Identification
- Name
- Ipratropium
- Accession Number
- DB00332 (APRD00537)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Description
A muscarinic antagonist structurally related to atropine but often considered safer and more effective for inhalation use. It is used for various bronchial disorders, in rhinitis, and as an antiarrhythmic.
- Structure
- Synonyms
- bromuro de ipratropio
- Ipratropium cation
- Ipratropium ion
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Ipratropium bromide anhydrous VJV4X1P2Z1 22254-24-6 LHLMOSXCXGLMMN-WDTICOSOSA-M Ipratropium bromide monohydrate J697UZ2A9J 66985-17-9 KEWHKYJURDBRMN-XSAPEOHZSA-M Ipratropium chloride Not Available Not Available MQIPRYDNKGFOGV-WDTICOSOSA-M - Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Atrovent Spray, metered 21 ug/1 Nasal Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2006-03-31 Not applicable US Atrovent Aerosol, metered 17 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1995-08-07 2006-01-20 US Atrovent Aerosol, metered 18 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim 1986-12-19 2006-06-02 US Atrovent Spray, metered 42 ug/1 Nasal Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1996-01-01 2018-12-01 US Atrovent Spray, metered 42 ug/1 Nasal Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2003-05-23 2011-06-30 US Atrovent Solution 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee 1988-12-31 2007-10-11 Canada Atrovent Spray, metered 42 ug/1 Nasal Remedy Repack 2018-03-14 2018-03-14 US Atrovent Spray, metered 21 ug/1 Nasal Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1996-01-01 2018-12-01 US Atrovent HFA Aerosol, metered 17 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim 2005-05-01 Not applicable US Atrovent HFA Aerosol, metered 17 ug/1 Respiratory (inhalation) Rpk Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2005-05-01 Not applicable US - Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Apo-ipravent Solution - Inh 250mcg/ml Solution 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Apotex Corporation 1994-12-31 Not applicable Canada Apo-ipravent Sterules Solution 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Apotex Corporation 1998-07-09 Not applicable Canada Apo-ipravent Sterules Solution 125 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Apotex Corporation 2001-08-28 Not applicable Canada Dom-ipratropium Solution 21 mcg Nasal Dominion Pharmacal 1999-09-15 Not applicable Canada Dom-ipratropium 125 Mcg/ml Liquid 125 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (1 Ml) Liquid 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (2 Ml) Liquid 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Dom-ipratropium 250 Mcg/ml (20 Ml) Liquid 250 mcg Respiratory (inhalation) Dominion Pharmacal Not applicable Not applicable Canada Ipratropium Bromide Spray, metered 42 ug/1 Nasal Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2004-04-12 Not applicable US Ipratropium Bromide Solution 0.5 mg/2.5mL Respiratory (inhalation) St. Marys Medical Park Pharmacy 2014-01-30 2015-05-31 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Apo-salvent-ipravent Sterules Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg) + Salbutamol (2.5 mg) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Apotex Corporation 2006-08-25 Not applicable Canada Combivent Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (18 ug/1) + Salbutamol sulfate (90 ug/1) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2000-09-18 2013-06-30 US Combivent Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (18 ug/1) + Salbutamol sulfate (90 ug/1) Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim 1997-06-01 2014-09-30 US Combivent Inhalation Aerosol Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (20 mcg) + Salbutamol sulfate (120 mcg) Aerosol, metered Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee 1995-12-31 2007-10-02 Canada Combivent Respimat Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (20 mcg) + Salbutamol (100 mcg) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee 2014-09-16 Not applicable Canada Combivent Respimat Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (20 ug/1) + Salbutamol sulfate (120 ug/1) Spray, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim 2012-07-01 Not applicable US Combivent Udv Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.2 mg) + Salbutamol (1 mg) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee 1997-07-25 Not applicable Canada DuoNeb Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg/3mL) + Salbutamol sulfate (2.5 mg/3mL) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Mylan Specialty 2011-02-15 2014-06-30 US DuoNeb Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg/3mL) + Salbutamol sulfate (2.5 mg/3mL) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Physicians Total Care, Inc. 2007-06-06 2012-06-30 US Duovent Udv Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.125 mg) + Fenoterol hydrobromide (0.3125 mg) Solution Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Ltee 1995-12-31 2017-01-31 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Ipratropium Bromide Ipratropium bromide monohydrate (0.5 mg/1mL) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Cantrell Drug Company 2012-10-12 2015-01-14 US - International/Other Brands
- Aerovent (Teva) / Apovent (Apotex Inc.) / Atronase (Boehringer Ingelheim) / Ipraxa (Ivax) / Ipvent (Cipla Medpro) / Rhinovent (Boehringer Ingelheim) / Rinatec (Boehringer Ingelheim) / Rinovagos (Valeas)
- Categories
- Adrenergics, Inhalants
- Agents producing tachycardia
- Agents to Treat Airway Disease
- Alkaloids
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents
- Anticholinergic Agents
- Antimuscarinics Antispasmodics
- Atropine Derivatives
- Autonomic Agents
- Aza Compounds
- Azabicyclo Compounds
- Belladonna Alkaloids
- Bronchodilator Agents
- Cholinergic Agents
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Drugs for Obstructive Airway Diseases
- Muscarinic Antagonists
- Nasal Preparations
- Neurotransmitter Agents
- Peripheral Nervous System Agents
- Respiratory System Agents
- Solanaceous Alkaloids
- Tropanes
- UNII
- GR88G0I6UL
- CAS number
- 60205-81-4
- Weight
- Average: 332.463
Monoisotopic: 332.22202025 - Chemical Formula
- C20H30NO3
- InChI Key
- OEXHQOGQTVQTAT-BHIXFJMTSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C20H30NO3/c1-14(2)21(3)16-9-10-17(21)12-18(11-16)24-20(23)19(13-22)15-7-5-4-6-8-15/h4-8,14,16-19,22H,9-13H2,1-3H3/q+1/t16-,17+,18+,19?,21?
- IUPAC Name
- (1R,3R,5S)-3-[(3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]-8-methyl-8-(propan-2-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ium
- SMILES
- [H][C@]12CC[C@]([H])(C[C@@H](C1)OC(=O)C(CO)C1=CC=CC=C1)[N+]2(C)C(C)C
Pharmacology
- Indication
For maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Associated Conditions
- Pharmacodynamics
Ipratropium bromide, a synthetic ammonium compound structurally similar to atropine, is used as a bronchodilator in the management of cholinergic-mediated bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in the treatment of rhinorrhea associated with the common cold or with allergic or nonallergic seasonal rhinitis.
- Mechanism of action
Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic agent. It blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors, without specificity for subtypes, resulting in a decrease in the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Most likely due to actions of cGMP on intracellular calcium, this results in decreased contractility of smooth muscle.
Target Actions Organism AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonistHumans AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 antagonistHumans AMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 antagonistHumans - Absorption
Inhalation (local)-minimal; Nasal-rapid and minimal
- Volume of distribution
- 4.6 L/kg
- Protein binding
Minimally (0 to 9% in vitro) bound to plasma albumin and α1-acid glycoproteins
- Metabolism
Partially metabolized to at least 8 metabolites formed primarily via hydrolysis and conjugation. The main metabolites are N-isopropylnortropium methobromide, which is formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the ester; α-phenylacrylic acid-N-isopropylnortropine-ester methobromide, which is formed by enzymatic loss of a water; and phenylacetic acid-N-isopropylnortropine-ester methobromide, which is formed by enzymatic loss of a CH3OH-group. These metabolites appear to be inactive.
- Route of elimination
Primarily eliminated renally via active secretion.
- Half life
2-4 hours after administration orally, IV or by oral inhalation (radiolabeled ipratropium bromide assay measures parent drug and its metabolites). Using a radioreceptor assay that measures only unchanged ipratropium bromide, the initial distribution-phase half-life (t1/2 α) and terminal elimination-phase half-life (t1/2 β) were 0.07 and 1.6 hours, respectively, following a single 2 mg IV dose of the drug in healthy adults.
- Clearance
- 2.3 L/min (total clearance of active ingredient)
- Toxicity
LD50=1001mg/kg (orally in mice)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction (R)-warfarin The metabolism of (R)-warfarin can be decreased when combined with Ipratropium. (S)-Warfarin The metabolism of (S)-Warfarin can be decreased when combined with Ipratropium. 1,10-Phenanthroline The therapeutic efficacy of Ipratropium can be decreased when used in combination with 1,10-Phenanthroline. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Ipratropium is combined with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine. 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Ipratropium is combined with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylthioamphetamine. 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Ipratropium is combined with 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid The metabolism of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid can be decreased when combined with Ipratropium. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine The risk or severity of Tachycardia can be increased when Ipratropium is combined with 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine. 4-hydroxycoumarin The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Ipratropium. 4-Methoxyamphetamine 4-Methoxyamphetamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Ipratropium. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
References
- Synthesis Reference
Abdine HH, Belala F, and Al-Badra AA. (2003). Ipratropium bromide: Methods of chemical and biochemical synthesis. In H.G. Brittain (Ed.). Profiles of drug substances, excipients and related methodology (pp. 85-99). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Academic Press.
- General References
- Yamatake Y, Sasagawa S, Yanaura S, Okamiya Y: [Antiallergic asthma effect of ipatropium bromide (Sch 1000) in dogs (author's transl)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1977 Oct;73(7):785-91. [PubMed:145994]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0014476
- KEGG Compound
- C07052
- PubChem Compound
- 657308
- PubChem Substance
- 46506138
- ChemSpider
- 19962157
- ChEBI
- 46659
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL1621597
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DNC000806
- PharmGKB
- PA450082
- IUPHAR
- 325
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Ipratropium_bromide
- ATC Codes
- R03BB01 — Ipratropium bromide
- R03BB — Anticholinergics
- R03B — OTHER DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R01AX — Other nasal preparations
- R01A — DECONGESTANTS AND OTHER NASAL PREPARATIONS FOR TOPICAL USE
- R01 — NASAL PREPARATIONS
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- R03AL — Adrenergics in combination with anticholinergics
- R03A — ADRENERGICS, INHALANTS
- R03 — DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES
- R — RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- AHFS Codes
- 12:08.08 — Antimuscarinics Antispasmodics
- FDA label
- Download (88.1 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (72.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Boehringer ingelheim pharmaceuticals inc
- Actavis mid atlantic llc
- Bausch and lomb pharmaceuticals inc
- Cobalt laboratories inc
- Dey lp
- Holopack international corp
- Landela pharmaceutical
- Nephron corp
- Novex pharma
- Pharmascience inc
- Roxane laboratories inc
- Teva parenteral medicines inc
- Bausch and lomb inc
- Packagers
- 3M Health Care
- Apotex Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Automatic Liquid Packaging Inc.
- Bausch & Lomb Inc.
- Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd.
- Cardinal Health
- Catalent Pharma Solutions
- Cipla Ltd.
- Cobalt Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Dey Pharma LP
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Eon Labs
- Holopack International Corp.
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Medisca Inc.
- Mylan
- Nephron Pharmaceuticals Corp.
- Novex Pharma
- Pharmedix
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Redpharm Drug
- Roxane Labs
- Rx Elite
- Sifavitor Srl
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Watson Pharmaceuticals
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 18 ug/1 Spray, metered Nasal 21 ug/1 Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 20 mcg Aerosol Nasal; Respiratory (inhalation) 20 mcg Solution Nasal 21 mcg Solution Nasal 42 mcg Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) 17 ug/1 Aerosol, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Aerosol, metered Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Spray, metered Respiratory (inhalation) Liquid Respiratory (inhalation) 125 mcg Liquid Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg Solution Oral; Respiratory (inhalation) Liquid Respiratory (inhalation) 0.30 mg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 0.5 mg/2.5mL Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 0.5 mg/1mL Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 500 ug/2.5mL Spray Nasal 21 ug/1 Spray Nasal 42 ug/1 Spray Respiratory (inhalation) 21 ug/1 Spray Respiratory (inhalation) 42 ug/1 Spray, metered Nasal 42 ug/1 Inhalant Respiratory (inhalation) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) Solution Respiratory (inhalation) .25 mg Liquid Respiratory (inhalation) 0.25 mg Solution Nasal; Respiratory (inhalation) 250 mcg Solution Respiratory (inhalation) 125 mcg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Atrovent HFA 17 mcg/act Aerosol 12.9 gm Inhaler 143.59USD inhaler Ipratropium bromide powder 100.06USD g Atrovent 0.03% Solution 30ml Nasal Spray 96.95USD bottle Atrovent 0.06% Solution 15ml Nasal Spray 84.68USD bottle Ipratropium Bromide 0.03% Solution 30ml Bottle 53.82USD bottle Ipratropium Bromide 0.06% Solution 15ml Bottle 46.14USD bottle Ipratropium Bromide 0.02% Solution Each Box Contains Twenty-Five 2.5ml Vials 45.86USD box Atrovent hfa inhaler 11.89USD g Atrovent 0.06% spray 5.33USD ml Atrovent 0.03% spray 3.11USD ml Ipratropium 0.06% spray 2.96USD ml Ipratropium 0.03% spray 1.73USD ml Atrovent 0.03 % Spray 1.04USD ml Apo-Ipravent 250 mcg/ml Solution 0.58USD ml Mylan-Ipratropium 250 mcg/ml Solution 0.58USD ml Novo-Ipramide 250 mcg/ml Solution 0.58USD ml Pms-Ipratropium 0.03 % Spray 0.58USD ml Pms-Ipratropium 250 mcg/ml Solution 0.58USD ml Atrovent Hfa 20 mcg/dose Metered Dose Aerosol 0.1USD metered dose aerosol DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) US5766573 No 1998-06-16 2009-11-28 US CA2151383 No 2005-02-08 2013-12-06 Canada US6632842 No 2003-10-14 2021-12-28 US US8474447 No 2013-07-02 2030-01-17 US US6739333 No 2004-05-25 2020-05-26 US US6983743 No 2006-01-10 2020-05-26 US US6453795 Yes 2002-09-24 2017-06-05 US US8733341 Yes 2014-05-27 2031-04-16 US US9027967 Yes 2015-05-12 2027-10-01 US US7104470 Yes 2006-09-12 2017-04-04 US US7246615 Yes 2007-07-24 2016-12-01 US US7896264 Yes 2011-03-01 2025-11-26 US US7988001 Yes 2011-08-02 2022-02-04 US US7802568 Yes 2010-09-28 2019-08-26 US US6149054 Yes 2000-11-21 2017-06-16 US US6726124 Yes 2004-04-27 2017-04-04 US US7396341 Yes 2008-07-08 2027-04-10 US US6846413 Yes 2005-01-25 2019-02-28 US US6176442 Yes 2001-01-23 2016-12-01 US US7837235 Yes 2010-11-23 2028-09-13 US US5964416 Yes 1999-10-12 2017-04-04 US US7284474 Yes 2007-10-23 2025-02-26 US US6977042 Yes 2005-12-20 2019-02-28 US US6988496 Yes 2006-01-24 2020-08-23 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 230-231.5 (bromide) U.S. Patent 3,505,337 water solubility Freely soluble Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00122 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.89 ALOGPS logP -1.8 ChemAxon logS -5.5 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 15.15 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.7 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 2 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 46.53 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 6 ChemAxon Refractivity 105.9 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 37.57 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 3 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule Yes ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.9425 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.8883 Caco-2 permeable + 0.6619 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.5085 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.8489 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.5964 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.6651 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7214 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7637 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6657 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8412 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9118 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8915 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8783 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9396 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9528 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.7112 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8979 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.5154 Rat acute toxicity 2.7983 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9596 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.5879
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Not Available
Taxonomy
- Classification
- Not classified
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P11229
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
- Molecular Weight
- 51420.375 Da
References
- Wellington K: Ipratropium bromide HFA. Treat Respir Med. 2005;4(3):215-20; discussion 221-2. [PubMed:15987237]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled acetylcholine receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM2
- Uniprot ID
- P08172
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2
- Molecular Weight
- 51714.605 Da
References
- Wellington K: Ipratropium bromide HFA. Treat Respir Med. 2005;4(3):215-20; discussion 221-2. [PubMed:15987237]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Receptor activity
- Specific Function
- The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the...
- Gene Name
- CHRM3
- Uniprot ID
- P20309
- Uniprot Name
- Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3
- Molecular Weight
- 66127.445 Da
References
- Wellington K: Ipratropium bromide HFA. Treat Respir Med. 2005;4(3):215-20; discussion 221-2. [PubMed:15987237]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Keam SJ, Keating GM: Tiotropium bromide. A review of its use as maintenance therapy in patients with COPD. Treat Respir Med. 2004;3(4):247-68. [PubMed:15350163]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Keam SJ, Keating GM: Tiotropium bromide. A review of its use as maintenance therapy in patients with COPD. Treat Respir Med. 2004;3(4):247-68. [PubMed:15350163]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A5
- Uniprot ID
- O76082
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 5
- Molecular Weight
- 62751.08 Da
References
- Nakamura T, Nakanishi T, Haruta T, Shirasaka Y, Keogh JP, Tamai I: Transport of ipratropium, an anti-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease drug, is mediated by organic cation/carnitine transporters in human bronchial epithelial cells: implications for carrier-mediated pulmonary absorption. Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):187-95. doi: 10.1021/mp900206j. [PubMed:20020740]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without...
- Gene Name
- SLC22A4
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H015
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 22 member 4
- Molecular Weight
- 62154.48 Da
References
- Nakamura T, Nakanishi T, Haruta T, Shirasaka Y, Keogh JP, Tamai I: Transport of ipratropium, an anti-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease drug, is mediated by organic cation/carnitine transporters in human bronchial epithelial cells: implications for carrier-mediated pulmonary absorption. Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):187-95. doi: 10.1021/mp900206j. [PubMed:20020740]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 18, 2019 20:23