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Identification
Name L-Aspartic Acid
Accession Number DB00128 (EXPT01823, NUTR00016)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
  • (+)-Aspartic acid
  • (2S)-Aspartic acid
  • (L)-Aspartic acid
  • (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid
  • (S)-Aspartic acid
  • Acide aspartique [INN-French]
  • Acido aspartico [INN-Spanish]
  • Acidum asparticum
  • Aminosuccinic acid
  • Asparagic acid
  • Asparaginic acid
  • Asparaginsaeure [German]
  • Aspartate
  • Aspartic acid
  • H-Asp-OH
  • L-(+)-Aspartic acid
  • L-2-Aminobutanedioic acid
  • L-Aminosuccinic acid
  • L-Asparagic acid
  • L-Asparaginic acid
  • L-Asparaginsaeure
  • L-Asparaginsyra
  • L-Aspartinsaeure
Brand names
  • Aspatofort
Brand name mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Dietary supplement
  • Micronutrient
  • Non-Essential Amino Acids
CAS number 56-84-8
Weight Average: 133.1027
Monoisotopic: 133.037507717
Chemical Formula C4H7NO4
InChI Key InChIKey=CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid
SMILES
N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (3 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Amino Acids
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Keto-Acids
Substructures
  • Amino Acids
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Acetates
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Keto-Acids
Pharmacology
Indication There is no support for the claim that aspartates are exercise performance enhancers, i.e. ergogenic aids.
Pharmacodynamics L-aspartate is considered a non-essential amino acid, meaning that, under normal physiological conditions, sufficient amounts of the amino acid are synthesized in the body to meet the body's requirements. L-aspartate is formed by the transamination of the Krebs cycle intermediate oxaloacetate. The amino acid serves as a precursor for synthesis of proteins, oligopeptides, purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids and L-arginine. L-aspartate is a glycogenic amino acid, and it can also promote energy production via its metabolism in the Krebs cycle. These latter activities were the rationale for the claim that supplemental aspartate has an anti-fatigue effect on skeletal muscle, a claim that was never confirmed.
Mechanism of action There are also claims that L-aspartate has ergogenic effects, that it enhances performance in both prolonged exercise and short intensive exercise. It is hypothesized that L-aspartate, especially the potassium magnesium aspartate salt, spares stores of muscle glycogen and/or promotes a faster rate of glycogen resynthesis during exercise. It has also been hypothesized that L-aspartate can enhance short intensive exercise by serving as a substrate for energy production in the Krebs cycle and for stimulating the purine nucleotide cycle.
Absorption Absorbed from the small intestine by an active transport process
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Mild gastrointestinal side effects including diarrhea. LD50 (rat) > 5,000 mg/kg.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers Not Available
Packagers
Dosage forms Not Available
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
L-aspartic acid powder 2.46 USD g
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Melting point 230 oC
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 4.5 g/l PhysProp
logP -3.7 PhysProp
pKa 2.77 Various sources
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 1.42e+02 g/l ALOGPS
logP -3.52 ALOGPS
logP -3.64 ChemAxon Molconvert
logS 0.03 ALOGPS
pKa 5.11 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen acceptor count 5 ChemAxon Molconvert
hydrogen donor count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
polar surface area 100.62 ChemAxon Molconvert
rotatable bond count 3 ChemAxon Molconvert
refractivity 26.53 ChemAxon Molconvert
polarizability 11.28 ChemAxon Molconvert
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference Not Available
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00013 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00049 Link_out
PubChem Compound 5960 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46507997 Link_out
ChemSpider 5745 Link_out
ChEBI 17053 Link_out
ChEMBL 17053 Link_out
HET ASP Link_out
Drug Product Database 0 Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/las_0028.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Aspartic_Acid Link_out
ATC Codes
  • B03AA09
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72.8 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Ribonuclease pancreatic

Pharmacological action: unknown

Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single stranded and double stranded RNA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07998 Link_out
Gene: RNASE1
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

2. Lysozyme C

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P61626 Link_out
Gene: LYZ
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

3. Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Calcium-dependent mitochondrial aspartate and glutamate carrier. May have a function in the urea cycle

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UJS0 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A13 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Contreras L, Gomez-Puertas P, Iijima M, Kobayashi K, Saheki T, Satrustegui J: Ca2+ Activation kinetics of the two aspartate-glutamate mitochondrial carriers, aralar and citrin: role in the heart malate-aspartate NADH shuttle. J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 9;282(10):7098-106. Epub 2007 Jan 9. Pubmed
  2. Saheki T, Iijima M, Li MX, Kobayashi K, Horiuchi M, Ushikai M, Okumura F, Meng XJ, Inoue I, Tajima A, Moriyama M, Eto K, Kadowaki T, Sinasac DS, Tsui LC, Tsuji M, Okano A, Kobayashi T: Citrin/mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase double knock-out mice recapitulate features of human citrin deficiency. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):25041-52. Epub 2007 Jun 25. Pubmed
  3. Satrustegui J, Pardo B, Del Arco A: Mitochondrial transporters as novel targets for intracellular calcium signaling. Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):29-67. Pubmed
  4. Ikeda S: [Adult-onset citrullinemia] Brain Nerve. 2007 Jan;59(1):59-66. Pubmed
  5. Ikeda S: [Adult-onset citrullinemia] No To Shinkei. 2007 Jan;59(1):59-66. Pubmed

4. Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P17174 Link_out
Gene: GOT1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tordjman J, Leroyer S, Chauvet G, Quette J, Chauvet C, Tomkiewicz C, Chapron C, Barouki R, Forest C, Aggerbeck M, Antoine B: Cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase, a new partner in adipocyte glyceroneogenesis and an atypical target of thiazolidinedione. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23591-602. Epub 2007 Jun 1. Pubmed
  2. Girgin S, Gedik E, Tacyildiz IH, Akgun Y, Bac B, Uysal E: Factors affecting morbidity and mortality in gangrenous cholecystitis. Acta Chir Belg. 2006 Sep-Oct;106(5):545-9. Pubmed
  3. Guidetti P, Amori L, Sapko MT, Okuno E, Schwarcz R: Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: a third kynurenate-producing enzyme in the mammalian brain. J Neurochem. 2007 Jul;102(1):103-11. Epub 2007 Apr 17. Pubmed
  4. Wu ZM, Wen T, Tan YF, Liu Y, Ren F, Wu H: Effects of salvianolic acid a on oxidative stress and liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Feb;100(2):115-20. Pubmed
  5. Zappacosta B, Manni A, Persichilli S, Boari A, Scribano D, Minucci A, Raffaelli L, Giardina B, De Sole P: Salivary thiols and enzyme markers of cell damage in periodontal disease. Clin Biochem. 2007 Jun;40(9-10):661-5. Epub 2007 Jan 26. Pubmed

5. Mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

Calcium-dependent mitochondrial aspartate and glutamate carrier. May have a function in the urea cycle

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q546F9 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A13 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Lu YB, Kobayashi K, Ushikai M, Tabata A, Iijima M, Li MX, Lei L, Kawabe K, Taura S, Yang Y, Liu TT, Chiang SH, Hsiao KJ, Lau YL, Tsui LC, Lee DH, Saheki T: Frequency and distribution in East Asia of 12 mutations identified in the SLC25A13 gene of Japanese patients with citrin deficiency. J Hum Genet. 2005;50(7):338-46. Epub 2005 Jul 30. Pubmed
  4. Moriyama M, Li MX, Kobayashi K, Sinasac DS, Kannan Y, Iijima M, Horiuchi M, Tsui LC, Tanaka M, Nakamura Y, Saheki T: Pyruvate ameliorates the defect in ureogenesis from ammonia in citrin-deficient mice. J Hepatol. 2006 May;44(5):930-8. Epub 2005 Nov 8. Pubmed
  5. Begum L, Jalil MA, Kobayashi K, Iijima M, Li MX, Yasuda T, Horiuchi M, del Arco A, Satrustegui J, Saheki T: Expression of three mitochondrial solute carriers, citrin, aralar1 and ornithine transporter, in relation to urea cycle in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Apr 12;1574(3):283-92. Pubmed

6. Aspartoacylase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the deacetylation of N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) to produce acetate and L-aspartate. NAA occurs in high concentration in brain and its hydrolysis NAA plays a significant part in the maintenance of intact white matter. In other tissues it act as a scavenger of NAA from body fluids

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P45381 Link_out
Gene: ASPA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang J, Matalon R, Bhatia G, Wu G, Li H, Liu T, Lu ZH, Ledeen RW: Bimodal occurrence of aspartoacylase in myelin and cytosol of brain. J Neurochem. 2007 Apr;101(2):448-57. Epub 2007 Jan 24. Pubmed
  2. Bitto E, Bingman CA, Wesenberg GE, McCoy JG, Phillips GN Jr: Structure of aspartoacylase, the brain enzyme impaired in Canavan disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 9;104(2):456-61. Epub 2006 Dec 28. Pubmed
  3. Janson CG, McPhee SW, Francis J, Shera D, Assadi M, Freese A, Hurh P, Haselgrove J, Wang DJ, Bilaniuk L, Leone P: Natural history of Canavan disease revealed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and diffusion-weighted MRI. Neuropediatrics. 2006 Aug;37(4):209-21. Pubmed
  4. Srikanth SG, Chandrashekar HS, Nagarajan K, Jayakumar PN: Restricted diffusion in Canavan disease. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007 Apr;23(4):465-8. Epub 2007 Jan 12. Pubmed
  5. Moffett JR, Ross B, Arun P, Madhavarao CN, Namboodiri AM: N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology. Prog Neurobiol. 2007 Feb;81(2):89-131. Epub 2007 Jan 5. Pubmed

7. Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08243 Link_out
Gene: ASNS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Argininosuccinate synthase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00966 Link_out
Gene: ASS1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Flam BR, Eichler DC, Solomonson LP: Endothelial nitric oxide production is tightly coupled to the citrulline-NO cycle. Nitric Oxide. 2007 Nov-Dec;17(3-4):115-21. Epub 2007 Aug 3. Pubmed
  4. Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA: Detection of kinetically abnormal argininosuccinate synthase in neonatal citrullinemia by conversion of citrulline to arginine in intact fibroblasts. Clin Chim Acta. 1989 Aug 15;183(2):125-33. Pubmed
  5. Shen LJ, Beloussow K, Shen WC: Accessibility of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase to the intracellular citrulline-arginine regeneration pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 1;69(1):97-104. Pubmed

9. Aminoacylase-1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the hydrolysis of N-acylated or N-acetylated amino acids (except L-aspartate)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q03154 Link_out
Gene: ACY1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Mitta M, Ohnogi H, Yamamoto A, Kato I, Sakiyama F, Tsunasawa S: The primary structure of porcine aminoacylase 1 deduced from cDNA sequence. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1992 Dec;112(6):737-42. Pubmed

10. Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00505 Link_out
Gene: GOT2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Collier RH, Kohlhaw G: Nonidentity of the aspartate and the aromatic aminotransferase components of transaminase A in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1972 Oct;112(1):365-71. Pubmed
  4. Grell EH: Genetic analysis of aspartate aminotransferase isozymes from hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans and mutagen-induced isozyme variants. Genetics. 1976 Aug;83(4):753-64. Pubmed
  5. Recasens M, Mandel P: Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. Ciba Found Symp. 1979;(72):259-70. Pubmed
  6. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. Pubmed

11. Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14868 Link_out
Gene: DARS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Eiler S, Dock-Bregeon A, Moulinier L, Thierry JC, Moras D: Synthesis of aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) in Escherichia coli—a snapshot of the second step. EMBO J. 1999 Nov 15;18(22):6532-41. Pubmed
  4. Fender A, Sauter C, Messmer M, Putz J, Giege R, Florentz C, Sissler M: Loss of a primordial identity element for a mammalian mitochondrial aminoacylation system. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 9;281(23):15980-6. Epub 2006 Apr 5. Pubmed
  5. Cavarelli J, Eriani G, Rees B, Ruff M, Boeglin M, Mitschler A, Martin F, Gangloff J, Thierry JC, Moras D: The active site of yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase: structural and functional aspects of the aminoacylation reaction. EMBO J. 1994 Jan 15;13(2):327-37. Pubmed

12. Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Calcium-dependent mitochondrial aspartate and glutamate carrier. May have a function in the urea cycle

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75746 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A12 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Correia C, Coutinho AM, Diogo L, Grazina M, Marques C, Miguel T, Ataide A, Almeida J, Borges L, Oliveira C, Oliveira G, Vicente AM: Brief report: High frequency of biochemical markers for mitochondrial dysfunction in autism: no association with the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006 Nov;36(8):1137-40. Pubmed
  2. Contreras L, Gomez-Puertas P, Iijima M, Kobayashi K, Saheki T, Satrustegui J: Ca2+ Activation kinetics of the two aspartate-glutamate mitochondrial carriers, aralar and citrin: role in the heart malate-aspartate NADH shuttle. J Biol Chem. 2007 Mar 9;282(10):7098-106. Epub 2007 Jan 9. Pubmed
  3. Satrustegui J, Contreras L, Ramos M, Marmol P, Del Arco A, Saheki T, Pardo B: Role of aralar, the mitochondrial transporter of aspartate-glutamate, in brain N-acetylaspartate formation and Ca(2+) signaling in neuronal mitochondria. J Neurosci Res. 2007 May 11;. Pubmed
  4. Satrustegui J, Pardo B, Del Arco A: Mitochondrial transporters as novel targets for intracellular calcium signaling. Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):29-67. Pubmed

13. Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Specifically hydroxylates an Asp or Asn residue in certain epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domains of a number of proteins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q12797 Link_out
Gene: ASPH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Whiteman P, Marks C, Freese E: The sodium effect of Bacillus subtilis growth on aspartate. J Gen Microbiol. 1980 Aug;119(2):493-504. Pubmed
  4. Iijima T, Diesterhaft MD, Freese E: Sodium effect of growth on aspartate and genetic analysis of a Bacillus subtilis mutant with high aspartase activity. J Bacteriol. 1977 Mar;129(3):1440-7. Pubmed

14. Multifunctional protein ADE2 [Includes: Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole- succinocarboxamide synthase

Pharmacological action: unknown

ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D- ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate = ADP + phosphate + (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4- carboxamido)succinate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P22234 Link_out
Gene: PAICS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

15. CAD protein [Includes: Glutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase

Pharmacological action: unknown

This protein is a "fusion" protein encoding four enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine pathway (GATase, CPSase, ATCase and DHOase)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P27708 Link_out
Gene: CAD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

16. Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30520 Link_out
Gene: ADSS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Raman J, Mehrotra S, Anand RP, Balaram H: Unique kinetic mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum adenylosuccinate synthetase. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2004 Nov;138(1):1-8. Pubmed
  4. Mehrotra S, Balaram H: Kinetic Characterization of Adenylosuccinate Synthetase from the Thermophilic Archaea Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Biochemistry. 2007 Oct 11;. Pubmed
  5. Datta SK, Guicherit OM, Kellems RE: Adenylosuccinate synthetase: a dominant amplifiable genetic marker in mammalian cells. Somat Cell Mol Genet. 1994 Sep;20(5):381-9. Pubmed

17. Excitatory amino acid transporter 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport by cotransporting sodium. Negatively regulated by ARL6IP5

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43005 Link_out
Gene: SLC1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tao Z, Grewer C: Cooperation of the conserved aspartate 439 and bound amino acid substrate is important for high-affinity Na+ binding to the glutamate transporter EAAC1. J Gen Physiol. 2007 Apr;129(4):331-44. Pubmed
  2. Teichman S, Kanner BI: Aspartate-444 is essential for productive substrate interactions in a neuronal glutamate transporter. J Gen Physiol. 2007 Jun;129(6):527-39. Pubmed
  3. Tai YH, Wang YH, Tsai RY, Wang JJ, Tao PL, Liu TM, Wang YC, Wong CS: Amitriptyline preserves morphine’s antinociceptive effect by regulating the glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 trafficking and excitatory amino acids concentration in morphine-tolerant rats. Pain. 2007 Jun;129(3):343-54. Epub 2007 Mar 7. Pubmed
  4. Ozawa S: [Role of glutamate transporters in excitatory synapses in cerebellar Purkinje cells] Brain Nerve. 2007 Jul;59(7):669-76. Pubmed

18. Growth-inhibiting protein 18

Pharmacological action: unknown

L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q2TU84 Link_out
Gene: GIG18 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

19. Adenylosuccinate synthetase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q5SY84 Link_out
Gene: ADSS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Ladino C, Schneeberger EE, Rabito CA, Lynch RD: Reduction of adenine nucleotide content of clone 4 MDCK cells: effects on multiplication, protein synthesis, and morphology. J Cell Physiol. 1989 Jul;140(1):186-94. Pubmed
  4. Jahngen EG, Rossomando EF: Adenylosuccinate synthetase from Dictyostelium discoideum: effects of hadacidin analogs and binding of [14C]hadacidin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Feb 15;229(1):145-54. Pubmed
  5. Ladino C, Schneeberger EE, Rabito CA, Lynch RD: Inhibition of adenine nucleotide synthesis: effect on tight junction structure and function of clone 4 MDCK cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 1991 Aug;55(2):217-24. Pubmed

20. Argininosuccinate synthase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q5T6L4 Link_out
Gene: ASS1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Flam BR, Eichler DC, Solomonson LP: Endothelial nitric oxide production is tightly coupled to the citrulline-NO cycle. Nitric Oxide. 2007 Nov-Dec;17(3-4):115-21. Epub 2007 Aug 3. Pubmed
  4. Ben-Yoseph Y, Mitchell DA: Detection of kinetically abnormal argininosuccinate synthase in neonatal citrullinemia by conversion of citrulline to arginine in intact fibroblasts. Clin Chim Acta. 1989 Aug 15;183(2):125-33. Pubmed
  5. Shen LJ, Beloussow K, Shen WC: Accessibility of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase to the intracellular citrulline-arginine regeneration pathway. Biochem Pharmacol. 2005 Jan 1;69(1):97-104. Pubmed

21. Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

ATP + L-aspartate + tRNA(Asp) = AMP + diphosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q6PI48 Link_out
Gene: DARS2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Eiler S, Dock-Bregeon A, Moulinier L, Thierry JC, Moras D: Synthesis of aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) in Escherichia coli—a snapshot of the second step. EMBO J. 1999 Nov 15;18(22):6532-41. Pubmed
  4. Fender A, Sauter C, Messmer M, Putz J, Giege R, Florentz C, Sissler M: Loss of a primordial identity element for a mammalian mitochondrial aminoacylation system. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 9;281(23):15980-6. Epub 2006 Apr 5. Pubmed
  5. Cavarelli J, Eriani G, Rees B, Ruff M, Boeglin M, Mitschler A, Martin F, Gangloff J, Thierry JC, Moras D: The active site of yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase: structural and functional aspects of the aminoacylation reaction. EMBO J. 1994 Jan 15;13(2):327-37. Pubmed

22. ASRGL1 protein

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q7L266 Link_out
Gene: ASRGL1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

23. Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Plays an important role in the de novo pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8N142 Link_out
Gene: ADSSL1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

24. Aspartoacylase-2

Pharmacological action: unknown

N-acyl-L-aspartate + H(2)O = a carboxylate + L-aspartate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96HD9 Link_out
Gene: ACY3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

Actions: inhibitor

Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity)

UniProt ID: Q8TF71 Link_out
Gene: SLC16A10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on November 10, 2010 13:36

This project is supported by Genome Alberta & Genome Canada, a not-for-profit organization that is leading Canada's national genomics strategy with $600 million in funding from the federal government. This project is also supported in part by GenomeQuest, Inc., an enterprise genomic information company serving the life science community.