALKKL
GSEGEDLIRFFNSLNEATMVLVSWIMWYVPVGIMFLVGSKIVEMKDIIVLVTSLGKYIFA
SILGHVIHGGIVLPLIYFVFTRKNPFRFLLGLLAPFATAFATCSSSATLPSMMKCIEENN
GVDKRISRFILPIGATVNMDGAAIFQCVAAVFIAQLNNVELNAGQIFTILVTATASSVGA
AGVPAGGVLTIAIILEAIGLPTHDLPLILAVDWIVDRTTTVVNVEGDALGAGILHHLNQK
ATKKGEQELAEVKVEAIPNCKSEEETSPLVTHQNPAGPVASAPELESKESVL

• SDF (PF00375 )

• None

• 42-62
• 88-108
• 119-139
• 217-237
• 257-277
• 298-318
• 328-348
• 373-393
• 418-438

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein

ATGGAGAAGAGCAACGAGACCAACGGCTACCTTGACAGCGCTCAGGCGGGGCCTGCGGCC
GGGCCCGGAGCTCCGGGGACCGCGGCGGGACGCGCACGGCGTTGCGCGCGCTTCCTGCGG
CGCCAAGCGCTGGTGCTGCTCACCGTGTCCGGGGTGCTGGCGGGCGCGGGCCTGGGCGCG
GCGTTGCGCGGGCTCAGCCTGAGCCGCACGCAGGTCACCTACCTGGCCTTCCCCGGCGAG
ATGCTGCTCCGCATGCTGCGCATGATCATCCTGCCGCTGGTGGTCTGCAGCCTGGTGTCG
GGCGCCGCCTCGCTCGATGCCAGCTGCCTCGGGCGTCTGGGCGGCATCCGTGTCGCCTAC
TTTGGCCTCACCACACTGAGTGCCTCGGCGCTCGCCGTGGCCTTGGCGTTCATCATCAAG
CCAGGATCCGGTGCGCAGACCCTTCAGTCCAGCGACCTGGGGCTGGAGGACTCGGGGCCT
CCTCCTGTCCCCAAAGAGACGGTGGACTCTTTCCTCGACCTGGCCAGAAACCTGTTTCCC
TCCAATCTTGTGGTTGCAGCTTTCCGTACGTATGCAACCGATTATAAAGTCGTGACCCAG
AACAGCAGCTCTGGAAATGTAACCCATGAAAAGATCCCCATAGGCACTGAGATAGAAGGG
ATGAACATTTTAGGATTGGTCCTGTTTGCTCTGGTGTTAGGAGTGGCCTTAAAGAAACTA
GGCTCCGAAGGAGAAGACCTCATCCGTTTCTTCAATTCCCTCAACGAGGCGACGATGGTG
CTGGTGTCCTGGATTATGTGGTACGTACCTGTGGGCATCATGTTCCTTGTTGGAAGCAAG
ATCGTGGAAATGAAAGACATCATCGTGCTGGTGACCAGCCTGGGGAAATACATCTTCGCA
TCTATATTGGGCCATGTTATTCATGGAGGAATTGTTCTGCCACTTATTTATTTTGTTTTC
ACACGAAAAAACCCATTCAGATTCCTCCTGGGCCTCCTCGCCCCATTTGCGACAGCATTT
GCTACCTGCTCCAGCTCAGCGACCCTTCCCTCTATGATGAAGTGCATTGAAGAGAACAAT
GGTGTGGACAAGAGGATCAGCAGGTTTATTCTCCCCATCGGGGCCACCGTGAACATGGAC
GGAGCAGCCATCTTCCAGTGTGTGGCCGCGGTGTTCATTGCGCAACTCAACAACATAGAG
CTCAACGCAGGACAGATTTTCACCATTCTAGTGACTGCCACAGCGTCCAGTGTTGGAGCA
GCAGGCGTGCCAGCTGGAGGGGTCCTCACCATTGCCATTATCCTGGAGGCCATTGGGCTG
CCTACTCATGACCTGCCTCTGATCCTGGCTGTGGACTGGATTGTGGACCGGACCACCACG
GTGGTGAATGTGGAAGGGGATGCCCTGGGTGCAGGCATTCTCCACCACCTGAATCAGAAG
GCAACAAAGAAAGGCGAGCAGGAACTTGCTGAGGTGAAAGTGGAAGCCATCCCCAACTGC
AAGTCTGAGGAGGAGACATCGCCCCTGGTGACACACCAGAACCCCGCTGGCCCCGTGGCC
AGTGCCCCAGAACTGGAATCCAAGGAGTCGGTTCTGTGA

1. Hofmann K, Duker M, Fink T, Lichter P, Stoffel W: Human neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1: structure of the gene (SLC1A4) and localization to chromosome 2p13-p15. Genomics. 1994 Nov 1;24(1):20-6. [PubMed ]
2. Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Fairman WA, Wu YN, Murdoch GH, North RA, Amara SG: Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15329-32. [PubMed ]
3. Shafqat S, Tamarappoo BK, Kilberg MS, Puranam RS, McNamara JO, Guadano-Ferraz A, Fremeau RT Jr: Cloning and expression of a novel Na(+)-dependent neutral amino acid transporter structurally related to mammalian Na+/glutamate cotransporters. J Biol Chem. 1993 Jul 25;268(21):15351-5. [PubMed ]

1. Wu Y, Shen D, Chen Z, Clayton S, Vadgama JV: Taxol induced apoptosis regulates amino acid transport in breast cancer cells. Apoptosis. 2007 Mar;12(3):593-612. Epub 2006 Dec 29. [PubMed ]
2. Zhang Z, Grewer C: The sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter SNAT2 mediates an anion leak conductance that is differentially inhibited by transported substrates. Biophys J. 2007 Apr 1;92(7):2621-32. Epub 2007 Jan 19. [PubMed ]
3. Zhang Z, Papageorgiou G, Corrie JE, Grewer C: Pre-steady-state currents in neutral amino acid transporters induced by photolysis of a new caged alanine derivative. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 27;46(12):3872-80. Epub 2007 Feb 21. [PubMed ]
4. Pinho MJ, Pinto V, Serrao MP, Jose PA, Soares-da-Silva P: Underexpression of the Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jul;293(1):R538-47. Epub 2007 May 2. [PubMed ]
5. Takasaki C, Miura E, Watanabe M: Segmental and complementary expression of L-serine biosynthetic enzyme 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 in the mouse kidney. Biomed Res. 2007 Apr;28(2):61-9. [PubMed ]

1. Proton/amino acid transporter 1
2. Solute carrier family 36 member 1

MSTQRLRNEDYHDYSSTDVSPEESPSEGLNNLSSPGSYQRFGQSNSTTWFQTLIHLLKGN
IGTGLLGLPLAVKNAGIVMGPISLLIIGIVAVHCMGILVKCAHHFCRRLNKSFVDYGDTV
MYGLESSPCSWLRNHAHWGRRVVDFFLIVTQLGFCCVYFVFLADNFKQVIEAANGTTNNC
HNNETVILTPTMDSRLYMLSFLPFLVLLVFIRNLRALSIFSLLANITMLVSLVMIYQFIV
QRIPDPSHLPLVAPWKTYPLFFGTAIFSFEGIGMVLPLENKMKDPRKFPLILYLGMVIVT
ILYISLGCLGYLQFGANIQGSITLNLPNCWLYQSVKLLYSIGIFFTYALQFYVPAEIIIP
FFVSRAPEHCELVVDLFVRTVLVCLTCILAILIPRLDLVISLVGSVSSSALALIIPPLLE
VTTFYSEGMSPLTIFKDALISILGFVGFVVGTYEALYELIQPSNAPIFINSTCAFI

• Aa_trans (PF01490 )

• None

• 52-72
• 79-99
• 142-162
• 191-211
• 216-236
• 258-278
• 290-310
• 343-363
• 373-393
• 398-418
• 440-460

• Cell membrane
• lysosomal membrane
• multi-pass membrane protei
• multi-pass membrane protein. Lysosome

ATGTCCACGCAGAGACTTCGGAATGAAGACTACCACGACTACAGCTCCACGGACGTGAGC
CCTGAGGAGAGCCCGTCGGAAGGCCTCAACAACCTCTCCTCCCCGGGCTCCTACCAGCGC
TTTGGTCAAAGCAATAGCACAACATGGTTCCAGACCTTGATCCACCTGTTAAAAGGCAAC
ATTGGCACAGGACTCCTGGGACTCCCTCTGGCGGTGAAAAATGCAGGCATCGTGATGGGT
CCCATCAGCCTGCTGATCATAGGCATCGTGGCCGTGCACTGCATGGGTATCCTGGTGAAA
TGTGCTCACCACTTCTGCCGCAGGCTGAATAAATCCTTTGTGGATTATGGTGATACTGTG
ATGTATGGACTAGAATCCAGCCCCTGCTCCTGGCTCCGGAACCACGCACACTGGGGAAGA
CGTGTTGTGGACTTCTTCCTGATTGTCACCCAGCTGGGATTCTGCTGTGTCTATTTTGTG
TTTCTGGCTGACAACTTTAAACAGGTGATAGAAGCGGCCAATGGGACCACCAATAACTGC
CACAACAATGAGACGGTGATTCTGACGCCTACCATGGACTCGCGACTCTACATGCTCTCC
TTCCTGCCCTTCCTGGTGCTGCTGGTTTTCATCAGGAACCTCCGAGCCCTGTCCATCTTC
TCCCTGTTGGCCAACATCACCATGCTGGTCAGCTTGGTCATGATCTACCAGTTCATTGTT
CAGAGGATCCCAGACCCCAGCCACCTCCCCTTGGTGGCCCCTTGGAAGACCTACCCTCTC
TTCTTTGGCACAGCGATTTTTTCATTTGAAGGCATTGGAATGGTTCTGCCCCTGGAAAAC
AAAATGAAGGATCCTCGGAAGTTCCCACTCATCCTGTACCTGGGCATGGTCATCGTCACC
ATCCTCTACATCAGCCTGGGGTGTCTGGGGTACCTGCAATTTGGAGCTAATATCCAAGGC
AGCATAACCCTCAACCTGCCCAACTGCTGGTTGTACCAGTCAGTTAAGCTGCTGTACTCC
ATCGGGATCTTTTTCACCTACGCACTCCAGTTCTACGTCCCGGCTGAGATCATCATCCCC
TTCTTTGTGTCCCGAGCGCCCGAGCACTGTGAGTTAGTGGTGGACCTGTTTGTGCGCACA
GTGCTGGTCTGCCTGACATGCATCTTGGCCATCCTCATCCTCCGCCTGGACCTGGTCATC
TCCCTGGTGGGCTCCGTGAGCAGCAGCGCCCTGGCCCTCATCATCCCACCGCTCCTGGAG
GTCACCACCTTCTACTCAGAGGGCATGAGCCCCCTCACCATCTTTAAGGACGCCCTGATC
AGCATCCTGGGCTTCGGGGGCTTTGGGGGGGGGACCTATGAGGCTCTCTATGAGCTGATC
CAGCCAAGCAATGCTCCCATCTTCATCAATTCCACCTGTGCCTTCATATAG

1. Boll M, Foltz M, Rubio-Aliaga I, Daniel H: A cluster of proton/amino acid transporter genes in the human and mouse genomes. Genomics. 2003 Jul;82(1):47-56. [PubMed ]

1. Miyauchi S, Abbot EL, Zhuang L, Subramanian R, Ganapathy V, Thwaites DT: Isolation and function of the amino acid transporter PAT1 (slc36a1) from rabbit and discrimination between transport via PAT1 and system IMINO in renal brush-border membrane vesicles. Mol Membr Biol. 2005 Nov-Dec;22(6):549-59. [PubMed ]
2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
3. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. ALT1
2. EC 2.6.1.2
3. GPT 1
4. Glutamic--alanine transaminase 1
5. Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 1

ASSTGDRSQAVRHGLRAKVLTLDGMNPRVRRVEYAVRGPIVQRALELEQELRQGVKKPFT
EVIRANIGDAQAMGQRPITFLRQVLALCVNPDLLSSPNFPDDAKKRAERILQACGGHSLG
AYSVSSGIQLIREDVARYIERRDGGIPADPNNVFLSTGASDAIVTVLKLLVAGEGHTRTG
VLIPIPQYPLYSATLAELGAVQVDYYLDEERAWALDVAELHRALGQARDHCRPRALCVIN
PGNPTGQVQTRECIEAVIRFAFEERLFLLADEVYQDNVYAAGSQFHSFKKVLMEMGPPYA
GQQELASFHSTSKGYMGECGFRGGYVEVVNMDAAVQQQMLKLMSVRLCPPVPGQALLDLV
VSPPAPTDPSFAQFQAEKQAVLAELAAKAKLTEQVFNEAPGISCNPVQGAMYSFPRVQLP
PRAVERAQELGLAPDMFFCLRLLEETGICVVPGSGFGQREGTYHFRMTILPPLEKLRLLL
EKLSRFHAKFTLEYS

• L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

• Cytoplasm

ATGGCCTCGAGCACAGGTGACCGGAGCCAGGCGGTGAGGCATGGACTGAGGGCGAAGGTG
CTGACGCTGGACGGCATGAACCCGCGTGTGCGGAGAGTGGAGTACGCAGTGCGTGGCCCC
ATAGTGCAGCGAGCCTTGGAGCTGGAGCAGGAGCTGCGCCAGGGTGTGAAGAAGCCTTTC
ACCGAGGTCATCCGTGCCAACATCGGGGACGCACAGGCTATGGGGCAGAGGCCCATCACC
TTCCTGCGCCAGGTCTTGGCCCTCTGTGTTAACCCTGATCTTCTGAGCAGCCCCAACTTC
CCTGACGATGCCAAGAAAAGGGCGGAGCGCATCTTGCAGGCGTGTGGGGGCCACAGTCTG
GGGGCCTACAGCGTCAGCTCCGGCATCCAGCTGATCCGGGAGGACGTGGCGCGGTACATT
GAGAGGCGTGACGGAGGCATCCCTGCGGACCCCAACAACGTCTTCCTGTCCACAGGGGCC
AGCGATGCCATCGTGACGGTGCTGAAGCTGCTGGTGGCCGGCGAGGGCCACACACGCACG
GGTGTGCTCATCCCCATCCCCCAGTACCCACTCTACTCGGCCACGCTGGCAGAGCTGGGC
GCAGTGCAGGTGGATTACTACCTGGACGAGGAGCGTGCCTGGGCGCTGGACGTGGCCGAG
CTTCACCGTGCACTGGGCCAGGCGCGTGACCACTGCCGCCCTCGTGCGCTCTGTGTCATC
AACCCTGGCAACCCCACCGGGCAGGTGCAGACCCGCGAGTGCATCGAGGCCGTGATCCGC
TTCGCCTTCGAAGAGCGGCTCTTTCTGCTGGCGGACGAGGTGTACCAGGACAACGTGTAC
GCCGCGGGTTCGCAGTTCCACTCATTCAAGAAGGTGCTCATGGAGATGGGGCCGCCCTAC
GCCGGGCAGCAGGAGCTTGCCTCCTTCCACTCCACCTCCAAGGGCTACATGGGCGAGTGC
GGGTTCCGCGGCGGCTATGTGGAGGTGGTGAACATGGACGCTGCAGTGCAGCAGCAGATG
CTGAAGCTGATGAGTGTGCGGCTGTGCCCGCCGGTGCCAGGACAGGCCCTGCTGGACCTG
GTGGTCAGCCCGCCCGCGCCCACCGACCCCTCCTTTGCGCAGTTCCAGGCTGAGAAGCAG
GCAGTGCTGGCAGAGCTGGCGGCCAAGGCCAAGCTCACCGAGCAGGTCTTCAATGAGGCT
CCTGGCATCAGCTGCAACCCAGTGCAGGGCGCCATGTACTCCTTCCCGCGCGTGCAGCTG
CCCCCGCGGGCGGTGGAGCGCGCTCAGGAGCTGGGCCTGGCCCCCGATATGTTCTTCTGC
CTGCGCCTCCTGGAGGAGACCGGCATCTGCGTGGTGCCAGGGAGCGGCTTTGGGCAGCGG
GAAGGCACCTACCACTTCCGGATGACCATTCTGCCCCCCTTGGAGAAACTGCGGCTGCTG
CTGGAGAAGCTGAGCAGGTTCCATGCCAAGTTCACCCTCGAGTACTCCTGA

1. Yang RZ, Blaileanu G, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase. Genomics. 2002 Mar;79(3):445-50. [PubMed ]
2. Ishiguro M, Takio K, Suzuki M, Oyama R, Matsuzawa T, Titani K: Complete amino acid sequence of human liver cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (GPT) determined by a combination of conventional and mass spectral methods. Biochemistry. 1991 Oct 29;30(43):10451-7. [PubMed ]
3. Sohocki MM, Sullivan LS, Harrison WR, Sodergren EJ, Elder FF, Weinstock G, Tanase S, Daiger SP: Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT): localization to 8q24.3, cDNA and genomic sequences, and polymorphic sites. Genomics. 1997 Mar 1;40(2):247-52. [PubMed ]

1. Taracha E, Habrat B, Chrapusta SJ, Lehner M, Wislowska A, Woronowicz BT, Bogulas M, Charewicz J, Markuszewski C, Plaznik A: Combining markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity for improved monitoring and detection of chronic alcohol abuse. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(12):1446-52. [PubMed ]
2. Miyashita Y, Dolferus R, Ismond KP, Good AG: Alanine aminotransferase catalyses the breakdown of alanine after hypoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2007 Mar;49(6):1108-21. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [PubMed ]
3. Chen CH, Lee RP, Wu WT, Liao KW, Hsu N, Hsu BG: Fluvastatin ameliorates endotoxin induced multiple organ failure in conscious rats. Resuscitation. 2007 Jul;74(1):166-74. Epub 2007 Mar 13. [PubMed ]
4. Gray S, Wang B, Orihuela Y, Hong EG, Fisch S, Haldar S, Cline GW, Kim JK, Peroni OD, Kahn BB, Jain MK: Regulation of gluconeogenesis by Kruppel-like factor 15. Cell Metab. 2007 Apr;5(4):305-12. [PubMed ]

1. L-type amino acid transporter 2
2. hLAT2

MEEGARHRNNTEKKHPGGGESDASPEAGSGGGGVALKKEIGLVSACGIIVGNIIGSGIFV
SPKGVLENAGSVGLALIVWIVTGFITVVGALCYAELGVTIPKSGGDYSYVKDIFGGLAGF
LRLWIAVLVIYPTNQAVIALTFSNYVLQPLFPTCFPPESGLRLLAAICLLLLTWVNCSSV
RWATRVQDIFTAGKLLALALIIIMGIVQICKGEYFWLEPKNAFENFQEPDIGLVALAFLQ
GSFAYGGWNFLNYVTEELVDPYKNLPRAIFISIPLVTFVYVFANVAYVTAMSPQELLASN
AVAVTFGEKLLGVMAWIMPISVALSTFGGVNGSLFTSSRLFFAGAREGHLPSVLAMIHVK
RCTPIPALLFTCISTLLMLVTSDMYTLINYVGFINYLFYGVTVAGQIVLRWKKPDIPRPI
KINLLFPIIYLLFWAFLLVFSLWSEPVVCGIGLAIMLTGVPVYFLGVYWQHKPKCFSDFI
ELLTLVSQKMCVVVYPEVERGSGTEEANEDMEEQQQPMYQPTPTKDKDVAGQPQP

• AA_permease (PF00324 )

• None

• 40-60
• 72-92
• 113-133
• 155-175
• 189-209
• 231-251
• 268-288
• 310-330
• 362-382
• 388-408
• 424-444
• 447-467

• Membrane
• multi-pass membrane protein (Probable)

ATGGAAGAAGGAGCCAGGCACCGAAACAACACCGAAAAGAAACACCCAGGTGGGGGCGAG
TCGGACGCCAGCCCCGAGGCTGGTTCCGGAGGGGGCGGAGTAGCCCTGAAGAAAGAGATC
GGATTGGTCAGTGCCTGTGGTATCATCGTAGGGAACATCATCGGCTCTGGAATCTTTGTC
TCGCCAAAGGGAGTGCTGGAGAATGCTGGTTCTGTGGGCCTTGCTCTCATCGTCTGGATT
GTGACGGGCTTCATCACAGTTGTGGGAGCCCTCTGCTATGCTGAACTCGGGGTCACCATC
CCCAAATCTGGAGGTGACTACTCCTATGTCAAGGACATCTTCGGAGGACTGGCTGGGTTC
CTGAGGCTGTGGATTGCTGTGCTGGTGATCTACCCCACCAACCAGGCTGTCATCGCCCTC
ACCTTCTCCAACTACGTGCTGCAGCCGCTCTTCCCCACCTGCTTCCCCCCAGAGTCTGGC
CTTCGGCTCCTGGCTGCCATCTGCTTATTGCTCCTCACATGGGTCAACTGTTCCAGTGTG
CGGTGGGCCACCCGGGTTCAAGACATCTTCACAGCTGGGAAGCTCCTGGCCTTGGCCCTG
ATTATCATCATGGGGATTGTACAGATATGCAAAGGAGAGTACTTCTGGCTGGAGCCAAAG
AATGCATTTGAGAATTTCCAGGAACCTGACATCGGCCTCGTCGCACTGGCTTTCCTTCAG
GGCTCCTTTGCCTATGGAGGCTGGAACTTTCTGAATTACGTGACTGAGGAGCTTGTTGAT
CCCTACAAGAACCTTCCCAGAGCCATCTTCATCTCCATCCCACTGGTCACATTTGTGTAT
GTCTTTGCCAATGTCGCTTATGTCACTGCAATGTCCCCCCAGGAGCTGCTGGCATCCAAC
GCCGTCGCTGTGACTTTTGGAGAGAAGCTCCTAGGAGTCATGGCCTGGATCATGCCCATT
TCTGTTGCCCTGTCCACATTTGGAGGAGTTAATGGGTCTCTCTTCACCTCCTCTCGGCTG
TTCTTCGCTGGAGCCCGAGAGGGCCACCTTCCCAGTGTGTTGGCCATGATCCACGTGAAG
CGCTGCACCCCAATCCCAGCCCTGCTCTTCACATGCATCTCCACCCTGCTGATGCTGGTC
ACCAGCGACATGTACACACTCATCAACTACGTGGGCTTCATCAACTACCTCTTCTATGGG
GTCACGGTTGCTGGACAGATAGTCCTTCGCTGGAAGAAGCCTGATATCCCCCGCCCCATC
AAGATCAACCTGCTGTTCCCCATCATCTACTTGCTGTTCTGGGCCTTCCTGCTGGTCTTC
AGCCTGTGGTCAGAGCCGGTGGTGTGTGGCATTGGCCTGGCCATCATGCTGACAGGAGTG
CCTGTCTATTTCCTGGGTGTTTACTGGCAACACAAGCCCAAGTGTTTCAGTGACTTCATT
GAGCTGCTAACCCTGGTGAGCCAGAAGATGTGTGTGGTCGTGTACCCCGAGGTGGAGCGG
GGCTCAGGGACAGAGGAGGCTAATGAGGACATGGAGGAGCAGCAGCAGCCCATGTACCAA
CCCACTCCCACGAAGGACAAGGACGTGGCGGGGCAGCCCCAGCCCTGA

1. Borsani G, Bassi MT, Sperandeo MP, De Grandi A, Buoninconti A, Riboni M, Manzoni M, Incerti B, Pepe A, Andria G, Ballabio A, Sebastio G: SLC7A7, encoding a putative permease-related protein, is mutated in patients with lysinuric protein intolerance. Nat Genet. 1999 Mar;21(3):297-301. [PubMed ]
2. Pineda M, Fernandez E, Torrents D, Estevez R, Lopez C, Camps M, Lloberas J, Zorzano A, Palacin M: Identification of a membrane protein, LAT-2, that Co-expresses with 4F2 heavy chain, an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jul 9;274(28):19738-44. [PubMed ]
3. Rossier G, Meier C, Bauch C, Summa V, Sordat B, Verrey F, Kuhn LC: LAT2, a new basolateral 4F2hc/CD98-associated amino acid transporter of kidney and intestine. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 3;274(49):34948-54. [PubMed ]

1. Broer S, Broer A, Hansen JT, Bubb WA, Balcar VJ, Nasrallah FA, Garner B, Rae C: Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain. J Neurochem. 2007 Sep;102(6):1758-70. Epub 2007 May 14. [PubMed ]

1. EC 2.6.1.-

MAADQRPKADTLALRQRLISSSCRLFFPEDPVKIVRAQGQYMYDEQGAEYIDCISNVAHV
GHCHPLVVQAAHEQNQVLNTNSRYLHDNIVDYAQRLSETLPEQLCVFYFLNSGSEANDLA
LRLARHYTGHQDVVVLDHAYHGHLSSLIDISPYKFRNLDGQKEWVHVAPLPDTYRGPYRE
DHPNPAMAYANEVKRVVSSAQEKGRKIAAFFAESLPSVGGQIIPPAGYFSQVAEHIRKAG
GVFVADEIQVGFGRVGKHFWAFQLQGKDFVPDIVTMGKSIGNGHPVACVAATQPVARAFE
ATGVEYFNTFGGSPVSCAVGLAVLNVLEKEQLQDHATSVGSFLMQLLGQQKIKHPIVGDV
RGVGLFIGVDLIKDEATRTPATEEAAYLVSRLKENYVLLSTDGPGRNILKFKPPMCFSLD
NARQVVAKLDAILTDMEEKVRSCETLRLQP

• Aminotran_3 (PF00202 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion

ATGGCCGCAGACCAGCGCCCGAAGGCCGACACGCTGGCCCTGAGGCAACGGCTCATCAGC
TCTTCCTGCAGACTCTTTTTTCCCGAGGATCCTGTTAAGATTGTCCGGGCCCAAGGGCAG
TACATGTACGATGAACAGGGGGCAGAATACATCGATTGCATCAGCAATGTGGCGCACGTT
GGGCACTGCCACCCTCTCGTGGTCCAAGCAGCACATGAGCAGAACCAGGTGCTCAACACC
AACAGCCGGTACCTGCATGACAACATCGTGGACTATGCGCAGAGGCTGTCAGAGACCCTG
CCGGAGCAGCTCTGTGTGTTCTATTTCCTGAATTCTGGGTCAGAAGCCAATGACCTGGCC
CTGAGGCTGGCTCGCCACTACACGGGACACCAGGACGTGGTGGTATTAGATCATGCGTAT
CACGGCCACCTGAGCTCCCTGATTGACATCAGTCCCTACAAGTTCCGCAACCTGGATGGC
CAGAAGGAGTGGGTCCACGTGGCACCTCTCCCAGACACCTACCGGGGCCCCTACCGGGAG
GACCACCCCAACCCAGCTATGGCCTATGCCAACGAGGTGAAACGTGTGGTCAGCAGTGCA
CAGGAGAAGGGCAGGAAGATTGCAGCCTTCTTCGCTGAGTCTCTGCCCAGTGTGGGAGGG
CAGATCATTCCCCCTGCTGGCTACTTCTCCCAAGTGGCAGAGCACATCCGCAAGGCCGGA
GGGGTCTTTGTTGCAGATGAGATCCAGGTTGGCTTTGGCCGGGTAGGCAAGCACTTCTGG
GCCTTCCAGCTCCAGGGAAAAGACTTCGTCCCTGACATCGTCACCATGGGCAAGTCCATT
GGCAACGGCCACCCTGTTGCCTGCGTGGCCGCAACCCAGCCTGTGGCGAGGGCATTTGAA
GCCACCGGCGTTGAGTACTTCAACACGTTTGGGGGCAGCCCAGTGTCCTGCGCTGTGGGG
CTGGCCGTCCTGAATGTCTTGGAGAAGGAGCAGCTCCAGGATCATGCCACCAGTGTAGGC
AGCTTCCTGATGCAGCTCCTCGGGCAGCAAAAAATCAAACATCCCATCGTCGGGGATGTC
AGGGGTGTTGGGCTCTTCATTGGTGTGGATCTGATCAAAGATGAGGCCACAAGGACACCA
GCAACTGAAGAGGCTGCCTACTTGGTATCAAGGCTGAAGGAGAACTACGTTTTGCTGAGC
ACTGATGGCCCTGGGAGGAACATCCTGAAGTTTAAGCCCCCAATGTGCTTCAGCCTGGAC
AATGCACGGCAGGTGGTGGCAAAGCTGGATGCCATTCTGACTGACATGGAAGAGAAGGTG
AGAAGTTGTGAAACGCTGAGGCTCCAGCCCTAA

1. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
2. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. ALT2
2. EC 2.6.1.2
3. GPT 2
4. Glutamic--alanine transaminase 2
5. Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2

MQRAAALVRRGCGPRTPSSWGRSQSSAAAEASAVLKVRPERSRRERILTLESMNPQVKAV
EYAVRGPIVLKAGEIELELQRGIKKPFTEVIRANIGDAQAMGQQPITFLRQVMALCTYPN
LLDSPSFPEDAKKRARRILQACGGNSLGSYSASQGVNCIREDVAAYITRRDGGVPADPDN
IYLTTGASDGISTILKILVSGGGKSRTGVMIPIPQYPLYSAVISELDAIQVNYYLDEENC
WALNVNELRRAVQEAKDHCDPKVLCIINPGNPTGQVQSRKCIEDVIHFAWEEKLFLLADE
VYQDNVYSPDCRFHSFKKVLYEMGPEYSSNVELASFHSTSKGYMGECGYRGGYMEVINLH
PEIKGQLVKLLSVRLCPPVSGQAAMDIVVNPPVAGEESFEQFSREKESVLGNLAKKAKLT
EDLFNQVPGIHCNPLQGAMYAFPRIFIPAKAVEAAQAHQMAPDMFYCMKLLEETGICVVP
GSGFGQREGTYHFRMTILPPVEKLKTVLQKVKDFHINFLEKYA

• L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + L-glutamate

• Aminotran_1_2 (PF00155 )

• None

• None

ATGCAGCGGGCGGCGGCGCTGGTCCGGCGGGGCTGTGGTCCCCGGACCCCCAGCTCCTGG
GGCCGCAGCCAGAGCAGCGCGGCCGCCGAGGCCTCGGCGGTGCTCAAGGTGCGGCCCGAG
CGCAGCCGGCGCGAGCGCATCCTCACGCTGGAGTCCATGAACCCGCAGGTGAAGGCGGTG
GAGTACGCCGTGCGGGGACCCATCGTGCTCAAGGCCGGCGAGATCGAGCTCGAGCTGCAG
CGGGGTATCAAAAAGCCATTCACAGAGGTCATCCGAGCCAACATCGGGGACGCCCAGGCT
ATGGGGCAGCAGCCAATCACCTTCCTCCGGCAGGTGATGGCACTATGCACCTACCCAAAC
CTGCTGGACAGCCCCAGCTTCCCAGAAGATGCTAAGAAACGTGCCCGGCGGATCCTGCAG
GCTTGTGGCGGGAACAGCCTGGGGTCCTACAGTGCTAGCCAGGGTGTCAACTGCATCCGT
GAAGATGTGGCTGCCTACATCACCAGGAGGGATGGCGGTGTGCCTGCGGACCCCGACAAC
ATCTACCTGACCACGGGAGCTAGTGACGGCATTTCTACGATCCTGAAGATCCTCGTCTCC
GGGGGCGGCAAGTCACGGACAGGTGTGATGATCCCCATCCCACAATATCCCCTCTATTCA
GCTGTCATCTCTGAGCTCGACGCCATCCAGGTGAATTACTACCTGGACGAGGAGAACTGC
TGGGCGCTGAATGTGAATGAGCTCCGGCGGGCGGTGCAGGAGGCCAAAGACCACTGTGAT
CCTAAGGTGCTCTGCATAATCAACCCTGGGAACCCCACAGGCCAGGTACAAAGCAGAAAG
TGCATAGAAGATGTGATCCACTTTGCCTGGGAAGAGAAGCTCTTTCTCCTGGCTGATGAG
GTGTACCAGGACAACGTGTACTCTCCAGATTGCAGATTCCACTCCTTCAAGAAGGTGCTG
TACGAGATGGGGCCCGAGTACTCCAGCAACGTGGAGCTCGCCTCCTTCCACTCCACCTCC
AAGGGCTACATGGGCGAGTGTGGTTACAGAGGAGGCTACATGGAGGTGATCAACCTGCAC
CCTGAGATCAAGGGCCAGCTGGTGAAGCTGCTGTCGGTGCGCCTGTGCCCCCCAGTGTCT
GGGCAGGCCGCCATGGACATTGTCGTGAACCCCCCGGTGGCAGGAGAGGAGTCCTTTGAG
CAATTCAGCCGAGAGAAGGAGTCGGTCCTGGGTAATCTGGCCAAAAAAGCAAAGCTGACG
GAAGACCTGTTTAACCAAGTCCCAGGAATTCACTGCAACCCCTTGCAGGGGGCCATGTAC
GCCTTCCCTCGGATCTTCATTCCTGCCAAAGCTGTGGAGGCTGCTCAGGCCCATCAAATG
GCTCCAGACATGTTCTACTGCATGAAGCTCCTGGAGGAGACTGGCATCTGTGTCGTGCCC
GGCAGTGGCTTTGGGCAGAGGGAAGGCACTTACCACTTCAGGATGACTATCCTCCCTCCA
GTGGAGAAGCTGAAAACGGTGCTGCAGAAGGTGAAAGACTTCCACATCAACTTCCTGGAG
AAGTACGCGTGA

1. Yang RZ, Blaileanu G, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase. Genomics. 2002 Mar;79(3):445-50. [PubMed ]

1. Yang RZ, Blaileanu G, Hansen BC, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and functional expression of a novel human alanine aminotransferase. Genomics. 2002 Mar;79(3):445-50. [PubMed ]
2. Jadhao SB, Yang RZ, Lin Q, Hu H, Anania FA, Shuldiner AR, Gong DW: Murine alanine aminotransferase: cDNA cloning, functional expression, and differential gene regulation in mouse fatty liver. Hepatology. 2004 May;39(5):1297-302. [PubMed ]
3. Rajamohan F, Nelms L, Joslin DL, Lu B, Reagan WJ, Lawton M: cDNA cloning, expression, purification, distribution, and characterization of biologically active canine alanine aminotransferase-1. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Jul;48(1):81-9. Epub 2006 Jan 30. [PubMed ]
4. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed ]
5. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed ]

1. AlaRS
2. Alanine--tRNA ligase
3. Alanyl-tRNA synthetase-like
4. EC 6.1.1.7
5. Probable alanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial precursor

MAASVAAAARRLRRAIRRSPAWRGLSHRPLSSEPPAAKASAVRAAFLNFFRDRHGHRLVP
SASVRPRGDPSLLFVNAGMNQFKPIFLGTVDPRSEMAGFRRVANSQKCVRAGGHHNDLED
VGRDLSHHTFFEMLGNWAFGGEYFKEEACNMAWELLTQVYGIPEERLWISYFDGDPKAGL
DPDLETRDIWLSLGVPASRVLSFGPQENFWEMGDTGPCGPCTEIHYDLAGGVGAPQLVEL
WNLVFMQHNREADGSLQPLPQRHVDTGMGLERLVAVLQGKHSTYDTDLFSPLLNAIQQGC
RAPPYLGRVGVADEGRTDTAYRVVADHIRTLSVCISDGIFPGMSGPPLVLRRILRRAVRF
SMEILKAPPGFLGSLVPVVVETLGDAYPELQRNSAQIANLVSEDEAAFLASLERGRRIID
RTLRTLGPSDMFPAEVAWSLSLCGDLGLPLDMVELMLEEKGVQLDSAGLERLAQEEAQHR
ARQAEPVQKQGLWLDVHALGELQRQGVPPTDDSPKYNYSLRPSGSYEFGTCEAQVLQLYT
EDGTAVASVGKGQRCGLLLDRTNFYAEQGGQASDRGYLVRAGQEDVLFPVARAQVCGGFI
LHEAVAPECLRLGDQVQLHVDEAWRLGCMAKHTATHLLNWALRQTLGPGTEQQGSHLNPE
QLRLDVTTQTPLTPEQLRAVENTVQEAVGQDEAVYMEEVPLALTAQVPGLRSLDEVYPDP
VRVVSVGVPVAHALDPASQAALQTSVELCCGTHLLRTGAVGDLVIIGDRQLSKGTTRLLA
VTGEQAQQARELGQSLAQEVKAATERLSLGSRDVAEALRLSKDIGRLIEAVETAVMPQWQ
RRELLATVKMLQRRANTAIRKLQMGQAAKKTQELLERHSKGPLIVDTVSAESLSVLVKVV
RQLCEQAPSTSVLLLSPQPMGKVLCACQVAQGAMPTFTAEAWALAVCSHMGGKAWGSRVV
AQGTGSTTDLEAALSIAQTYALSQL

• ATP + L-alanine + tRNAAla = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNAAla

• tRNA-synt_2c (PF01411 )
• tRNA_SAD (PF07973 )

• None

• None

• Mitochondrion

ACGATGGCAGCGTCAGTGGCAGCTGCAGCCCGGAGGCTGCGGCGGGCCATTCGAAGGTCG
CCCGCATGGCGGGGCCTCAGCCATCGGCCGCTCTCATCGGAGCCCCCTGCAGCCAAGGCC
TCGGCCGTGAGGGCCGCCTTTCTGAACTTCTTTCGGGACCGCCATGGCCACCGGCTGGTG
CCCTCCGCTTCCGTGCGGCCCCGCGGCGACCCCAGTTTGCTTTTTGTCAATGCGGGCATG
AACCAGTTCAAGCCAATCTTTCTGGGCACCGTGGATCCACGAAGCGAGATGGCAGGCTTC
CGACGTGTGGCCAACAGCCAGAAATGTGTGAGAGCTGGAGGACACCATAACGACCTGGAA
GATGTGGGTCGAGACCTTTCCCATCATACCTTCTTTGAAATGCTTGGCAATTGGGCCTTT
GGGGGTGAATATTTTAAGGAGGAGGCTTGTAACATGGCCTGGGAACTGCTGACTCAGGTC
TATGGGATCCCTGAGGAAAGGCTCTGGATCTCCTACTTTGATGGTGACCCCAAGGCAGGG
CTGGACCCAGACCTGGAGACCAGGGACATCTGGCTGAGCTTAGGGGTGCCTGCTAGCCGT
GTGCTTTCCTTTGGACCACAAGAGAACTTCTGGGAGATGGGGGATACTGGCCCTTGTGGG
CCCTGTACTGAGATCCACTACGACCTTGCTGGTGGGGTGGGAGCCCCCCAGCTGGTAGAG
CTTTGGAACCTGGTCTTCATGCAACACAACAGAGAGGCAGATGGAAGCCTGCAGCCCCTG
CCCCAGCGGCATGTGGACACAGGAATGGGCCTGGAAAGGCTGGTGGCTGTGCTGCAAGGC
AAACACTCCACCTATGACACTGACCTCTTTTCCCCGCTGCTCAACGCCATACAGCAGGGC
TGCAGGGCACCCCCTTACTTGGGCCGAGTAGGGGTGGCAGACGAGGGGCGCACAGACACA
GCGTACCGCGTGGTGGCTGACCACATCCGCACACTCAGTGTCTGCATCTCTGATGGCGTC
TTCCCTGGGATGTCAGGTCCCCCGCTGGTTCTTCGTCGGATCCTGCGTCGAGCTGTGCGT
TTCTCCATGGAGATCTTAAAGGCACCACCTGGCTTCCTAGGCAGCCTGGTACCTGTAGTG
GTGGAGACACTGGGAGATGCTTATCCAGAACTGCAAAGGAACTCAGCCCAGATCGCCAAC
CTGGTGTCAGAGGACGAGGCAGCCTTCCTGGCCTCCCTGGAGCGGGGTAGGCGGATCATT
GATCGGACTCTGAGGACCCTGGGGCCTTCAGATATGTTCCCTGCTGAAGTGGCCTGGTCC
TTGTCACTGTGTGGAGACCTGGGACTCCCCTTGGACATGGTAGAGCTGATGCTGGAGGAG
AAAGGGGTCCAGCTAGACTCCGCTGGACTGGAGCGGTTGGCCCAAGAGGAGGCCCAGCAC
CGGGCACGGCAGGCTGAGCCAGTTCAGAAGCAGGGATTGTGGCTTGATGTCCATGCGCTT
GGGGAGCTGCAGCGCCAAGGAGTGCCCCCAACTGACGACAGCCCCAAGTACAACTACTCC
CTGCGACCCAGCGGAAGTTATGAGTTCGGCACCTGTGAGGCCCAGGTGTTGCAACTGTAT
ACAGAGGACGGGACAGCAGTGGCCTCCGTGGGGAAAGGCCAGCGCTGTGGCCTCCTCTTG
GACAGGACCAACTTCTACGCAGAACAGGGGGGCCAGGCTTCAGACCGTGGCTACCTGGTG
CGGGCAGGGCAAGAGGACGTGCTGTTCCCAGTAGCCCGGGCCCAGGTCTGTGGAGGTTTC
ATCCTGCATGAGGCAGTAGCCCCTGAGTGCCTGCGGTTAGGGGACCAGGTGCAGCTGCAT
GTGGATGAGGCCTGGCGTCTAGGCTGCATGGCGAAGCATACGGCCACCCACCTGCTGAAC
TGGGCACTGAGGCAGACCCTGGGCCCTGGCACAGAGCAGCAGGGCTCCCATCTCAATCCT
GAGCAGCTGCGCTTGGATGTGACCACCCAGACCCCATTGACCCCAGAGCAGCTCCGGGCA
GTGGAGAACACTGTGCAGGAGGCCGTGGGGCAGGATGAGGCTGTGTACATGGAGGAGGTG
CCCCTGGCGCTCACTGCCCAGGTCCCTGGCCTGCGCTCTCTGGATGAGGTTTACCCAGAC
CCTGTGCGGGTGGTATCAGTGGGGGTGCCCGTGGCCCATGCATTGGACCCAGCCTCCCAA
GCCGCACTGCAGACCTCTGTGGAGCTATGCTGTGGGACGCACCTGTTACGTACTGGGGCT
GTAGGGGACCTGGTTATCATCGGGGACCGCCAGCTTTCCAAGGGCACTACCCGCCTGCTG
GCCGTCACTGGGGAGCAGGCCCAGCAGGCCCGAGAGCTAGGCCAGAGCCTGGCCCAGGAA
GTGAAAGCGGCCACTGAGCGGCTGAGTCTGGGGAGCCGGGATGTGGCGGAGGCACTGAGG
CTGTCCAAGGACATAGGACGACTCATTGAAGCTGTGGAAACTGCTGTGATGCCCCAGTGG
CAGCGGCGGGAGCTGCTGGCCACAGTGAAGATGCTGCAGCGGCGTGCCAACACTGCCATC
CGTAAGCTGCAAATGGGACAGGCTGCAAAAAAAACTCAGGAGCTGCTGGAGCGGCACTCG
AAGGGGCCTCTGATTGTGGACACAGTCTCTGCTGAGTCTCTCTCAGTGCTGGTGAAGGTG
GTACGGCAGCTGTGTGAGCAGGCCCCCAGCACGTCTGTGCTCCTACTCAGCCCCCAGCCC
ATGGGGAAGGTGCTGTGTGCCTGTCAGGTGGCCCAGGGTGCCATGCCCACCTTCACAGCA
GAGGCCTGGGCACTGGCAGTGTGCAGCCACATGGGGGGCAAGGCGTGGGGCTCGCGAGTG
GTGGCCCAAGGCACCGGAAGCACTACTGACCTGGAAGCTGCCCTCAGTATAGCCCAAACC
TATGCCCTCAGCCAGCTCTGA

1. Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Kikuno R, Hirosawa M, Nomura N, Ohara O: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro. DNA Res. 1999 Oct 29;6(5):337-45. [PubMed ]
2. Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, Edwards CA, Ashurst JL, Wilming L, Jones MC, Horton R, Hunt SE, Scott CE, Gilbert JG, Clamp ME, Bethel G, Milne S, Ainscough R, Almeida JP, Ambrose KD, Andrews TD, Ashwell RI, Babbage AK, Bagguley CL, Bailey J, Banerjee R, Barker DJ, Barlow KF, Bates K, Beare DM, Beasley H, Beasley O, Bird CP, Blakey S, Bray-Allen S, Brook J, Brown AJ, Brown JY, Burford DC, Burrill W, Burton J, Carder C, Carter NP, Chapman JC, Clark SY, Clark G, Clee CM, Clegg S, Cobley V, Collier RE, Collins JE, Colman LK, Corby NR, Coville GJ, Culley KM, Dhami P, Davies J, Dunn M, Earthrowl ME, Ellington AE, Evans KA, Faulkner L, Francis MD, Frankish A, Frankland J, French L, Garner P, Garnett J, Ghori MJ, Gilby LM, Gillson CJ, Glithero RJ, Grafham DV, Grant M, Gribble S, Griffiths C, Griffiths M, Hall R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harley JL, Hart EA, Heath PD, Heathcott R, Holmes SJ, Howden PJ, Howe KL, Howell GR, Huckle E, Humphray SJ, Humphries MD, Hunt AR, Johnson CM, Joy AA, Kay M, Keenan SJ, Kimberley AM, King A, Laird GK, Langford C, Lawlor S, Leongamornlert DA, Leversha M, Lloyd CR, Lloyd DM, Loveland JE, Lovell J, Martin S, Mashreghi-Mohammadi M, Maslen GL, Matthews L, McCann OT, McLaren SJ, McLay K, McMurray A, Moore MJ, Mullikin JC, Niblett D, Nickerson T, Novik KL, Oliver K, Overton-Larty EK, Parker A, Patel R, Pearce AV, Peck AI, Phillimore B, Phillips S, Plumb RW, Porter KM, Ramsey Y, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Ross MT, Searle SM, Sehra HK, Sheridan E, Skuce CD, Smith S, Smith M, Spraggon L, Squares SL, Steward CA, Sycamore N, Tamlyn-Hall G, Tester J, Theaker AJ, Thomas DW, Thorpe A, Tracey A, Tromans A, Tubby B, Wall M, Wallis JM, West AP, White SS, Whitehead SL, Whittaker H, Wild A, Willey DJ, Wilmer TE, Wood JM, Wray PW, Wyatt JC, Young L, Younger RM, Bentley DR, Coulson A, Durbin R, Hubbard T, Sulston JE, Dunham I, Rogers J, Beck S: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):805-11. [PubMed ]

1. Nagan MC, Beuning P, Musier-Forsyth K, Cramer CJ: Importance of discriminator base stacking interactions: molecular dynamics analysis of A73 microhelix(Ala) variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jul 1;28(13):2527-34. [PubMed ]
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