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IdentificationPharmacologyInteractionsReferencesTrialsEconomicsPropertiesSpectraTaxonomyIdentification
- Name
- Pravastatin
- Accession Number
- DB00175 (APRD00328)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Description
Pravastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to a class of medications known as statins. It was derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, the first statin discovered. It is a ring-opened dihydroxyacid with a 6’-hydroxyl group that does not require in vivo activation. Pravastatin is one of the lower potency statins; however, its increased hydrophilicity is thought to confer advantages such as minimal penetration through lipophilic membranes of peripheral cells, increased selectivity for hepatic tissues, and a reduction in side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.
- Structure
Structure for Pravastatin (DB00175)
- Synonyms
- (+)-(3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(S)-2-methylbutyryl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1-naphthyl]heptanoic acid
- Pravastatin acid
- Pravastatina
- Pravastatine
- Pravastatinum
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Pravastatin sodium 3M8608UQ61 81131-70-6 VWBQYTRBTXKKOG-IYNICTALSA-M - Product Images
- Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Act Pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2003-12-09 Not applicable Canada 
Act Pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2003-12-09 Not applicable Canada Act Pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Actavis Pharma Company 2003-12-09 Not applicable Canada Bio Pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Bioenhance Medicines Inc. 2001-07-12 2003-02-27 Canada Bio Pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Bioenhance Medicines Inc. 2001-07-12 2003-02-27 Canada Bio Pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Bioenhance Medicines Inc. 2001-07-12 2003-02-27 Canada M-pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Mantra Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada M-pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Mantra Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada M-pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Mantra Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Pravachol Tablet 20 mg/1 Oral E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. 2009-06-01 Not applicable US 
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Ach-pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Accord Healthcare Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Ach-pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Accord Healthcare Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Ach-pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Accord Healthcare Limited Not applicable Not applicable Canada Apo-pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2001-02-27 Not applicable Canada Apo-pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2001-02-27 Not applicable Canada Apo-pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Apotex Corporation 2001-02-27 Not applicable Canada Auro-pravastatin Tablet 10 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Auro-pravastatin Tablet 40 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Auro-pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Auro Pharma Inc Not applicable Not applicable Canada Ava-pravastatin Tablet 20 mg Oral Avanstra Inc 2011-10-11 2011-12-12 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Pal-pravastatin-asa Pravastatin sodium (10 mg) + Acetylsalicylic acid (81 mg) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, delayed release Oral Paladin Labs Inc 2006-01-13 2015-07-31 Canada Pal-pravastatin-asa Pravastatin sodium (40 mg) + Acetylsalicylic acid (81 mg) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, delayed release Oral Paladin Labs Inc 2006-01-13 2015-07-31 Canada Pal-pravastatin-asa Pravastatin sodium (20 mg) + Acetylsalicylic acid (81 mg) Kit; Tablet; Tablet, delayed release Oral Paladin Labs Inc 2006-01-13 2015-07-31 Canada Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium (40 mg/1) + Acetylsalicylic acid (81 mg/1) Kit E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. 2005-01-01 2006-12-31 US Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium + Acetylsalicylic acid Tablet Bristol-Myers Squibb Company 2006-10-12 2006-10-12 US Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium + Acetylsalicylic acid Kit Bristol-Myers Squibb Company 2006-10-12 2006-10-12 US Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium + Acetylsalicylic acid Tablet Bristol-Myers Squibb Company 2006-10-12 2006-10-12 US Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium (40 mg/1) + Acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg/1) Kit E.R. Squibb & Sons, L.L.C. 2006-01-01 2007-04-30 US Pravigard Pac Pravastatin sodium + Acetylsalicylic acid Tablet Bristol-Myers Squibb Company 2006-10-12 2006-10-12 US - International/Other Brands
- Elisor / Lipostat / Mevalotin / Pravaselect / Selipran
- Categories
- Anticholesteremic Agents
- BCRP/ABCG2 Inhibitors
- BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates
- BSEP/ABCB11 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Inhibitors (weak)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A5 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
- Hypolipidemic Agents
- Lipid Modifying Agents
- Lipid Modifying Agents, Plain
- Lipid Regulating Agents
- Naphthalenes
- Noxae
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Inhibitors
- OAT3/SLC22A8 Substrates
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Inhibitors
- OATP1B1/SLCO1B1 Substrates
- P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Substrates
- Toxic Actions
- UNII
- KXO2KT9N0G
- CAS number
- 81093-37-0
- Weight
- Average: 424.5277
Monoisotopic: 424.246103506 - Chemical Formula
- C23H36O7
- InChI Key
- TUZYXOIXSAXUGO-PZAWKZKUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C23H36O7/c1-4-13(2)23(29)30-20-11-17(25)9-15-6-5-14(3)19(22(15)20)8-7-16(24)10-18(26)12-21(27)28/h5-6,9,13-14,16-20,22,24-26H,4,7-8,10-12H2,1-3H3,(H,27,28)/t13-,14-,16+,17+,18+,19-,20-,22-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6-hydroxy-2-methyl-8-{[(2S)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy}-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid
- SMILES
- [H][C@]12[C@H](C[C@H](O)C=C1C=C[C@H](C)[C@@H]2CC[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O)OC(=O)[C@@H](C)CC
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Associated Conditions
- Pharmacodynamics
The primary cause of cardiovascular (CV) disease is atherosclerotic plaque formation and sustained elevation of cholesterol in the blood increases the risk of CV disease. Pravastatin lowers hepatic production of cholesterol by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via the mevalonic acid pathway. Decreased hepatic cholesterol levels causes increased uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduces cholesterol levels in the circulation. Pravastatin also inhibits hepatic synthesis if VLDL. At therapeutic doses, pravastatin lowers LDL cholesterol by 20-30%, increase high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 3-10%, and decrease plasma triglycerides by 19-34%. HDL cholesterol is thought to confer protective effects against CV disease, whereas high LDL and triglyceride levels are associated with higher risk of disease.
- Mechanism of action
Pravastatin is structurally similar to the HMG, a substituent of the endogenous substrate of HMG-CoA reductase. Unlike its parent compound, mevastatin, and statins such as lovastatin and simvastatin, pravastatin does not need to be activated in vivo. Its hydrolyzed lactone ring mimics the tetrahedral intermediate produced by the reductase allowing the agent to bind with a much greater affinity than its natural substrate. The bicyclic portion of pravastatin binds to the coenzyme A portion of the active site. Pravastatin sodium produces its lipid-lowering effect in two ways. First, as a consequence of its reversible inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity, it effects modest reductions in intracellular pools of cholesterol. This results in an increase in the number of LDL-receptors on cell surfaces and enhanced receptor-mediated catabolism and clearance of circulating LDL. Second, pravastatin inhibits LDL production by inhibiting hepatic synthesis of VLDL, the LDL precursor.
Target Actions Organism A3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitorHuman - Absorption
Pravastatin is rapidly absorbed with peak plasma levels of the parent compound achieved 1 to 1.5 hours after administration. The average oral absorption of pravastatin is 34% and absolute bioavailability is 17%. These values however, are variable. Food decreases the systemic bioavailability but the lipid-lowering effect is not impacted. When 20 mg of pravastatin is given orally, the pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: Cmax = 23.3-26.3 ng/mL; AUC = 54.7 to 62.2 ng•hr/mL.
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
50% bound to human plasma proteins.
- Metabolism
Hepatic, there is a small amount of metabolism by P450 enzymes, but this effect is so minimal that inhibitory pharmacokinetic drug interactions have no real effect on its overall activity and elimination. An in vitro study which found moderate affinity for P450 2C9 (major), 2D6 and 3A4. Furthermore, the major degradation product is the 3α-hydroxy isomeric metabolite, which has one-tenth to one-fortieth the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity of the parent compound.
- Route of elimination
Approximately 20% of a radiolabeled oral dose is excreted in urine and 70% in the feces. After intravenous administration, 47% of total body clearance was via renal excretion, while 53% was eliminated by non-renal routes.
- Half life
1.8h [1]
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Toxicity
Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, constipation, gas abdominal pain, myopathy, myositis, rhabdomyolysis, and hepatotoxicity. LD50= 12,000 mg/kg (orally in rat)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
Pathway Category Pravastatin Action Pathway Drug action - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Interacting Gene/Enzyme Allele name Genotype(s) Defining Change(s) Type(s) Description Details Kinesin-like protein KIF6 --- (C;C) / (C;T) C Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype have a greater reduction in risk of a major cardiovascular event with high dose pravastatin. Details 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase --- (A;T) T Allele Effect Directly Studied Patients with this genotype have a lesser reduction in LDL cholesterol with pravastatin. Details
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction (R)-warfarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Pravastatin is combined with (R)-warfarin. (S)-Warfarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Pravastatin is combined with (S)-Warfarin. 4-hydroxycoumarin The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Pravastatin is combined with 4-hydroxycoumarin. Abemaciclib Abemaciclib may decrease the excretion rate of Pravastatin which could result in a higher serum level. Acalabrutinib The metabolism of Pravastatin can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib. Acenocoumarol The risk or severity of bleeding can be increased when Pravastatin is combined with Acenocoumarol. Acetaminophen The serum concentration of Pravastatin can be increased when it is combined with Acetaminophen. Acetylcysteine The excretion of Pravastatin can be decreased when combined with Acetylcysteine. Acipimox Acipimox may increase the myopathic rhabdomyolysis activities of Pravastatin. Acyclovir The excretion of Acyclovir can be decreased when combined with Pravastatin. - Food Interactions
- Avoid alcohol.
- Avoid drastic changes in dietary habit.
- Take without regard to meals.
References
- Synthesis Reference
Kae Jong Chung, Joo Kyung Lee, Joo Woong Park, Dong Jin Seo, Sang Choon Lee, "Method for producing pravastatin precursor, ML-236B." U.S. Patent US6204032, issued October, 1976.
US6204032- General References
- Pan HY: Clinical pharmacology of pravastatin, a selective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;40 Suppl 1:S15-8. [PubMed:1904355]
- Hedman M, Neuvonen PJ, Neuvonen M, Antikainen M: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pravastatin in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Aug;74(2):178-85. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00153-X. [PubMed:12891228]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0005022
- KEGG Drug
- D08410
- KEGG Compound
- C01844
- PubChem Compound
- 54687
- PubChem Substance
- 46504851
- ChemSpider
- 49398
- BindingDB
- 20688
- ChEBI
- 63618
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1144
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000550
- PharmGKB
- PA451089
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Pravastatin
- ATC Codes
- C10AA03 — Pravastatin
- C10AA — HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
- C10A — LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS, PLAIN
- C10 — LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- C10BX — HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, other combinations
- C10B — LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS, COMBINATIONS
- C10 — LIPID MODIFYING AGENTS
- C — CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- AHFS Codes
- 24:06.08 — Hmg-coa Reductase Inhibitors
- FDA label
- Download (251 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (44 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Bristol myers squibb
- Apotex corp
- Dr reddys laboratories inc
- Glenmark generics ltd
- Lek pharmaceuticals dd
- Lupin pharmaceuticals inc
- Matrix laboratories ltd
- Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
- Pliva hrvatska doo
- Ranbaxy laboratories ltd
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Teva pharmaceuticals usa
- Watson laboratories inc
- Zydus pharmaceuticals usa inc
- Packagers
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- Amerisource Health Services Corp.
- Apotex Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
- Bryant Ranch Prepack
- Cadila Healthcare Ltd.
- Cardinal Health
- Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
- Dept Health Central Pharmacy
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Doctor Reddys Laboratories Ltd.
- E.R. Squibb and Sons LLC
- Glenmark Generics Ltd.
- International Laboratories Inc.
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital
- Lek Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Lupin Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- Medvantx Inc.
- Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
- Mylan
- Neuman Distributors Inc.
- Ohm Laboratories Inc.
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Par Pharmaceuticals
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Pliva Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Ranbaxy Laboratories
- Rebel Distributors Corp.
- Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
- Sandoz
- Southwood Pharmaceuticals
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- UDL Laboratories
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Zydus Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 10 mg Kit; tablet; tablet, delayed release Oral Tablet Oral 10 mg/1 Tablet Oral 80 mg Tablet Oral 20 mg Tablet Oral 40 mg Tablet Oral 20 mg/1 Tablet Oral 40 mg/1 Tablet Oral 80 mg/1 Kit Tablet - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Pravachol 40 mg tablet 6.53USD tablet Pravachol 80 mg tablet 6.53USD tablet Pravastatin sodium 40 mg tablet 4.89USD tablet Pravastatin sodium 80 mg tablet 4.89USD tablet Pravachol 20 mg tablet 4.39USD tablet Pravachol 10 mg tablet 4.38USD tablet Pravastatin sodium 20 mg tablet 3.33USD tablet Pravastatin sodium 10 mg tablet 3.28USD tablet Apo-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Co Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Jamp-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Mint-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Mylan-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Novo-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Pms-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Pravachol 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Ran-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Ratio-Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Sandoz Pravastatin 40 mg Tablet 1.42USD tablet Apo-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Co Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Jamp-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Mint-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Mylan-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Novo-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Pms-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Pravachol 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Ran-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Ratio-Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Sandoz Pravastatin 20 mg Tablet 1.18USD tablet Apo-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Co Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Jamp-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Mint-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Mylan-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Novo-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Pms-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Pravachol 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Ran-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Ratio-Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet Sandoz Pravastatin 10 mg Tablet 1.0USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) US5622985 No 1994-10-22 2014-10-22 US CA1323836 No 1993-11-02 2010-11-02 Canada
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 171.2 - 173°C MSDS water solubility Soluble FDA label logP 0.59 FDA label - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.242 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 2.23 ALOGPS logP 1.65 ChemAxon logS -3.2 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.21 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.7 ChemAxon Physiological Charge -1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 6 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 124.29 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 11 ChemAxon Refractivity 113.6 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 46.56 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 2 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter Yes ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
- Not Available
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are hydroxy acids with a 6 to 12 carbon atoms long side chain.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Medium-chain hydroxy acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Fatty alcohols / Medium-chain fatty acids / Hydroxy fatty acids / Fatty acid esters / Branched fatty acids / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Secondary alcohols / Carboxylic acid esters / Carboxylic acids show 3 more
- Substituents
- Fatty alcohol / Medium-chain hydroxy acid / Medium-chain fatty acid / Beta-hydroxy acid / Branched fatty acid / Hydroxy fatty acid / Fatty acid ester / Fatty acyl / Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives / Secondary alcohol show 10 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- statin (semi-synthetic), carboxylic ester, secondary alcohol, 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid, hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, carbobicyclic compound (CHEBI:63618)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Nadph binding
- Specific Function
- Transmembrane glycoprotein that is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis as well as in the biosynthesis of nonsterol isoprenoids that are essential for normal cell function including...
- Gene Name
- HMGCR
- Uniprot ID
- P04035
- Uniprot Name
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 97475.155 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
- Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ: Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Jan;68(1):168-241. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.011411. [PubMed:26721703]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C9
- Uniprot ID
- P11712
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C9
- Molecular Weight
- 55627.365 Da
References
- Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
- Electronic Medicines Compendium: Pravastatin sodium 40 mg Tablets Monograph [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y6L6
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76447.99 Da
References
- Chen C, Mireles RJ, Campbell SD, Lin J, Mills JB, Xu JJ, Smolarek TA: Differential interaction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitors with ABCB1, ABCC2, and OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):537-46. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [PubMed:15616150]
- Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Sasseville V, Yang WP, Kirchgessner TG: A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 24;274(52):37161-8. [PubMed:10601278]
- Matsushima S, Maeda K, Kondo C, Hirano M, Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Identification of the hepatic efflux transporters of organic anions using double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, OATP1B1/multidrug resistance 1, and OATP1B1/breast cancer resistance protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1059-67. Epub 2005 May 18. [PubMed:15901800]
- Kameyama Y, Yamashita K, Kobayashi K, Hosokawa M, Chiba K: Functional characterization of SLCO1B1 (OATP-C) variants, SLCO1B1*5, SLCO1B1*15 and SLCO1B1*15+C1007G, by using transient expression systems of HeLa and HEK293 cells. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Jul;15(7):513-22. [PubMed:15970799]
- Sharma P, Holmes VE, Elsby R, Lambert C, Surry D: Validation of cell-based OATP1B1 assays to assess drug transport and the potential for drug-drug interaction to support regulatory submissions. Xenobiotica. 2010 Jan;40(1):24-37. doi: 10.3109/00498250903351013. [PubMed:19919292]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost.
- Gene Name
- SLCO2B1
- Uniprot ID
- O94956
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1
- Molecular Weight
- 76709.98 Da
References
- Mougey EB, Feng H, Castro M, Irvin CG, Lima JJ: Absorption of montelukast is transporter mediated: a common variant of OATP2B1 is associated with reduced plasma concentrations and poor response. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Feb;19(2):129-38. doi: 10.1097/FPC.0b013e32831bd98c. [PubMed:19151602]
- Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [PubMed:12724351]
- Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Functional characterization of pH-sensitive organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B in human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):438-45. Epub 2003 Nov 10. [PubMed:14610227]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Chen C, Mireles RJ, Campbell SD, Lin J, Mills JB, Xu JJ, Smolarek TA: Differential interaction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitors with ABCB1, ABCC2, and OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):537-46. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [PubMed:15616150]
- Matsushima S, Maeda K, Kondo C, Hirano M, Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Identification of the hepatic efflux transporters of organic anions using double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, OATP1B1/multidrug resistance 1, and OATP1B1/breast cancer resistance protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1059-67. Epub 2005 May 18. [PubMed:15901800]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1A2
- Uniprot ID
- P46721
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
- Molecular Weight
- 74144.105 Da
References
- Hsiang B, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Sasseville V, Yang WP, Kirchgessner TG: A novel human hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2). Identification of a liver-specific human organic anion transporting polypeptide and identification of rat and human hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor transporters. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 24;274(52):37161-8. [PubMed:10601278]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one ...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q4U2R8
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 6
- Molecular Weight
- 61815.78 Da
References
- Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. [PubMed:14978359]
- Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. [PubMed:11861777]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenad...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TCC7
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 8
- Molecular Weight
- 59855.585 Da
References
- Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. [PubMed:14978359]
- Ohtsuki S, Kikkawa T, Mori S, Hori S, Takanaga H, Otagiri M, Terasaki T: Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jun;309(3):1273-81. Epub 2004 Feb 4. [PubMed:14762099]
- Hasegawa M, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama D, Ito K, Ueda S, Endou H, Sugiyama Y: Functional involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOat3; Slc22a8) in the renal uptake of organic anions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Mar;300(3):746-53. [PubMed:11861777]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter.
- Gene Name
- ABCC2
- Uniprot ID
- Q92887
- Uniprot Name
- Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 174205.64 Da
References
- Chen C, Mireles RJ, Campbell SD, Lin J, Mills JB, Xu JJ, Smolarek TA: Differential interaction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase inhibitors with ABCB1, ABCC2, and OATP1B1. Drug Metab Dispos. 2005 Apr;33(4):537-46. Epub 2004 Dec 22. [PubMed:15616150]
- Yamazaki M, Akiyama S, Ni'inuma K, Nishigaki R, Sugiyama Y: Biliary excretion of pravastatin in rats: contribution of the excretion pathway mediated by canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997 Oct;25(10):1123-9. [PubMed:9321514]
- Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Ito K, Abe T, Sugiyama Y: Transcellular transport of organic anions across a double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cell monolayer expressing both human organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP2/SLC21A6) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2). J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 22;277(8):6497-503. Epub 2001 Dec 17. [PubMed:11748225]
- Matsushima S, Maeda K, Kondo C, Hirano M, Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Identification of the hepatic efflux transporters of organic anions using double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, OATP1B1/multidrug resistance 1, and OATP1B1/breast cancer resistance protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1059-67. Epub 2005 May 18. [PubMed:15901800]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates saturable uptake of estrone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and related compounds.
- Gene Name
- SLC22A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NSA0
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 11
- Molecular Weight
- 59970.945 Da
References
- Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. [PubMed:14978359]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- High-capacity urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion. Plays a role in porphyrin homeostasis as it is able to mediates the export of protoporhyrin IX (PPIX) both fro...
- Gene Name
- ABCG2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UNQ0
- Uniprot Name
- ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
- Molecular Weight
- 72313.47 Da
References
- Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Sugimoto Y, Sugiyama Y: ABCG2 transports sulfated conjugates of steroids and xenobiotics. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 20;278(25):22644-9. Epub 2003 Apr 7. [PubMed:12682043]
- Matsushima S, Maeda K, Kondo C, Hirano M, Sasaki M, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Identification of the hepatic efflux transporters of organic anions using double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, OATP1B1/multidrug resistance 1, and OATP1B1/breast cancer resistance protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Sep;314(3):1059-67. Epub 2005 May 18. [PubMed:15901800]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates sodium-independent multispecific organic anion transport. Transport of prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2, tetracycline, bumetanide, estrone sulfate, glutarate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulf...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A7
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y694
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 7
- Molecular Weight
- 60025.025 Da
References
- Khamdang S, Takeda M, Shimoda M, Noshiro R, Narikawa S, Huang XL, Enomoto A, Piyachaturawat P, Endou H: Interactions of human- and rat-organic anion transporters with pravastatin and cimetidine. J Pharmacol Sci. 2004 Feb;94(2):197-202. [PubMed:14978359]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
- Gene Name
- SLC16A1
- Uniprot ID
- P53985
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53943.685 Da
References
- Tamai I, Takanaga H, Maeda H, Ogihara T, Yoneda M, Tsuji A: Proton-cotransport of pravastatin across intestinal brush-border membrane. Pharm Res. 1995 Nov;12(11):1727-32. [PubMed:8592677]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
- Gene Name
- ABCB11
- Uniprot ID
- O95342
- Uniprot Name
- Bile salt export pump
- Molecular Weight
- 146405.83 Da
References
- Morisawa Y, Takikawa H: Effect of bile acids on the biliary excretion of pravastatin in rats. Hepatol Res. 2009 Jun;39(6):595-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2009.00493.x. Epub 2009 Feb 24. [PubMed:19260999]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotre...
- Gene Name
- SLCO1B3
- Uniprot ID
- Q9NPD5
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B3
- Molecular Weight
- 77402.175 Da
References
- Link [Link]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 17, 2018 11:04