Dexmethylphenidate

Identification

Summary

Dexmethylphenidate is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor used in the treatment of ADHD in conjunction with other therapies.

Brand Names
Azstarys, Focalin
Generic Name
Dexmethylphenidate
DrugBank Accession Number
DB06701
Background

Dexmethylphenidate is the dextrorotary form of methylphenidate introduced in 20022. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and thus a psychostimulant5. It is used for treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Label,2. The d-isomer is thought to have greater effect with fewer side effects than the l-isomer or the racemic mixture2.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 233.3062
Monoisotopic: 233.141578857
Chemical Formula
C14H19NO2
Synonyms
  • (+)-threo-methylphenidate
  • d-threo-methylphenidate
  • D-TMP
  • Dexmethylphenidate
  • Dexméthylphénidate
  • Dexmethylphenidatum
  • Dexmetilfenidato
  • methyl (R)-phenyl[(R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate

Pharmacology

Indication

Dexmethylphenidate is used as a treatment for ADHD, ideally in conjunction with psychological, educational, behavioral or other forms of treatment4,Label.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofAdhd••••••••••••••••••• ••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Dexmethylphenidate is the d-enantiomer of methylphenidateLabel. This enantiomer is more pharmacologically active than the racemic mixture and may block norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake in synapsesLabel.

Mechanism of action

Methylphenidate inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters in synapses, especially in the thalamus and striatum5. One study shows no detectable difference in the caudal prefrontal cortex of treated or untreated monkeys, though multiple rat studies show activity on the prefrontal cortex5. Imaging of human brains after administration of methylphenidate shows changes to blood flow of various regions of the brain including the striatum, supplementary motor area, and posterior parietal cortex5.

TargetActionsOrganism
ASodium-dependent dopamine transporter
inhibitor
Humans
ASodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
inhibitor
Humans
USodium-dependent serotonin transporter
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Taking dexmethylphenidate with or without food does not affect patients in a clinically relevant way4. 90% of an oral dose is absorbedLabel but as a result of hepatic first pass metabolism, oral bioavailability of dexmethylphenidate is 23% compared to l-methylphenidate with an oral bioavailability of 5% 4. Maximum concentration is generally reached in 1-1.5 hoursLabel.

Volume of distribution

2.65L/kg when administered intravenously4.

Protein binding

12-15% of dexmethylphenidate is protein boundLabel. However, other studies have observed 15.2±5.2% protein binding in children and 16.2±1.1% in adults4.

Metabolism

Dexmethylphenidate is metabolised to the inactive metabolite ritalinic acid by carboxylesterase 1A1 in the liverLabel,1. Other minor pathways metabolise dexmethylphenidate to the inactive metabolites 6-oxo-methylphenidate and p-hydroxy-methylphenidate which are de-esterified and conjugated into other unknown metabolites4.

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

Dexmethylphenidate is mainly eliminated renally4. After 48 hours, 90% of the dose is collected in the urine and 3.3% is collected from feces4.

Half-life

The mean terminal half life is approximately 2.2 hoursLabel. However other studies have shown 3.8-3.9 hours3, or 5.96 hours after intravenous administration and 5.69 hours following an oral dose4.

Clearance

0.40L/hr/kg following an intravenous dose and a renal clearance of 0.005L/hr/kg4,Label.

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

There is no difference in effect across genders3,Label. The difference in effect across racial groups, patients under 6 years, renal impairment, hepatic impairment, pregnancy, lactation, and geriatric patients has not been well studied. Patients with renal impairment are not expected to need dose adjustment as the drug is not mainly cleared renallyLabel. Animal studies in pregnant and lactating rats showed delayed fetal skeletal ossification, and reduced weight gain in male offspringLabel. Due to these studies, caution must be exercised and the benefits and risks of taking this drug must be weighedLabel. It is unlikely that dexmethylphenidate is carcinogenic but B6C3F1 mice, which are sensitive to the development of hepatic tumours, developed hepatoblastomas at 2 times the maximum recommended human doseLabel. Methylpheidate was not found to be mutagenic but is weakly clastogenic in Chinese Hamster Ovary cellsLabel. Methylphenidate does not impair fertility in animal studiesLabel.

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
1,2-BenzodiazepineThe risk or severity of CNS depression can be increased when Dexmethylphenidate is combined with 1,2-Benzodiazepine.
AcebutololDexmethylphenidate may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Acebutolol.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Dexmethylphenidate is combined with Aceclofenac.
AcemetacinThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Dexmethylphenidate is combined with Acemetacin.
AcenocoumarolThe serum concentration of the active metabolites of Acenocoumarol can be increased when Acenocoumarol is used in combination with Dexmethylphenidate.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Alcohol inhibits the metabolism of dexmethylphenidate.
  • Take with or without food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride1678OK0E0819262-68-1JUMYIBMBTDDLNG-OJERSXHUSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Attenade (Celgene)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
FocalinTablet2.5 mg/1OralNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2001-11-30Not applicableUS flag
FocalinTablet10 mg/1OralNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2001-11-30Not applicableUS flag
FocalinTablet5 mg/1OralNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2001-11-30Not applicableUS flag
Focalin XRCapsule, extended release40 mg/1OralNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2005-05-31Not applicableUS flag
Focalin XRCapsule, extended release30 mg/1OralNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation2005-05-31Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Dexmethylphenidate HClCapsule5 mg/1OralAdare Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-11-01Not applicableUS flag
Dexmethylphenidate HClCapsule30 mg/1OralAdare Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-11-01Not applicableUS flag
Dexmethylphenidate HClCapsule15 mg/1OralAdare Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-11-01Not applicableUS flag
Dexmethylphenidate HClCapsule40 mg/1OralAdare Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-11-01Not applicableUS flag
Dexmethylphenidate HClCapsule25 mg/1OralAdare Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-11-01Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AzstarysDexmethylphenidate hydrochloride (10.4 mg/1) + Serdexmethylphenidate chloride (52.3 mg/1)CapsuleOralCorium, LLC.2021-07-16Not applicableUS flag
AzstarysDexmethylphenidate hydrochloride (7.8 mg/1) + Serdexmethylphenidate chloride (39.2 mg/1)CapsuleOralCorium, LLC.2021-07-16Not applicableUS flag
AzstarysDexmethylphenidate hydrochloride (5.2 mg/1) + Serdexmethylphenidate chloride (26.1 mg/1)CapsuleOralCorium, LLC.2021-07-16Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N06BA11 — DexmethylphenidateN06BA15 — Dexmethylphenidate and serdexmethylphenidate
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aralkylamines. These are alkylamines in which the alkyl group is substituted at one carbon atom by an aromatic hydrocarbyl group.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic nitrogen compounds
Class
Organonitrogen compounds
Sub Class
Amines
Direct Parent
Aralkylamines
Alternative Parents
Piperidines / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methyl esters / Amino acids and derivatives / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Dialkylamines / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives
show 1 more
Substituents
Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound / Azacycle / Benzenoid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Hydrocarbon derivative / Methyl ester
show 10 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate (CHEBI:51860)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
M32RH9MFGP
CAS number
40431-64-9
InChI Key
DUGOZIWVEXMGBE-CHWSQXEVSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C14H19NO2/c1-17-14(16)13(11-7-3-2-4-8-11)12-9-5-6-10-15-12/h2-4,7-8,12-13,15H,5-6,9-10H2,1H3/t12-,13-/m1/s1
IUPAC Name
methyl (2R)-2-phenyl-2-[(2R)-piperidin-2-yl]acetate
SMILES
[H][C@@](C(=O)OC)(C1=CC=CC=C1)[C@@]1([H])CCCCN1

References

Synthesis Reference

Arie Gutman, "Process for the preparation of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride." U.S. Patent US20040180928, issued September 16, 2004.

US20040180928
General References
  1. Sun Z, Murry DJ, Sanghani SP, Davis WI, Kedishvili NY, Zou Q, Hurley TD, Bosron WF: Methylphenidate is stereoselectively hydrolyzed by human carboxylesterase CES1A1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Aug;310(2):469-76. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.067116. Epub 2004 Apr 13. [Article]
  2. Liu F, Minami H, Silva RR: Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006 Dec;2(4):467-73. [Article]
  3. Modi NB, Wang B, Noveck RJ, Gupta SK: Dose-proportional and stereospecific pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate delivered using an osmotic, controlled-release oral delivery system. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Oct;40(10):1141-9. [Article]
  4. Kimko HC, Cross JT, Abernethy DR: Pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness of methylphenidate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999 Dec;37(6):457-70. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002. [Article]
  5. Tremblay S, Pieper F, Sachs A, Joober R, Martinez-Trujillo J: The Effects of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the Neurophysiology of the Monkey Caudal Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro. 2019 Mar 4;6(1). pii: eN-NWR-0371-18. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0371-18.2018. eCollection 2019 Jan-Feb. [Article]
  6. Focalin (Dexmethylphenidate) FDA Label [File]
  7. Dexmethylphenidate XR FDA Label [File]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0015647
PubChem Compound
154101
PubChem Substance
99443255
ChemSpider
135807
BindingDB
50062915
RxNav
352372
ChEBI
51860
ChEMBL
CHEMBL827
ZINC
ZINC000000896711
PharmGKB
PA10054
Wikipedia
Dexmethylphenidate
FDA label
Download (1.11 MB)
MSDS
Download (242 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
Not Available
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral10 mg
TabletOral2.5 mg
TabletOral5 mg
CapsuleOral
CapsuleOral10 mg/1
CapsuleOral15 mg/1
CapsuleOral20 mg/1
CapsuleOral25 mg/1
CapsuleOral30 mg/1
CapsuleOral35 mg/1
CapsuleOral40 mg/1
CapsuleOral5 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral25 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral30 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral35 mg/1
TabletOral10 mg/1
TabletOral2.5 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral15 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral40 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral10 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral20 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral5 mg/1
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US5908850No1999-06-012015-12-04US flag
US6355656No2002-03-122015-12-04US flag
US6528530No2003-03-042015-12-04US flag
US6228398No2001-05-082019-11-01US flag
US6635284No2003-10-212015-12-04US flag
US7431944No2008-10-072015-12-04US flag
US5837284No1998-11-172015-12-04US flag
US6730325No2004-05-042019-11-01US flag
US8062667No2011-11-222029-03-29US flag
US8465765No2013-06-182031-02-15US flag
US8778390No2014-07-152031-02-15US flag
US8563033No2013-10-222031-02-15US flag
US8956649No2015-02-172031-02-15US flag
US9040083No2015-05-262031-02-15US flag
US8287903No2012-10-162031-02-15US flag
US7438930Yes2008-10-212020-06-16US flag
US9066869Yes2015-06-302020-06-16US flag
US7247318Yes2007-07-242020-06-16US flag
US7083808Yes2006-08-012020-06-16US flag
US6419960Yes2002-07-162020-06-16US flag
US8580310Yes2013-11-122020-06-16US flag
US9801823Yes2017-10-312020-06-16US flag
US10039719Yes2018-08-072020-06-16US flag
US9498447No2016-11-222032-03-23US flag
US9283214No2016-03-152032-03-23US flag
US9023389No2015-05-052032-03-23US flag
US8927010No2015-01-062032-03-23US flag
US9028868No2015-05-122032-03-23US flag
US9034902No2015-05-192032-03-23US flag
US9603809No2017-03-282032-03-23US flag
US8916588No2014-12-232032-03-23US flag
US10182995No2019-01-222032-03-23US flag
US10111839No2018-10-302035-10-30US flag
US9974752No2018-05-222035-10-30US flag
US10292939No2019-05-212035-10-30US flag
US10292938No2019-05-212035-10-30US flag
US10292937No2019-05-212032-03-23US flag
US10449159No2019-10-222035-10-30US flag
US10463624No2019-11-052019-12-16US flag
US10512613No2019-12-242035-10-30US flag
US10500162No2019-12-102035-10-30US flag
US10507186No2019-12-172035-10-30US flag
US10512612No2019-12-242035-10-30US flag
US10568841No2020-02-252035-10-30US flag
US10617651No2020-04-142032-03-23US flag
US10688060No2020-06-232035-10-30US flag
US10722473No2020-07-282038-11-19US flag
US10881618No2021-01-052032-03-23US flag
US10905652No2021-02-022032-03-23US flag
US10858341No2020-12-082037-12-09US flag
US10954213No2021-03-232037-12-09US flag
US10584112No2020-03-102037-12-09US flag
US9079928No2015-07-142032-07-27US flag
US10584113No2020-03-102037-12-09US flag
US10759778No2020-09-012037-12-09US flag

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)>203[MSDS]
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP2.25Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.09Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area38.33 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity66.73 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability26.15 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9941
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9663
Caco-2 permeable+0.6564
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.5466
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.7964
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9601
Renal organic cation transporterInhibitor0.532
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7897
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.5985
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.592
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.897
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.5245
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9265
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8539
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.9328
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9648
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.5759
Rat acute toxicity2.7718 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8466
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7491
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0089-9610000000-8e4c1241e36274356032
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-4190000000-fef041a243a714b6bcaf
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001r-9120000000-b5db236b260a5c8e3151
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0089-3790000000-1d766bcf3e602b1e5a3b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014l-4920000000-775709067ea58a06f13b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-052f-9200000000-bc89321ee3ca13496a53
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9100000000-da8a2bb07df6a5f27f1a
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-163.9031387
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-154.58199
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+164.2831387
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+156.94
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+164.1948387
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+163.03313
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A3
Uniprot ID
Q01959
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Molecular Weight
68494.255 Da
References
  1. Markowitz JS, Patrick KS: Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: does chirality matter? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3 Suppl 2):S54-61. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181733560. [Article]
  2. Ding YS, Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N: Chiral drugs: comparison of the pharmacokinetics of [11C]d-threo and L-threo-methylphenidate in the human and baboon brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 May;131(1):71-8. [Article]
  3. Davids E, Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ: Stereoselective effects of methylphenidate on motor hyperactivity in juvenile rats induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;160(1):92-8. Epub 2001 Dec 18. [Article]
  4. Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Gatley SJ, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Ding YS, Franceschi D, Gifford A, Morgan A, Pappas N, King P: Comparable changes in synaptic dopamine induced by methylphenidate and by cocaine in the baboon brain. Synapse. 1999 Jan;31(1):59-66. [Article]
  5. Wayment HK, Deutsch H, Schweri MM, Schenk JO: Effects of methylphenidate analogues on phenethylamine substrates for the striatal dopamine transporter: potential as amphetamine antagonists? J Neurochem. 1999 Mar;72(3):1266-74. [Article]
  6. Dresel SH, Kung MP, Huang X, Plossl K, Hou C, Shiue CY, Karp J, Kung HF: In vivo imaging of serotonin transporters with [99mTc]TRODAT-1 in nonhuman primates. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 Apr;26(4):342-7. [Article]
  7. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Fischman M, Foltin R, Abumrad NN, Gatley SJ, Logan J, Wong C, Gifford A, Ding YS, Hitzemann R, Pappas N: Methylphenidate and cocaine have a similar in vivo potency to block dopamine transporters in the human brain. Life Sci. 1999;65(1):PL7-12. [Article]
  8. Izenwasser S, Coy AE, Ladenheim B, Loeloff RJ, Cadet JL, French D: Chronic methylphenidate alters locomotor activity and dopamine transporters differently from cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 4;373(2-3):187-93. [Article]
  9. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  10. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [Article]
  11. Viggiano D, Vallone D, Sadile A: Dysfunctions in dopamine systems and ADHD: evidence from animals and modeling. Neural Plast. 2004;11(1-2):97-114. [Article]
  12. Tilley MR, Gu HH: The effects of methylphenidate on knockin mice with a methylphenidate-resistant dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):554-60. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.141713. Epub 2008 Aug 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID
P23975
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Molecular Weight
69331.42 Da
References
  1. Markowitz JS, Patrick KS: Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate enantiomers: does chirality matter? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;28(3 Suppl 2):S54-61. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181733560. [Article]
  2. Ding YS, Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Dewey SL, Wang GJ, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N: Chiral drugs: comparison of the pharmacokinetics of [11C]d-threo and L-threo-methylphenidate in the human and baboon brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1997 May;131(1):71-8. [Article]
  3. Davids E, Zhang K, Tarazi FI, Baldessarini RJ: Stereoselective effects of methylphenidate on motor hyperactivity in juvenile rats induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 Feb;160(1):92-8. Epub 2001 Dec 18. [Article]
  4. Yang L, Wang YF, Li J, Faraone SV: Association of norepinephrine transporter gene with methylphenidate response. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;43(9):1154-8. [Article]
  5. Williard RL, Middaugh LD, Zhu HJ, Patrick KS: Methylphenidate and its ethanol transesterification metabolite ethylphenidate: brain disposition, monoamine transporters and motor activity. Behav Pharmacol. 2007 Feb;18(1):39-51. [Article]
  6. Chuhan YS, Taukulis HK: Impairment of single-trial memory formation by oral methylphenidate in the rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006 Mar;85(2):125-31. Epub 2005 Oct 24. [Article]
  7. Gray JD, Punsoni M, Tabori NE, Melton JT, Fanslow V, Ward MJ, Zupan B, Menzer D, Rice J, Drake CT, Romeo RD, Brake WG, Torres-Reveron A, Milner TA: Methylphenidate administration to juvenile rats alters brain areas involved in cognition, motivated behaviors, appetite, and stress. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 4;27(27):7196-207. [Article]
  8. Sandoval V, Riddle EL, Ugarte YV, Hanson GR, Fleckenstein AE: Methamphetamine-induced rapid and reversible changes in dopamine transporter function: an in vitro model. J Neurosci. 2001 Feb 15;21(4):1413-9. [Article]
  9. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [Article]
  10. Tilley MR, Gu HH: The effects of methylphenidate on knockin mice with a methylphenidate-resistant dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Nov;327(2):554-60. doi: 10.1124/jpet.108.141713. Epub 2008 Aug 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Serotonin:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into t...
Gene Name
SLC6A4
Uniprot ID
P31645
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
Molecular Weight
70324.165 Da
References
  1. Dresel SH, Kung MP, Huang X, Plossl K, Hou C, Shiue CY, Karp J, Kung HF: In vivo imaging of serotonin transporters with [99mTc]TRODAT-1 in nonhuman primates. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999 Apr;26(4):342-7. [Article]
  2. Izenwasser S, Coy AE, Ladenheim B, Loeloff RJ, Cadet JL, French D: Chronic methylphenidate alters locomotor activity and dopamine transporters differently from cocaine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Jun 4;373(2-3):187-93. [Article]
  3. Stehouwer JS, Jarkas N, Zeng F, Voll RJ, Williams L, Owens MJ, Votaw JR, Goodman MM: Synthesis, radiosynthesis, and biological evaluation of carbon-11 labeled 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3'-((Z)-2-haloethenyl)phenyl)nortropanes: candidate radioligands for in vivo imaging of the serotonin transporter with positron emission tomography. J Med Chem. 2006 Nov 16;49(23):6760-7. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Alcaligenes sp.
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
Q7SIA5
Uniprot Name
Carboxylesterase
Molecular Weight
35647.555 Da
References
  1. Sun Z, Murry DJ, Sanghani SP, Davis WI, Kedishvili NY, Zou Q, Hurley TD, Bosron WF: Methylphenidate is stereoselectively hydrolyzed by human carboxylesterase CES1A1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Aug;310(2):469-76. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.067116. Epub 2004 Apr 13. [Article]
  2. Dexmethylphenidate XR FDA Label [File]

Drug created at May 06, 2010 16:32 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:55