Identification
- Name
- Lobeglitazone
- Accession Number
- DB09198
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Experimental
- Description
Lobeglitazone is an antidiabetic medication from the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It primarily functions as an insulin sensitizer by binding and activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) gamma within fat cells. By activating PPAR-gamma and promoting the binding of insulin at fat cells, lobeglitazone thereby has been shown to reduce blood sugar levels, lower hemoglobain A1C (HbA1C) levels, and improve lipid and liver profiles [1]. Unlike Pioglitazone, which is a dual PPAR agonist at PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma, Lobeglitazone is a pure PPAR-alpha agonist.
Lobeglitazone was approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea) in 2013, and is being monitored by postmarketing surveillance until 2019. Lobeglitazone is not approved for use by either the Food and Drug Administration (USA), Health Canada, or by the European Medicines Agency for use in the management of diabetes.
- Structure
Structure for Lobeglitazone (DB09198)
- Synonyms
- Not Available
- External IDs
- CKD 501 / CKD-501 / CKD501
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key lobeglitazone sulfate 95C712E83P Not Available Not applicable - International/Other Brands
- Duvie (Chong Kun Dang)
- Categories
- Blood Glucose Lowering Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors (moderate)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- PPAR alpha, agonists
- PPAR gamma, agonists
- Sulfur Compounds
- Thiazoles
- Thiazolidinediones
- UNII
- MY89F08K5D
- CAS number
- 607723-33-1
- Weight
- Average: 480.54
Monoisotopic: 480.146741063 - Chemical Formula
- C24H24N4O5S
- InChI Key
- CHHXEZSCHQVSRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C24H24N4O5S/c1-28(21-14-22(26-15-25-21)33-19-9-7-17(31-2)8-10-19)11-12-32-18-5-3-16(4-6-18)13-20-23(29)27-24(30)34-20/h3-10,14-15,20H,11-13H2,1-2H3,(H,27,29,30)
- IUPAC Name
- 5-{[4-(2-{[6-(4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl](methyl)amino}ethoxy)phenyl]methyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
- SMILES
- COC1=CC=C(OC2=NC=NC(=C2)N(C)CCOC2=CC=C(CC3SC(=O)NC3=O)C=C2)C=C1
Pharmacology
- Indication
Lobeglitazone was approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea) in 2013, and is being monitored by postmarketing surveillance until 2019. Lobeglitazone is not approved for use by either the Food and Drug Administration (USA), Health Canada, or by the European Medicines Agency for use in the management of diabetes.
- Pharmacodynamics
- Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Lobeglitazone acts as an insulin sensitizer by binding and activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) gamma within fat cells. By promoting the binding of insulin at fat cells, lobeglitazone has been shown to reduce blood sugar levels, lower hemoglobain A1C (HbA1C) levels, and improve lipid and liver profiles [1]. Unlike Pioglitazone, which is a dual PPAR agonist at PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma, Lobeglitazone is a pure PPAR-alpha agonist.
Target Actions Organism APeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activatorHuman - Absorption
In rat studies, the AUC for the doses 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, AUC values were determined to be 459, 514, and 481 ug min/mL respectively. Absoprtion occurs rapidly after administration, with Tmax of 67.5 and 48.8 min and a Cmax of 0.962 and 0.4.94 ug/mL following doses of 0.5 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. Absolute bioavailability after oral administration was nearly complete and apparently not affected by the dosage; 92.1% following a 0.5 mg/kg dose and 99.0% following a 2 mg/kg dose. Furthermore, the extent of LB remaining in the GI tract at 24 h was found to be negligible, with values less than 0.2% of the oral dose, suggesting that the intestinal absorption is complete in rats at the dose range studied [2].
- Volume of distribution
The steady state volume of distribution (Vss) of lobeglitazone was found to be 189–276 mL/kg. Vss was not found to vary statistically with the dose, suggesting that lobeglitazone follows linear kinetics [2].
- Protein binding
Lobeglitazone was found to bind extensively to plasma proteins (i.e., up to 99.9%) with no appreciable concentration dependency on the unbound fraction [2].
- Metabolism
Rat studies with lobeglitazone have suggested that it is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes [2], however the exact enzymes involved in its metabolism have yet to be elucidated. The structure of Lobeglitazone's five major metabolites have been characterized along with their pharmacokinetic parameters, and can be seen in the metabolism section below. In rat studies, demethylation and hydroxylation appear to be the primary metabolic pathways. The most abundant metabolite found in these studies was confirmed in vivo as M1, a demethylated derivative of lobeglitazone; its rate of formation was found to be approximately 0.216 ∼ 0.252 mL/min/kg, representing approximately 9.76% of the total lobeglitazone elimination in vivo in rats [5].
- Route of elimination
It has been reported that the combined extent of the excretion of lobeglitazone to the bile, urine and intestine is low (less than 10% of total dose), suggesting that the major route of elimination for the drug involves its metabolism [2].
- Half life
Following an intravenous dosage of 1 mg/kg, the half life was found to be 110 min [2].
- Clearance
In rat studies, systemic clearance was found to be between 1.95 and 2.19 mL/min/kg regardless of dosage [2].
- Toxicity
Lobeglitazone showed a similar adverse effect profile to pioglitazone, another thiazolidinedione medication from the same class. The most concerning side effects found were edema and weight gain, with no severe adverse effects. Notably, there were no observable changes to patients with heart failure, which is a concern associated with other medications of the same class [3].
- Affected organisms
- Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction (R)-warfarin The metabolism of (R)-warfarin can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. (S)-Warfarin The metabolism of (S)-Warfarin can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. 2,4-thiazolidinedione The risk or severity of hypoglycemia can be increased when Lobeglitazone is combined with 2,4-thiazolidinedione. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid The metabolism of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. 4-hydroxycoumarin The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. 5-(2-methylpiperazine-1-sulfonyl)isoquinoline The therapeutic efficacy of Lobeglitazone can be increased when used in combination with 5-(2-methylpiperazine-1-sulfonyl)isoquinoline. 5-androstenedione The metabolism of Lobeglitazone can be decreased when combined with 5-androstenedione. 6-Deoxyerythronolide B The metabolism of Lobeglitazone can be decreased when combined with 6-Deoxyerythronolide B. 6-O-benzylguanine The metabolism of 6-O-benzylguanine can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. 8-azaguanine The metabolism of 8-azaguanine can be decreased when combined with Lobeglitazone. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
References
- Synthesis Reference
Kim BY, Ahn JB, Lee HW, Kang SK, Lee JH, Shin JS, Ahn SK, Hong CI, Yoon SS: Synthesis and biological activity of novel substituted pyridines and purines containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Eur J Med Chem. 2004 May;39(5):433-47.
- General References
- Lee YH, Kim JH, Kim SR, Jin HY, Rhee EJ, Cho YM, Lee BW: Lobeglitazone, a Novel Thiazolidinedione, Improves Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Its Efficacy and Predictive Factors Related to Responsiveness. J Korean Med Sci. 2017 Jan;32(1):60-69. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2017.32.1.60. [PubMed:27914133]
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Jin SM, Park CY, Cho YM, Ku BJ, Ahn CW, Cha BS, Min KW, Sung YA, Baik SH, Lee KW, Yoon KH, Lee MK, Park SW: Lobeglitazone and pioglitazone as add-ons to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled, phase III clinical trial with a 28-week extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015 Jun;17(6):599-602. doi: 10.1111/dom.12435. Epub 2015 Feb 8. [PubMed:25580775]
- Kim BY, Ahn JB, Lee HW, Kang SK, Lee JH, Shin JS, Ahn SK, Hong CI, Yoon SS: Synthesis and biological activity of novel substituted pyridines and purines containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Eur J Med Chem. 2004 May;39(5):433-47. [PubMed:15110969]
- Lee JH, Ahn SH, Maeng HJ, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: The identification of lobeglitazone metabolites in rat liver microsomes and the kinetics of the in vivo formation of the major metabolite M1 in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015 Nov 10;115:375-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.040. Epub 2015 Jul 30. [PubMed:26275726]
- External Links
- PubChem Compound
- 9826451
- PubChem Substance
- 310265106
- ChemSpider
- 8002194
- ChEBI
- 136052
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL3585580
- Wikipedia
- Lobeglitazone
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 1 Completed Not Available Healthy Male Volunteers 1 1 Completed Not Available Healthy Volunteers 1 1 Completed Not Available Liver Dysfunction 1 1 Completed Treatment Healthy Volunteers / Impaired Renal Function 1 1 Completed Treatment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 6 1 Not Yet Recruiting Treatment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 2 Completed Treatment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 3 Completed Treatment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2 3 Recruiting Treatment Type2 Diabetes 3 4 Completed Treatment Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) / Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 1 4 Recruiting Treatment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0181 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.84 ALOGPS logP 4.31 ChemAxon logS -4.4 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 7.61 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 3.96 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 7 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 102.88 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 10 ChemAxon Refractivity 129.63 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 49.64 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 4 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule Yes ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diarylethers. These are organic compounds containing the dialkyl ether functional group, with the formula ROR', where R and R' are aryl groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic oxygen compounds
- Class
- Organooxygen compounds
- Sub Class
- Ethers
- Direct Parent
- Diarylethers
- Alternative Parents
- Phenoxy compounds / Methoxybenzenes / Anisoles / Dialkylarylamines / Thiazolidinediones / Alkyl aryl ethers / Aminopyrimidines and derivatives / Imidolactams / Heteroaromatic compounds / Dicarboximides show 7 more
- Substituents
- Diaryl ether / Phenoxy compound / Anisole / Phenol ether / Methoxybenzene / Dialkylarylamine / Alkyl aryl ether / Aminopyrimidine / Thiazolidinedione / Monocyclic benzene moiety show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Activator
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE...
- Gene Name
- PPARG
- Uniprot ID
- P37231
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
- Molecular Weight
- 57619.58 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P05177
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 58293.76 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Jung JA, Lee SY, Kim TE, Kim JR, Kim C, Huh W, Ko JW: Lack of the effect of lobeglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Mar 2;9:737-43. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S76591. eCollection 2015. [PubMed:25767371]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- Curator comments
- Data supporting this enzyme inhibition is limited.
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C19
- Uniprot ID
- P33261
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C19
- Molecular Weight
- 55930.545 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ: Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 May;77(5):404-14. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.266. [PubMed:15900286]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Jaakkola T, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ: Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 May;77(5):404-14. doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.266. [PubMed:15900286]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as estrone-3-sulfate (PubMed:10873595). Mediates transport of prostaglandins (PG) E1 and E2, thyroxine (T4), deltorphin II, BQ-123 an...
- Gene Name
- SLCO3A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UIG8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1
- Molecular Weight
- 76552.135 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- No
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Lee JH, Noh CK, Yim CS, Jeong YS, Ahn SH, Lee W, Kim DD, Chung SJ: Kinetics of the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Lobeglitazone, a Novel Activator of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Rats. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Sep;104(9):3049-59. doi: 10.1002/jps.24378. Epub 2015 Feb 3. [PubMed:25648999]
Drug created on October 16, 2015 16:12 / Updated on November 02, 2018 09:12