Acamprosate - DrugBank

ID Pharmacology Interactions References Trials Economics Properties Spectra Taxonomy

Targets (3)Transporters (1)

Targets (3)Transporters (1)Biointeractions (3)

Identification

Name

Acamprosate

Accession Number

DB00659 (APRD00661)

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Investigational

Description

Acamprosate, also known by the brand name Campral™, is a drug used for treating alcohol dependence. Acamprosate is thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcoholism, possibly by blocking glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, while gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors are activated. Reports indicate that acamprosate only works with a combination of attending support groups and abstinence from alcohol. Certain serious side effects include allergic reactions, irregular heartbeats, and low or high blood pressure, while less serious side effects include headaches, insomnia, and impotence. Acamprosate should not be taken by people with kidney problems or allergies to the drug.

Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

3-Acetamido-1-propanesulfonic acid

Acamprosato

Acamprosatum

N-acetyl homotaurine

N-Acetylhomotaurine

External IDs

Not Available

Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key	Details
Acamprosate Calcium	59375N1D0U	77337-73-6	BUVGWDNTAWHSKI-UHFFFAOYSA-L	Details

Product Images

Approved Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Campral	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Forest Laboratories	2005-01-11	2016-02-29	US
Campral	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg	Oral	Mylan Pharmaceuticals	2007-07-30	Not applicable	Canada
Campral	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Carilion Materials Management	2005-01-11	Not applicable	US

Approved Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Mylan Pharmaceuticals	2014-09-24	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Zydus Pharmaceuticals Usa, Inc.	2017-06-01	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Avera Mc Kennan Hospital	2015-08-17	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Av Kare, Inc.	2016-05-16	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Cadila Pharnmaceuticals	2017-06-01	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Amerincan Health Packaging	2015-10-01	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Mylan Institutional	2013-07-16	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Teva	2016-03-25	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Inc.,Usa	2013-07-16	Not applicable	US
Acamprosate Calcium	Tablet, delayed release	333 mg/1	Oral	Marlex Pharmaceuticals Inc	2016-08-01	Not applicable	US

Approved Over the Counter Products

Not Available

Unapproved/Other Products

Not Available

International Brands

Name	Company
Regtect	Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.

Brand mixtures

Not Available

Categories

UNII

N4K14YGM3J

CAS number

77337-76-9

Weight

Average: 181.21
Monoisotopic: 181.040878535

Chemical Formula

C₅H₁₁NO₄S

InChI Key

AFCGFAGUEYAMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C5H11NO4S/c1-5(7)6-3-2-4-11(8,9)10/h2-4H2,1H3,(H,6,7)(H,8,9,10)

IUPAC Name

3-acetamidopropane-1-sulfonic acid

SMILES

CC(=O)NCCCS(O)(=O)=O

Pharmacology

Indication

For the maintenance of abstinence from alcohol in patients with alcohol dependence who are abstinent at treatment initiation

Structured Indications

Alcohol Dependence

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that acamprosate calcium reduces alcohol intake in alcohol-dependent animals in a dose-dependent manner and that this effect appears to be specific to alcohol and the mechanisms of alcohol dependence. Acamprosate calcium has negligible observable central nervous system (CNS) activity in animals outside of its effects on alcohol dependence, exhibiting no anticonvulsant, antidepressant, or anxiolytic activity.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of acamprosate in maintenance of alcohol abstinence is not completely understood. Chronic alcohol exposure is hypothesized to alter the normal balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. in vitro and in vivo studies in animals have provided evidence to suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems centrally, and has led to the hypothesis that acamprosate restores this balance. It seems to inhibit NMDA receptors while activating GABA receptors.

Target	Kind	Pharmacological action	Actions	Organism	UniProt ID
GABA-A receptor (anion channel)	Protein group	yes	positive modulator	Human	not applicable	details
Glutamate (NMDA) receptor	Protein group	yes	antagonist	Human	not applicable	details
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5	Protein	yes	antagonist	Human	P41594	details

Absorption

The absolute bioavailability of acamprosate after oral administration is about 11%. The food effect on absorption is not clinically significant and no adjustment of dose is necessary.

Volume of distribution

72 to 109 L

Protein binding

Non detectable

Metabolism

Acamprosate does not undergo metabolism.

Route of elimination

Following oral administration of CAMPRAL®, the major route of excretion is via the kidneys as acamprosate.

Half life

20 - 33 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

In all reported cases of acute overdosage with acamprosate (total reported doses of up to 56 grams of acamprosate calcium), the only symptom that could be reasonably associated with acamprosate was diarrhea.

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions

No interactions found.

Food Interactions

Take without regard to meals.
Taking the product with food reduces its C_max by 42% and total drug exposure by 23% (not considered significant).

References

Synthesis Reference

Not Available

General References

Williams SH: Medications for treating alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Nov 1;72(9):1775-80. [PubMed:16300039 ]
Mason BJ: Treatment of alcohol-dependent outpatients with acamprosate: a clinical review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 20:42-8. [PubMed:11584875 ]
Mason BJ, Goodman AM, Chabac S, Lehert P: Effect of oral acamprosate on abstinence in patients with alcohol dependence in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: the role of patient motivation. J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Aug;40(5):383-93. Epub 2006 Mar 20. [PubMed:16546214 ]
Feeney GF, Connor JP, Young RM, Tucker J, McPherson A: Combined acamprosate and naltrexone, with cognitive behavioural therapy is superior to either medication alone for alcohol abstinence: a single centres' experience with pharmacotherapy. Alcohol Alcohol. 2006 May-Jun;41(3):321-7. Epub 2006 Feb 8. [PubMed:16467406 ]
Tsai G, Coyle JT: The role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Annu Rev Med. 1998;49:173-84. [PubMed:9509257 ]
Wilde MI, Wagstaff AJ: Acamprosate. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of alcohol dependence after detoxification. Drugs. 1997 Jun;53(6):1038-53. [PubMed:9179530 ]

External Links

Resource	Link
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)	HMDB14797
KEGG Drug	D02780
PubChem Compound	71158
PubChem Substance	46506657
ChemSpider	64300
ChEBI	51041
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1201293
Therapeutic Targets Database	DAP000857
PharmGKB	PA10344
Drug Product Database	20124
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/campral.htm
Drugs.com	http://www.drugs.com/cdi/acamprosate.html
PDRhealth	http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/cam1691.shtml
Wikipedia	Acamprosate

ATC Codes

N07BB03 — Acamprosate

AHFS Codes

28:92

PDB Entries

Not Available

FDA label

Download (815 KB)

MSDS

Not Available

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
1	Completed	Treatment	Tinnitus	1
1, 2	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence / Bipolar Disorder (BD)	1
1, 2	Completed	Treatment	Methamphetamine Dependence, Treatment Seeking	1
2	Completed	Not Available	Alcohol Dependence / Alcohol-Related Disorders / Alcoholism / Healthy Volunteers	1
2	Completed	Not Available	Alcoholism	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Alcoholism	2
2	Completed	Treatment	Dependence, Cocaine	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Drug-induced Tardive Dyskinesia	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome	1
2	Enrolling by Invitation	Treatment	Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Binge Eating Disorder (BED)	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Autistic Disorder	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Alcoholism	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) / Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	Anxiety Disorder / Dementias / Depressive State / Psychosomatic Disorders / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
4	Completed	Not Available	Alcoholism	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Abuse / Alcohol Dependence / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence	2
4	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence / Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) / Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Alcoholism	2
4	Completed	Treatment	Pathological Gambling Disorder	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Schizoaffective Disorders / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
4	Terminated	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence / Bipolar Disorder (BD)	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Alcoholism	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Feeling Anxious	1
Not Available	Terminated	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence	1
Not Available	Withdrawn	Treatment	Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Forest laboratories inc

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet, delayed release	Oral	333 mg/1
Tablet, delayed release	Oral	333 mg

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Campral 333 mg Enteric Coated Tabs	0.98USD	tab
Campral 333 mg dose pak	0.95USD	each
Campral dr 333 mg tablet	0.95USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-1.1	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	18.8 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-1.8	ALOGPS
logP	-2.8	ChemAxon
logS	-0.98	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	-1.1	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-0.47	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	83.47 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	ChemAxon
Refractivity	38.91 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	17.17 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.5669
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.9764
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.6797
P-glycoprotein substrate	Non-substrate	0.6973
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9056
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9783
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.8969
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7676
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8124
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.5906
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.877
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8857
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9267
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8726
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9806
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9614
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.7031
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.5213
Biodegradation	Ready biodegradable	0.6698
Rat acute toxicity	1.9578 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9006
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.878

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397 )

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-095fc64fb4490a8d6b4d	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-c177d5ee7162b0b8756d	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-40eaa1bb480a68330940	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-35bfe6cae36755d1cf1c	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-0059-9500000000-d366cda3213379d7501b	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-004i-9000000000-4374601f59e1dc8df0eb	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-004i-9000000000-011f30e0257faffd4553	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-c179316d784a91f87c59	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-0900000000-8cf123c7cf7dddcf6838	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-84a7d1cc6ca5022d4da7	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-0059-9500000000-4503d9afc6bab741521b	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-004i-9000000000-8c2ba21c044eeada7839	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-004i-9000000000-dd14c920c5211780d172	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negative	splash10-001i-1900000000-dac38f625c8648b643c4	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	splash10-0006-0900000000-3684e08456a971400c3d	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	splash10-0006-0900000000-6137fe4463b3675f55eb	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	splash10-00di-0900000000-58f776a52000101b8fb7	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	splash10-0006-0900000000-d8de420d40b45a34ea95	View in MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	splash10-001l-0900000000-1bb28abe8034966ad829	View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	Not Available

Taxonomy

Description

This compound belongs to the class of chemical entities known as organosulfonic acids. These are compounds containing the sulfonic acid group, which has the general structure RS(=O)2OH (R is not a hydrogen atom).

Kingdom

Chemical entities

Super Class

Organic compounds

Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives

Direct Parent

Organosulfonic acids

Alternative Parents

Sulfonyls / Alkanesulfonic acids / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Carboximidic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives

Substituents

Organosulfonic acid / Sulfonyl / Alkanesulfonic acid / Carboximidic acid / Carboximidic acid derivative / Organic 1,3-dipolar compound / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compound / Organic nitrogen compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic oxide

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

organosulfonic acid, acetamides (CHEBI:51041 )

Targets

Details

1. GABA-A receptor (anion channel) (Protein Group)

Kind: Protein group
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: positive modulator

General Function:: Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).

Components:

Name	UniProt ID	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Details

References

Williams SH: Medications for treating alcohol dependence. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Nov 1;72(9):1775-80. [PubMed:16300039 ]

Details

2. Glutamate (NMDA) receptor (Protein Group)

Kind: Protein group
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

General Function:: Voltage-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function:: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, excitotoxicity, memory acquisition and learning. It mediates neuronal functions in glutamate neurotransmission. Is involved in the cell surface targeting of NMDA receptors (By similarity).

Components:

Name	UniProt ID	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Q05586	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Q12879	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Q13224	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Q14957	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	O15399	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Q8TCU5	Details
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	O60391	Details

References

Mann K, Kiefer F, Spanagel R, Littleton J: Acamprosate: recent findings and future research directions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Jul;32(7):1105-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00690.x. [PubMed:18540918 ]
Witkiewitz K, Saville K, Hamreus K: Acamprosate for treatment of alcohol dependence: mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical utility. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2012;8:45-53. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S23184. Epub 2012 Feb 1. [PubMed:22346357 ]

Details

3. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

General Function:: Glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function:: G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. Signaling activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system and generates a calcium-activated chloride current. Plays an important role in the regulation of synaptic ...
Gene Name:: GRM5
Uniprot ID:: P41594
Molecular Weight:: 132467.635 Da

References

De Witte P, Littleton J, Parot P, Koob G: Neuroprotective and abstinence-promoting effects of acamprosate: elucidating the mechanism of action. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(6):517-37. [PubMed:15963001 ]

Transporters

Details

1. Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown

General Function:: L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function:: Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recognize their D-enantiomers and selected amino acid derivatives such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (By similarity).
Gene Name:: SLC36A1
Uniprot ID:: Q7Z2H8
Molecular Weight:: 53075.045 Da

References

Thwaites DT, Basterfield L, McCleave PM, Carter SM, Simmons NL: Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cell monolayers. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Feb;129(3):457-64. [PubMed:10711343 ]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on July 18, 2017 16:51

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Structure for DB00659 (Acamprosate)

Targets

Components:

References

Components:

References

References

Transporters

References