Labetalol

Identification

Summary

Labetalol is an alpha and beta adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina, and sympathetic overactivity syndrome.

Brand Names
Trandate
Generic Name
Labetalol
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00598
Background

Labetalol is a racemic mixture of 2 diastereoisomers where dilevalol, the R,R' stereoisomer, makes up 25% of the mixture.8 Labetalol is formulated as an injection or tablets to treat hypertension.7,8

Labetalol was granted FDA approval on 1 August 1984.6

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 328.4055
Monoisotopic: 328.178692644
Chemical Formula
C19H24N2O3
Synonyms
  • 3-Carboxamido-4-hydroxy-alpha-((1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
  • 5-(1-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamino)ethyl)salicylamide
  • Labetalol
  • Labétalol
  • Labetalolum
  • Labetolol

Pharmacology

Indication

Labetalol injections are indicated to control blood pressure in severe hypertension.7 Labetalol tablets are indicated alone or in combination with antihypertensives like thiazides and loop diuretics to manage hypertension.8

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofHypertension••• ••••••••••••••
Management ofHypertension••••••••••••
Treatment ofHypertensive emergency••• •••••
Treatment ofHypertensive crisis••••••••••••
Symptomatic treatment ofPheochromocytoma••• •••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Labetalol antagonizes various adrenergic receptors to decrease blood pressure.5,3,4,7 The duration of action is long as it is generally given twice daily, and the therapeutic window is wide as patients usually take 200-400mg twice daily.8 Patients susceptible to bronchospasms should not use labetalol unless they are unresponsive to or intolerant of other antihypertensives.8

Mechanism of action

Labetalol non-selectively antagonizes beta-adrenergic receptors, and selectively antagonizes alpha-1-adrenergic receptors.5 Following oral administration, labetalol has 3 times the beta-blocking ability than alpha-blocking ability.5 This increases to 6.9 times following intravenous administration.5 Antagonism of alpha-1-adrenergic receptors leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance.3 This leads to a decrease in blood pressure that is most pronounced while standing.4 Antagonism of beta-1-adrenergic receptors leads to a slight decrease in heart rate.7 Antagonism of beta-2-adrenergic receptors leads to some of the side effects of labetalol such as bronchospasms, however this may be slightly attenuated by alpha-1-adrenergic antagonism.4 Labetalol leads to sustained vasodilation over the long term without a significant decrease in cardiac output or stroke volume, and a minimal decrease in heart rate.3,4

TargetActionsOrganism
ABeta-1 adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
ABeta-2 adrenergic receptor
antagonist
Humans
AAlpha-1 adrenergic receptors
antagonist
Humans
Absorption

100mg and 200mg oral doses of labetalol have a Tmax of 20 minutes to 2 hours.2 Bioavailability may be as low as 11% or as high as 86% and may increase in older patients or when taken with food.2

Volume of distribution

In normotensive patients, the volume of distribution is 805L.2 In hypertensive patients, the volume of distribution is between 188-747L with an average of 392L.2

Protein binding

Labetalol is approximately 50% protein bound in serum.2,7,8

Metabolism

The metabolism of labetalol has not been fully described in the literature but studies in sheep show an N-dealkylation to 3-amino-1-phenyl butane.1 This metabolite may be further metabolized to benzylacetone and 3-amino-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane.1 Labetalol in humans is mainly metabolized to glucuronide metabolites such as the O-phenyl-glucuronide and the N-glucuronide.2,7,8

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Route of elimination

Radiolabelled doses of labetalol are 55-60% recovered in the urine and 12-27% recovered in the feces.2

Half-life

Labetalol has a half life of 1.7-6.1 hours.2

Clearance

Labetalol has a plasma clearance of approximately 1500mL/min and a whole blood clearance of 1100mL/min.2

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The oral LD50 in mice is 600mg/kg and in rats is >2g/kg.7,8 The intravenous LD50 in mice and rats is 50-60mg/kg.7,8

Patients experiencing an overdose may present with excessive hypotension and bradycardia.7,8 Patients should be placed on their back with their legs raised to maintain perfusion of the brain.7,8 Oral overdoses may be treated with gastric lavage or emesis, bradycardia may be treated with atropine or epinephrine, cardiac failure may be treated with digitalis and a diuretic, hypotension may be treated with vasopressors, bronchospasms may be treated with epinephrine or a beta2 agonist, and seizures may be treated with diazepam.7,8

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Labetalol Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirLabetalol may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbaloparatideThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Labetalol is combined with Abaloparatide.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Labetalol can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Labetalol can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AbrocitinibThe metabolism of Abrocitinib can be decreased when combined with Labetalol.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Labetalol hydrochloride1GEV3BAW9J32780-64-6WQVZLXWQESQGIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
International/Other Brands
Albetol (Leiras) / Latol (Standard) / Normadate (GlaxoSmithKline) / Normodyne (Schering)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Labetalol HClInjection, solution5 mg/1mLIntravenousCantrell Drug Company2012-05-182015-01-14US flag
Labetalol HCl in DextroseInjection1 mg/1mLIntravenousHikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2020-11-09Not applicableUS flag
Labetalol HCl in Sodium ChlorideInjection1 mg/1mLIntravenousHikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2020-11-09Not applicableUS flag
Labetalol HCl in Sodium ChlorideInjection1 mg/1mLIntravenousHikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2020-11-09Not applicableUS flag
Labetalol HCl in Sodium ChlorideInjection1 mg/1mLIntravenousHikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.2020-11-09Not applicableUS flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Apo-labetalolTablet100 mgOralApotex Corporation2001-03-16Not applicableCanada flag
Apo-labetalolTablet200 mgOralApotex Corporation2001-06-01Not applicableCanada flag
LabetalolInjection, solution5 mg/1mLIntravenousSagent Pharmaceuticals2010-02-172015-09-30US flag
LabetalolTablet, film coated300 mg/1OralSun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.1999-07-292014-07-29US flag
LabetalolTablet, film coated200 mg/1OralMarlex Pharmaceuticals Inc2018-04-01Not applicableUS flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Labetalol HClLabetalol hydrochloride (5 mg/1mL)Injection, solutionIntravenousCantrell Drug Company2012-05-182015-01-14US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
C07BG01 — Labetalol and thiazidesC07CG01 — Labetalol and other diureticsC07AG01 — Labetalol
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as salicylamides. These are carboxamide derivatives of salicylic acid. Salicylic acid is the ortho-hydroxylated derivative of benzoic acid.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Benzoic acids and derivatives
Direct Parent
Salicylamides
Alternative Parents
Benzamides / Benzoyl derivatives / Aralkylamines / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids / Vinylogous acids / Secondary alcohols / Primary carboxylic acid amides / Amino acids and derivatives / 1,2-aminoalcohols / Dialkylamines
show 4 more
Substituents
1,2-aminoalcohol / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid / Alcohol / Amine / Amino acid or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic alcohol / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Benzamide / Benzoyl
show 16 more
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
benzamides, secondary amino compound (CHEBI:6343)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
R5H8897N95
CAS number
36894-69-6
InChI Key
SGUAFYQXFOLMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C19H24N2O3/c1-13(7-8-14-5-3-2-4-6-14)21-12-18(23)15-9-10-17(22)16(11-15)19(20)24/h2-6,9-11,13,18,21-23H,7-8,12H2,1H3,(H2,20,24)
IUPAC Name
2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
SMILES
CC(CCC1=CC=CC=C1)NCC(O)C1=CC(C(N)=O)=C(O)C=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

U.S. Patent 4,012,444.

General References
  1. Yeleswaram K, Rurak DW, Kwan E, Hall C, Doroudian A, Abbott FS, Axelson JE: Disposition, metabolism, and pharmacodynamics of labetalol in adult sheep. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993 Mar-Apr;21(2):284-92. [Article]
  2. McNeil JJ, Louis WJ: Clinical pharmacokinetics of labetalol. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984 Mar-Apr;9(2):157-67. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198409020-00003. [Article]
  3. Opie LH: Role of vasodilation in the antihypertensive and antianginal effects of labetalol: implications for therapy of combined hypertension and angina. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1988 Sep;2(3):369-76. [Article]
  4. Carter BL: Labetalol. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1983 Oct;17(10):704-12. [Article]
  5. MacCarthy EP, Bloomfield SS: Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects. Pharmacotherapy. 1983 Jul-Aug;3(4):193-219. [Article]
  6. FDA Approved Drug Products: Normodyne Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection (Discontinued) [Link]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Products: Labetalol Hydrochloride Injection [Link]
  8. FDA Approved Drug Products: Labetalol Hydrochloride Tablet [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014736
KEGG Drug
D08106
KEGG Compound
C07063
PubChem Compound
3869
PubChem Substance
46505511
ChemSpider
3734
BindingDB
25758
RxNav
6185
ChEBI
167638
ChEMBL
CHEMBL429
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000038
PharmGKB
PA164743150
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Labetalol
FDA label
Download (401 KB)
MSDS
Download (53.7 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Apothecon inc div bristol myers squibb
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Claris lifesciences ltd
  • Hospira inc
  • Taylor pharmaceuticals
  • Sagent strides llc
  • Schering corp sub schering plough corp
  • Prometheus laboratories inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
  • Sandoz inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Akorn Inc.
  • Amerisource Health Services Corp.
  • Apotex Inc.
  • Baxter International Inc.
  • Bedford Labs
  • Ben Venue Laboratories Inc.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
  • Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
  • Eon Labs
  • Goldline Laboratories Inc.
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Mckesson Corp.
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Neuman Distributors Inc.
  • Novex Pharma
  • Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Prometheus Laboratories Inc.
  • Rebel Distributors Corp.
  • Sagent Pharmaceuticals
  • Sandhills Packaging Inc.
  • Southwood Pharmaceuticals
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
  • UDL Laboratories
  • United Research Laboratories Inc.
  • Vangard Labs Inc.
  • Watson Pharmaceuticals
  • Wellspring Pharmaceutical
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
TabletOral
SolutionIntravenous100.00 mg
SolutionIntravenous5 mg
SolutionIntravenous100 mg
PowderNot applicable1 kg/1kg
InjectionIntravenous1 mg/1mL
InjectionIntravenous5 mg/1mL
Tablet, coatedOral100 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral200 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral300 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral100 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral200 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral300 mg/1
SolutionIntravenous5 mg / mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous
InjectionIntravenous
InjectionIntravenous25 mg/5ml
Injection, solutionIntravenous5 mg/1mL
Injection, solutionIntravenous5 MG/ML
TabletOral100 mg/1
TabletOral200 mg
TabletOral200 mg/1
TabletOral300 mg/1
Tablet, film coatedOral100 MG
Tablet, film coatedOral200 MG
LiquidIntravenous5 mg / mL
InjectionIntravenous100 mg/20ml
TabletOral100 mg / tab
TabletOral200 mg / tab
TabletOral100 mg
SolutionIntravenous5 mg/1ml
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Labetalol Hydrochloride 5 mg/ml1.36USD ml
Trandate 300 mg tablet1.28USD tablet
Trandate 5 mg/ml vial1.25USD ml
Trandate 200 mg tablet1.08USD tablet
Labetalol hcl 300 mg tablet1.02USD tablet
Normodyne 200 mg tablet1.0USD tablet
Labetalol hcl 200 mg tablet0.76USD tablet
Trandate 100 mg tablet0.68USD tablet
Labetalol hcl 100 mg tablet0.53USD tablet
Trandate 200 mg Tablet0.47USD tablet
Trandate 100 mg Tablet0.27USD tablet
Labetalol hcl 5 mg/ml vial0.1USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)188 °CU.S. Patent 4,012,444.
boiling point (°C)552.7http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3734.html
pKa9.3https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Labetalol#section=Caco2-Permeability
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.00578 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.73ALOGPS
logP1.89Chemaxon
logS-4.8ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)8.05Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.8Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area95.58 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count8Chemaxon
Refractivity94.72 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability36.83 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings2Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9943
Blood Brain Barrier-0.8313
Caco-2 permeable+0.8867
P-glycoprotein substrateSubstrate0.7073
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8908
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9269
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8457
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.7448
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8918
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.6202
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.9046
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.8932
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8995
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8256
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8383
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9133
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.9189
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.945
Rat acute toxicity2.1174 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9501
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.7398
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0900-4912000000-56ddcdc04cc33ad89c09
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-03dl-7900000000-e18d52bcb93357c4a7e2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0319000000-cd3fa186952809ae3558
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-0519000000-0a8da4acfa8cd259fb3f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03dl-4928000000-117458013dbd49aaf54b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03fr-0439000000-60c842b9f9f21b39c804
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0159000000-cb846e4d3ec241a31da7
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-5953000000-8de7389e732f5a40cce1
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-2491000000-27c34c165a4793bac75c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-7921000000-a92f5b95054ae9332842
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-05mo-9782000000-806b4f04fc0a5ff05100
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-185.3595433
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-178.87865
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+187.2297433
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+181.25519
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+186.5338433
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+188.72588
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Use our structured and evidence-based datasets to unlock new
insights and accelerate drug research.
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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Receptor signaling protein activity
Specific Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...
Gene Name
ADRB1
Uniprot ID
P08588
Uniprot Name
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
51322.1 Da
References
  1. Riva E, Mennini T, Latini R: The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers. Br J Pharmacol. 1991 Dec;104(4):823-8. [Article]
  2. Monopoli A, Bamonte F, Forlani A, Ongini E, Parravicini L: Effects of the R, R-isomer of labetalol, SCH 19927, in isolated tissues and in spontaneously hypertensive rats during a repeated treatment. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1984 Dec;272(2):256-63. [Article]
  3. Sassard J, Zech PY, Pozet N, Cuisinaud G, Vincent M: [Comparative effects of an alpha 1 and beta 1-2 blocker (labetalol) and a beta-1 blocker (atenolol) in the hypertensive patient]. J Pharmacol. 1983;14 Suppl 2:121-9. [Article]
  4. Nakagawa Y, Takeda K, Sakurai H, Mitomi A, Imai S: [Antihypertensive effects of labetalol in three types of hypertensive models of rats (author's transl)]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1981 Apr;77(4):435-45. [Article]
  5. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  6. Pujos E, Cren-Olive C, Paisse O, Flament-Waton MM, Grenier-Loustalot MF: Comparison of the analysis of beta-blockers by different techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Dec 1;877(31):4007-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.014. Epub 2009 Oct 17. [Article]
  7. Rosendorff C: Beta-blocking agents with vasodilator activity. J Hypertens Suppl. 1993 Jun;11(4):S37-40. [Article]
  8. van Zwieten PA: An overview of the pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic potential of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Drugs. 1993 Apr;45(4):509-17. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately ...
Gene Name
ADRB2
Uniprot ID
P07550
Uniprot Name
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight
46458.32 Da
References
  1. Doggrell SA: The effects of labetalol and dilevalol on isolated cardiovascular preparations of the guinea-pig and rat. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1992 Dec;44(12):1001-6. [Article]
  2. Doggrell SA: Relaxant and beta 2-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol, dilevalol, amosulalol and KF-4317 on the rat isolated aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988 Nov;40(11):812-5. [Article]
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  4. Sassard J, Zech PY, Pozet N, Cuisinaud G, Vincent M: [Comparative effects of an alpha 1 and beta 1-2 blocker (labetalol) and a beta-1 blocker (atenolol) in the hypertensive patient]. J Pharmacol. 1983;14 Suppl 2:121-9. [Article]
  5. Pujos E, Cren-Olive C, Paisse O, Flament-Waton MM, Grenier-Loustalot MF: Comparison of the analysis of beta-blockers by different techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Dec 1;877(31):4007-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.014. Epub 2009 Oct 17. [Article]
  6. Rosendorff C: Beta-blocking agents with vasodilator activity. J Hypertens Suppl. 1993 Jun;11(4):S37-40. [Article]
  7. van Zwieten PA: An overview of the pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic potential of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Drugs. 1993 Apr;45(4):509-17. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Antagonist
General Function
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...

Components:
References
  1. Bernstein JS, Ebert TJ, Stowe DF, Schmeling WT, Nelson MA, Woods MP: Partial attenuation of hemodynamic responses to rapid sequence induction and intubation with labetalol. J Clin Anesth. 1989;1(6):444-51. [Article]
  2. Nakamura T, Maruyama K, Ohnuki T, Hattori K, Watanabe K, Nagatomo T: Tamsulosin: assessment of affinityof (3)H-P razosin binding to two alpha-1- adrenoceptor subtypes in the canine aorta. Pharmacology. 1999 Nov;59(5):234-8. [Article]
  3. Sassard J, Zech PY, Pozet N, Cuisinaud G, Vincent M: [Comparative effects of an alpha 1 and beta 1-2 blocker (labetalol) and a beta-1 blocker (atenolol) in the hypertensive patient]. J Pharmacol. 1983;14 Suppl 2:121-9. [Article]
  4. Pedersen ME, Cockcroft JR: The vasodilatory beta-blockers. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2007 Aug;9(4):269-77. [Article]
  5. Shiraishi K, Moriya M, Miyake N, Takayanagi I: Alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activities of bevantolol hydrochloride(NC-1400) and labetalol in rat isolated thoracic aorta--do they distinguish between subtypes? Gen Pharmacol. 1992 Sep;23(5):843-5. [Article]
  6. Rosendorff C: Beta-blocking agents with vasodilator activity. J Hypertens Suppl. 1993 Jun;11(4):S37-40. [Article]
  7. van Zwieten PA: An overview of the pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic potential of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Drugs. 1993 Apr;45(4):509-17. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Hermann DJ, Krol TF, Dukes GE, Hussey EK, Danis M, Han YH, Powell JR, Hak LJ: Comparison of verapamil, diltiazem, and labetalol on the bioavailability and metabolism of imipramine. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Feb;32(2):176-83. [Article]
  2. Shin J, Johnson JA: Pharmacogenetics of beta-blockers. Pharmacotherapy. 2007 Jun;27(6):874-87. doi: 10.1592/phco.27.6.874. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name
CYP2C19
Uniprot ID
P33261
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight
55930.545 Da
References
  1. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform glucuronidates bilirubin IX-alpha to form both the...
Gene Name
UGT1A1
Uniprot ID
P22309
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1
Molecular Weight
59590.91 Da
References
  1. Jeong H, Choi S, Song JW, Chen H, Fischer JH: Regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 by progesterone and its impact on labetalol elimination. Xenobiotica. 2008 Jan;38(1):62-75. doi: 10.1080/00498250701744633 . [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Glucuronosyltransferase activity
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds.Its unique specificity for 3,4-catechol estrogens and estriol su...
Gene Name
UGT2B7
Uniprot ID
P16662
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7
Molecular Weight
60694.12 Da
References
  1. Jeong H, Choi S, Song JW, Chen H, Fischer JH: Regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 by progesterone and its impact on labetalol elimination. Xenobiotica. 2008 Jan;38(1):62-75. doi: 10.1080/00498250701744633 . [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Retinoic acid binding
Specific Function
UDPGT is of major importance in the conjugation and subsequent elimination of potentially toxic xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. This isoform has specificity for phenols. Isoform 2 lacks trans...
Gene Name
UGT1A9
Uniprot ID
O60656
Uniprot Name
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9
Molecular Weight
59940.495 Da
References
  1. Jeong H, Choi S, Song JW, Chen H, Fischer JH: Regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 by progesterone and its impact on labetalol elimination. Xenobiotica. 2008 Jan;38(1):62-75. doi: 10.1080/00498250701744633 . [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Martinez-Gomez MA, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camanas RM, Medina-Hernandez MJ: Characterization of basic drug-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 2006 Sep;27(17):3410-9. doi: 10.1002/elps.200600102. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Functions as transport protein in the blood stream. Binds various ligands in the interior of its beta-barrel domain. Also binds synthetic drugs and influences their distribution and availability in...

Components:
References
  1. Martinez-Gomez MA, Sagrado S, Villanueva-Camanas RM, Medina-Hernandez MJ: Characterization of basic drug-human serum protein interactions by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 2006 Sep;27(17):3410-9. doi: 10.1002/elps.200600102. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Efflux transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Drug efflux transporter present in a number of stem cells that acts as a regulator of cellular differentiation. Able to mediate efflux from cells of the rhodamine dye and of the therapeutic drug do...
Gene Name
ABCB5
Uniprot ID
Q2M3G0
Uniprot Name
ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 5
Molecular Weight
138639.48 Da
References
  1. Wessler JD, Grip LT, Mendell J, Giugliano RP: The P-glycoprotein transport system and cardiovascular drugs. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jun 25;61(25):2495-502. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.058. Epub 2013 Apr 3. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48