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Identification
Name L-Proline
Accession Number DB00172 (NUTR00047)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
(-)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
(-)-Proline
(S)-2-Carboxypyrrolidine
(S)-2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
(S)-Proline
2-Pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
Salts Not Available
Brand names Not Available
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Dietary supplement
  • Micronutrient
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
CAS number 147-85-3
Weight Average: 115.1305
Monoisotopic: 115.063328537
Chemical Formula C5H9NO2
InChI Key InChIKey=ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8)/t4-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
SMILES
OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (7.03 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Amino Acids
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Substructures
  • Amino Acids
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Pyrrolidines
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Heterocyclic compounds
Pharmacology
Indication L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons and also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
Pharmacodynamics L-Proline is a major amino acid found in cartilage and is important for maintaining youthful skin as well as repair of muscle, connective tissue and skin damage. It is also essential for the immune system, and for necessary balance of this formula. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. L-Proline is extremely important for the proper functioning of joints and tendons. Helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
Mechanism of action Glycogenic, by L-Proline oxidase in the kidney, it is ring-opened and is oxidized to form L-Glutamic acid. L-Ornithine and L-Glutamic acid are converted to L-Proline via L-Glutamic acid-gamma-semialdehyde. It is contained abundantly in collagen, and is intimately involved in the function of arthrosis and chordae.
Absorption Not Available
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism Hepatic
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Not Available
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers Not Available
Packagers
  • Professional Co.
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
L-proline crystal 3.6 USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 221 dec °C PhysProp
water solubility 1.62E+005 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996)
logP -2.54 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 3.65e+02 g/l ALOGPS
logP -2.7 ALOGPS
logP -2.6 ChemAxon
logS 0.5 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 1.94 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 11.33 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 2 ChemAxon
polar surface area 49.33 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 1 ChemAxon
refractivity 28.06 ChemAxon
polarizability 11.5 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00035 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00148 Link_out
PubChem Compound 145742 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46506858 Link_out
ChemSpider 128566 Link_out
ChEBI 17203 Link_out
ChEMBL 17203 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000198 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451125 Link_out
IUPHAR 3314 Link_out
Guide to Pharmacology 3314 Link_out
HET PRO Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Proline Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72.5 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O15460 Link_out
Gene: P4HA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

2. Proline oxidase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43272 Link_out
Gene: PRODH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. Pubmed
  2. White TA, Krishnan N, Becker DF, Tanner JJ: Structure and kinetics of monofunctional proline dehydrogenase from Thermus thermophilus. J Biol Chem. 2007 May 11;282(19):14316-27. Epub 2007 Mar 7. Pubmed
  3. White TA, Tanner JJ: Cloning, purification and crystallization of Thermus thermophilus proline dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2005 Aug 1;61(Pt 8):737-9. Epub 2005 Jul 8. Pubmed

3. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H

Pharmacological action: unknown

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Participates in pre-mRNA splicing. May play a role in the assembly of the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP complex. May act as a chaperone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43447 Link_out
Gene: PPIH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

4. Proline synthetase co-transcribed bacterial homolog protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O94903 Link_out
Gene: PROSC Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

5. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the posttranslational formation of 4- hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13674 Link_out
Gene: P4HA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

6. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: binder

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23284 Link_out
Gene: PPIB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

7. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30405 Link_out
Gene: PPIF Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C

Pharmacological action: unknown

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P45877 Link_out
Gene: PPIC Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

9. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: binder

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P62937 Link_out
Gene: PPIA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

10. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G

Pharmacological action: unknown

PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. May be implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. May play an important role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13427 Link_out
Gene: PPIG Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

11. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro- Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V. May be involved in the secretory pathway of cells. Has growth suppressive activity in fibroblasts

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q32P28 Link_out
Gene: LEPRE1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

12. Pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase isoform

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q4W8W1 Link_out
Gene: P5CR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

13. Probable prolyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

ATP + L-proline + tRNA(Pro) = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNA(Pro)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q7L3T8 Link_out
Gene: PARS2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

14. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL5 Link_out
Gene: LEPREL1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

15. Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the posttranslational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8IVL6 Link_out
Gene: LEPREL2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

16. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q53H96 Link_out
Gene: PYCRL
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

17. Chromosome 14 open reading frame 149

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96EM0 Link_out
Gene: C14orf149 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

18. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P32322 Link_out
Gene: PYCR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Huang TC, Huang YW, Hung HJ, Ho CT, Wu ML: Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid formed by proline dehydrogenase from the Bacillus subtilis ssp. natto expressed in Escherichia coli as a precursor for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Jun 27;55(13):5097-102. Epub 2007 May 31. Pubmed
  2. Hu CA, Donald SP, Yu J, Lin WW, Liu Z, Steel G, Obie C, Valle D, Phang JM: Overexpression of proline oxidase induces proline-dependent and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Jan;295(1-2):85-92. Epub 2006 Jul 28. Pubmed
  3. Meng Z, Lou Z, Liu Z, Hui D, Bartlam M, Rao Z: Purification, characterization, and crystallization of human pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Protein Expr Purif. 2006 Sep;49(1):83-7. Epub 2006 Mar 20. Pubmed

19. Bifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase [Includes: Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07814 Link_out
Gene: EPRS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

20. Sodium- and chloride-dependent neutral and basic amino acid transporter B(0+)

Pharmacological action: unknown

Mediates the uptake of a broad range of neutral and cationic amino acids (with the exception of proline) in a (Na+/Cl-)-dependent manner

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UN76 Link_out
Gene: SLC6A14 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

21. Sodium-dependent proline transporter

Pharmacological action: unknown

Terminates the action of proline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99884 Link_out
Gene: SLC6A7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

22. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96C36 Link_out
Gene: PYCR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Murahama M, Yoshida T, Hayashi F, Ichino T, Sanada Y, Wada K: Purification and characterization of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoenzymes, indicating differential distribution in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;42(7):742-50. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Proline oxidase, mitochondrial

Actions: substrate

Converts proline to delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

UniProt ID: O43272 Link_out
Gene: PRODH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Phang JM, Donald SP, Pandhare J, Liu Y: The metabolism of proline, a stress substrate, modulates carcinogenic pathways. Amino Acids. 2008 Nov;35(4):681-90. Epub 2008 Apr 10. Pubmed
  2. Phang JM, Liu W, Zabirnyk O: Proline metabolism and microenvironmental stress. Annu Rev Nutr. 2010 Aug 21;30:441-63. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity)

UniProt ID: Q8TF71 Link_out
Gene: SLC16A10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19