Glutamic acid

Identification

Summary

Glutamic acid is an amino acid commonly found as a component in total parenteral nutrition.

Brand Names
Aminosyn II 7 %, Sulfite-free, Aminosyn-PF 7%, Clinisol 15, Olimel, Periolimel, Plenamine, Premasol, Primene, Prosol, Trophamine 10 %
Generic Name
Glutamic acid
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00142
Background

A peptide that is a homopolymer of glutamic acid.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 147.1293
Monoisotopic: 147.053157781
Chemical Formula
C5H9NO4
Synonyms
  • (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
  • (S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid
  • (S)-Glutamic acid
  • ácido glutámico
  • Glu
  • Glutamic acid
  • L-Glutamate
  • L-Glutamic acid
  • L-Glutaminic acid
External IDs
  • E 620
  • E-620
  • FEMA NO. 3285
  • INS NO.620
  • INS-620
  • NSC-143503

Pharmacology

Indication

Considered to be nature's "Brain food" by improving mental capacities; helps speed the healing of ulcers; gives a "lift" from fatigue; helps control alcoholism, schizophrenia and the craving for sugar.

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Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

In addition to being one of the building blocks in protein synthesis, it is the most widespread neurotransmitter in brain function, as an excitatory neurotransmitter and as a precursor for the synthesis of GABA in GABAergic neurons.

Mechanism of action

Glutamate activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The ionotropic ones being non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate) and NMDA receptors. Free glutamic acid cannot cross the blood-brain barrier in appreciable quantities; instead it is converted into L-glutamine, which the brain uses for fuel and protein synthesis. It is conjectured that glutamate is involved in cognitive functions like learning and memory in the brain, though excessive amounts may cause neuronal damage associated in diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lathyrism, and Alzheimer's disease. Also, the drug phencyclidine (more commonly known as PCP) antagonizes glutamate at the NMDA receptor, causing behavior reminiscent of schizophrenia. Glutamate in action is extremely difficult to study due to its transient nature.

TargetActionsOrganism
UMetabotropic glutamate receptor 1Not AvailableHumans
UMetabotropic glutamate receptor 4Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5Not AvailableHumans
UMetabotropic glutamate receptor 7Not AvailableHumans
UMetabotropic glutamate receptor 8Not AvailableHumans
UExcitatory amino acid transporter 5Not AvailableHumans
U5-oxoprolinaseNot AvailableHumans
UPhosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthaseNot AvailableHumans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DNot AvailableHumans
UGlutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UAspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UBifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligaseNot AvailableHumans
UAsparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamine synthetaseNot AvailableHumans
UAspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmicNot AvailableHumans
UTyrosine aminotransferaseNot AvailableHumans
UAlanine aminotransferase 1Not AvailableHumans
UVitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylaseNot AvailableHumans
UExcitatory amino acid transporter 1Not AvailableHumans
UExcitatory amino acid transporter 2Not AvailableHumans
UExcitatory amino acid transporter 3Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
substrate
Humans
UExcitatory amino acid transporter 4Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial
substrate
Humans
UGMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]Not AvailableHumans
UBranched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolicNot AvailableHumans
U4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1Not AvailableHumans
UFolylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamyl aminopeptidaseNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2ANot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CNot AvailableHumans
UProbable glutamate--tRNA ligase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
product of
Humans
UN-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UKynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ANot AvailableHumans
UAlanine aminotransferase 2
substrate
product of
Humans
UAlpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UAspartyl aminopeptidaseNot AvailableHumans
UCystine/glutamate transporterNot AvailableHumans
UCarboxypeptidase QNot AvailableHumans
UPhosphoserine aminotransferaseNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrialNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor 1Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunitNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate carboxypeptidase 2Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate decarboxylase 2Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate decarboxylase 1Not AvailableHumans
UFormimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminaseNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor 2Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor 3Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor 4Not AvailableHumans
UDelta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthaseNot AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2Not AvailableHumans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3Not AvailableHumans
UAspartate aminotransferase
substrate
Humans
Absorption

Absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocytes.Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Glutamate causes neuronal damage and eventual cell death, particularly when NMDA receptors are activated, High dosages of glutamic acid may include symptoms such as headaches and neurological problems.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase DeficiencyDisease
Argininosuccinic AciduriaDisease
Glycine and Serine MetabolismMetabolic
Tyrosine MetabolismMetabolic
Ammonia RecyclingMetabolic
Propanoate MetabolismMetabolic
Arginine and Proline MetabolismMetabolic
Histidine MetabolismMetabolic
Purine MetabolismMetabolic
Glutamate MetabolismMetabolic
Etodolac Action PathwayDrug action
Ketoprofen Action PathwayDrug action
Ibuprofen Action PathwayDrug action
Celecoxib Action PathwayDrug action
Suprofen Action PathwayDrug action
Indomethacin Action PathwayDrug action
2-Methyl-3-hydroxybutryl-CoA Dehydrogenase DeficiencyDisease
3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria Type IDisease
beta-Ketothiolase DeficiencyDisease
Glutaric Aciduria Type IDisease
Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency (GAMT Deficiency)Disease
HistidinemiaDisease
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase DeficiencyDisease
Sialuria or French Type SialuriaDisease
Sialuria or French Type SialuriaDisease
Tyrosinemia Type IDisease
Saccharopinuria/Hyperlysinemia IIDisease
Salla Disease/Infantile Sialic Acid Storage DiseaseDisease
Diflunisal Action PathwayDrug action
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia SyndromeDisease
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AmphetamineThe serum concentration of Amphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Glutamic acid.
BenzphetamineThe serum concentration of Benzphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Glutamic acid.
DextroamphetamineThe serum concentration of Dextroamphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Glutamic acid.
DiethylpropionThe serum concentration of Diethylpropion can be decreased when it is combined with Glutamic acid.
Iofetamine I-123The serum concentration of Iofetamine I-123 can be decreased when it is combined with Glutamic acid.
Food Interactions
No interactions found.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Glutamic acid hydrochlorideM0C2SP444T138-15-8RPAJSBKBKSSMLJ-DFWYDOINSA-N
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Glutamic Acid HCl Cap 325mgCapsule325 mg / capOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1957-12-312002-07-31Canada flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
20% ProsolGlutamic acid (1.02 g) + Alanine (2.76 g) + Arginine (1.96 g) + Aspartic acid (0.6 g) + D-Methionine (0.76 g) + Glycine (2.06 g) + Histidine (1.18 g) + Isoleucine (1.08 g) + Leucine (1.08 g) + Lysine (1.35 g) + Methionine (0.76 g) + Phenylalanine (1 g) + Proline (1.34 g) + Serine (1.02 g) + Threonine (0.98 g) + Tryptophan (0.32 g) + Tyrosine (0.05 g) + Valine (1.44 g)LiquidIntravenousBaxter Laboratories1996-10-09Not applicableCanada flag
Aminoplasmal B. Braun 10% Solution for Intravenous InfusionGlutamic acid (7.2 g/1000ml) + Alanine (10.5 g/1000ml) + Arginine (11.5 g/1000ml) + Aspartic acid (5.6 g/1000ml) + Glycine (12 g/1000ml) + Histidine (3 g/1000ml) + Isoleucine (5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (8.9 g/1000ml) + Lysine acetate (5.74 g/1000ml) + Lysine monohydrate (3.12 g/1000ml) + Methionine (4.4 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (4.7 g/1000ml) + Proline (5.5 g/1000ml) + Serine (2.3 g/1000ml) + Threonine (4.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1.6 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.4 g/1000ml) + Valine (6.2 g/1000ml)Injection, solutionIntravenousB.BRAUN MEDICAL INDUSTRIES SDN BHD2020-09-08Not applicableMalaysia flag
Aminoplasmal B. Braun 10%E Solution for Intravenous InfusionGlutamic acid (7.2 g/1000ml) + Alanine (10.5 g/1000ml) + Arginine (11.5 g/1000ml) + Aspartic acid (5.6 g/1000ml) + Glycine (12 g/1000ml) + Histidine (3 g/1000ml) + Isoleucine (5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (8.9 g/1000ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (8.56 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.508 g/1000ml) + Methionine (4.4 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (4.7 g/1000ml) + Potassium acetate (2.453 g/1000ml) + Proline (5.5 g/1000ml) + Serine (2.3 g/1000ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.858 g/1000ml) + Sodium hydroxide (0.36 g/1000ml) + Sodium phosphate, dibasic dodecahydrate (3.581 g/1000ml) + Threonine (4.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1.6 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.4 g/1000ml) + Valine (6.2 g/1000ml)Injection, solutionIntravenousB.BRAUN MEDICAL INDUSTRIES SDN BHD2020-09-08Not applicableMalaysia flag
Aminoplasmal B.Braun 10 % InfusionslösungGlutamic acid (3.6 g) + Alanine (5.25 g) + Arginine (5.75 g) + Aspartic acid (2.8 g) + Glycine (6 g) + Histidine (1.5 g) + Isoleucine (2.5 g) + Leucine (4.45 g) + Lysine acetate (5.74 g) + Lysine monohydrate (3.12 g) + Methionine (2.2 g) + Phenylalanine (2.35 g) + Proline (2.75 g) + Serine (1.15 g) + Threonine (2.1 g) + Tryptophan (0.8 g) + Tyrosine (0.2 g) + Valine (3.1 g)SolutionParenteralB. Braun Melsungen Ag2006-06-27Not applicableAustria flag
AMINOPLASMAL B.BRAUN 10% E SOLUTION FOR INFUSIONGlutamic acid (7.20 g/1000ml) + Alanine (10.50 g/1000ml) + Arginine (11.50 g/1000ml) + Aspartic acid (5.60 g/1000ml) + Glycine (12.00 g/1000ml) + Histidine (3.00 g/1000ml) + Isoleucine (5.00 g/1000ml) + Leucine (8.90 g/1000ml) + Lysine hydrochloride (8.56 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.508 g/1000ml) + Methionine (4.40 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (4.70 g/1000ml) + Potassium acetate (2.453 g/1000ml) + Proline (5.50 g/1000ml) + Serine (2.30 g/1000ml) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.858 g/1000ml) + Sodium hydroxide (0.360 g/1000ml) + Sodium phosphate, dibasic dodecahydrate (3.581 g/1000ml) + Threonine (4.20 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1.60 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.40 g/1000ml) + Valine (6.20 g/1000ml)SolutionIntravenousB. BRAUN SINGAPORE PTE LTD2018-01-23Not applicableSingapore flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
KABIVEN 1026 MLGlutamic acid (1.7 g) + Alanine (4.8 g) + Arginine (3.4 g) + Aspartic acid (1 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.29 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (110 g) + Glycine (2.4 g) + Histidine (2 g) + Isoleucine (1.7 g) + Leucine (2.4 g) + Lysine (2.7 g) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.99 g) + Methionine (1.7 g) + Phenylalanine (2.4 g) + Potassium chloride (1.8 g) + Proline (2 g) + Serine (1.4 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.5 g) + Sodium glycerophosphate (1.5 g) + Soybean oil (40 g) + Threonine (1.7 g) + Tryptophan (0.57 g) + Tyrosine (0.07 g) + Valine (2.2 g)InjectionIntravenousFRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-292022-11-10Turkey flag
KABIVEN 1540 MLGlutamic acid (2.5 g) + Alanine (7.2 g) + Arginine (5.1 g) + Aspartic acid (1.5 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.44 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (165 g) + Glycine (3.6 g) + Histidine (3.1 g) + Isoleucine (2.5 g) + Leucine (3.6 g) + Lysine (4.1 g) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1.5 g) + Methionine (2.5 g) + Phenylalanine (3.6 g) + Potassium chloride (2.7 g) + Proline (3.1 g) + Serine (2 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (3.7 g) + Sodium glycerophosphate (2.3 g) + Soybean oil (60 g) + Threonine (2.5 g) + Tryptophan (0.86 g) + Tyrosine (0.1 g) + Valine (3.3 g)InjectionIntravenousFRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-292022-11-10Turkey flag
KABIVEN 2053 MLGlutamic acid (3.4 g) + Alanine (9.6 g) + Arginine (6.8 g) + Aspartic acid (2 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.59 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (220 g) + Glycine (4.7 g) + Histidine (4.1 g) + Isoleucine (3.4 g) + Leucine (4.7 g) + Lysine (5.4 g) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (2 g) + Methionine (3.4 g) + Phenylalanine (4.7 g) + Potassium chloride (3.6 g) + Proline (4.1 g) + Serine (2.7 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (4.9 g) + Sodium glycerophosphate (3 g) + Soybean oil (80 g) + Threonine (3.4 g) + Tryptophan (1.1 g) + Tyrosine (0.14 g) + Valine (4.4 g)InjectionIntravenousFRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-292022-11-10Turkey flag
KABIVEN PERIPHERAL 1440 MLGlutamic acid (1.7 g) + Alanine (4.8 g) + Arginine (3.4 g) + Aspartic acid (1 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.29 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (107 g) + Glycine (2.4 g) + Histidine (2 g) + Isoleucine (1.7 g) + Leucine (2.4 g) + Lysine (2.7 g) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.99 g) + Methionine (1.7 g) + Phenylalanine (2.4 g) + Potassium chloride (1.8 g) + Proline (2 g) + Serine (1.4 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.5 g) + Sodium glycerophosphate (1.5 g) + Soybean oil (51 g) + Threonine (1.7 g) + Tryptophan (0.57 g) + Tyrosine (0.069 g) + Valine (2.2 g)InjectionIntravenousFRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-29Not applicableTurkey flag
KABIVEN PERIPHERAL 1920 MLGlutamic acid (2.2 g) + Alanine (6.4 g) + Arginine (4.5 g) + Aspartic acid (1.4 g) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.39 g) + D-glucose monohydrate (143 g) + Glycine (3.2 g) + Histidine (2.7 g) + Isoleucine (2.2 g) + Leucine (3.2 g) + Lysine (3.6 g) + Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (1.3 g) + Methionine (2.2 g) + Phenylalanine (3.2 g) + Potassium chloride (2.4 g) + Proline (2.7 g) + Serine (1.8 g) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (3.3 g) + Sodium glycerophosphate (2 g) + Soybean oil (68 g) + Threonine (2.2 g) + Tryptophan (0.76 g) + Tyrosine (0.092 g) + Valine (2.9 g)InjectionIntravenousFRESENİUS KABİ İLAÇ SAN. VE TİC. LTD. ŞTİ.2013-01-29Not applicableTurkey flag

Categories

ATC Codes
A09AB01 — Glutamic acid hydrochloride
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glutamic acid and derivatives. These are compounds containing glutamic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic acids and derivatives
Class
Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class
Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent
Glutamic acid and derivatives
Alternative Parents
L-alpha-amino acids / Amino fatty acids / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alpha-amino acid / Amine / Amino acid / Amino fatty acid / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives / Fatty acid / Fatty acyl
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
proteinogenic amino acid, L-alpha-amino acid, glutamic acid, glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:16015) / Common amino acids, Amino acids (C00025)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
3KX376GY7L
CAS number
56-86-0
InChI Key
WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C5H9NO4/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid
SMILES
N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O

References

Synthesis Reference

Nobuharu Tujimoto, Yoshimi Kikuchi, Osamu Kurahashi, Yoshiko Kawahara, "Mutant Escherichia coli capable of enhanced L-glutamic acid production." U.S. Patent US5393671, issued August, 1960.

US5393671
General References
  1. Smith QR: Transport of glutamate and other amino acids at the blood-brain barrier. J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4S Suppl):1016S-22S. [Article]
  2. Okumoto S, Looger LL, Micheva KD, Reimer RJ, Smith SJ, Frommer WB: Detection of glutamate release from neurons by genetically encoded surface-displayed FRET nanosensors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 14;102(24):8740-5. Epub 2005 Jun 6. [Article]
  3. Reeds PJ, Burrin DG, Stoll B, Jahoor F: Intestinal glutamate metabolism. J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4S Suppl):978S-82S. [Article]
  4. Corrie JE, DeSantis A, Katayama Y, Khodakhah K, Messenger JB, Ogden DC, Trentham DR: Postsynaptic activation at the squid giant synapse by photolytic release of L-glutamate from a 'caged' L-glutamate. J Physiol. 1993 Jun;465:1-8. [Article]
  5. Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE: Nonvesicular release of glutamate by glial xCT transporters suppresses glutamate receptor clustering in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007 Jan 3;27(1):111-23. [Article]
  6. Sookoian S, Pirola CJ: Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and glutamine-cycling pathway: their roles in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 7;18(29):3775-81. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3775. [Article]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0000148
KEGG Drug
D00007
KEGG Compound
C00025
PubChem Compound
33032
PubChem Substance
46505816
ChemSpider
30572
BindingDB
17657
RxNav
25916
ChEBI
16015
ChEMBL
CHEMBL575060
ZINC
ZINC000001482113
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000015
PharmGKB
PA449776
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
PDBe Ligand
GGL
Wikipedia
Glutamic_acid
PDB Entries
1axd / 1bx9 / 1fav / 2dbw / 2m5p / 2m5q / 3ths / 5bpu / 5onj / 7f5x
show 19 more
MSDS
Download (72 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Amend
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
SolutionParenteral
SolutionIntravenous10.50 g/1000ml
InjectionIntravenous0.5 g/l
InjectionIntravenous0.25 g/1000ml
Solution, concentrateIntravenous
Injection, solutionIntravenous
SolutionExtracorporeal
EmulsionIntravenous0.468 g
InjectionIntravenous16 g/1000ml
CapsuleOral325 mg / cap
EmulsionParenteral20.000 g
InjectionIntravenous1.6 g/l
TabletOral
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous
Injection, emulsionParenteral
EmulsionIntravenous0.466 g
EmulsionParenteral
EmulsionIntravenous
Injection, solution
Injection, emulsionIntravenous4.656 g/1000ml
Injection, emulsionIntravenous6.792 g/1000ml
Injection, emulsionIntravenous
EmulsionIntravenous4 g
Tablet, film coatedOral
EmulsionIntravenous3 g
SolutionIntravenous
InjectionIntravenous
InjectionIntravenous4 g/l
LiquidIntravenous
Granule
CapsuleOral
GelTopical
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
L-glutamic acid powder0.03USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)224 dec °CPhysProp
water solubility8570 mg/L (at 25 °C)BULL,HB ET AL. (1978)
logP-3.69HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa2.23 (at 0 °C)KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility80.6 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-3.5ALOGPS
logP-3.2Chemaxon
logS-0.26ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.88Chemaxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.54Chemaxon
Physiological Charge-1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area100.62 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count4Chemaxon
Refractivity31.29 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability13.32 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleNoChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.03 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0002-2950000000-2d6edc93ec5f8dee2223
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)GC-MSsplash10-002b-0940000000-4e285988bc537825d94d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-00dj-9630000000-1ecc76aab86283892139
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-001i-8910000000-00f65ced0c55aa4ad169
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)GC-MSsplash10-0032-3980000000-3069de5b6c49e4176968
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0znc-9300000000-f88e86b78a4cee99a2d4
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-BGC-MSsplash10-0002-0790000000-79d3e289c22cb183faa1
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-0002-2950000000-2d6edc93ec5f8dee2223
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-002b-0940000000-4e285988bc537825d94d
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQGC-MSsplash10-00ea-6932100000-30d3f5dcc198a5971e96
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOFGC-MSsplash10-00dj-9630000000-1ecc76aab86283892139
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-001i-8910000000-00f65ced0c55aa4ad169
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSGC-MSsplash10-0032-3980000000-3069de5b6c49e4176968
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-003r-6900000000-95b0a084dc076f9c7b91
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-c37d4c80a14ec029ef63
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a59-9000000000-6f1888aa71bcb0adf76c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004j-0900000000-5fa8a338dcd2f2a6bdd2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-16763200aa07f7629ad4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-3900000000-d9cfc5187aa799f6f978
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-0900000000-10ee9a593e13550bec1c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-4d045a3c1fc6e56f801b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-c3c7f8f3754109a0c25b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-48bfae26c69408b7f0ae
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-82c2a681e7522a7bb1d1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0905010000-af1c9ec4d0062fa6960e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-01q9-9700000000-2b967b896a6e48914512
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-1434321646181ea894a0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-11fadb2530828eedad8a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-006t-0941100000-07d051890cb1d9e5c856
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-9200000000-f8619d11f1f54d836bb1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-ea2dd00e79ef06e8dc04
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0900000000-3e239d4014c95a2ef873
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-b548959edce39d319cf4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-40d901f655797db2cd0f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-f997527a39900ac431c7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-7900000000-60816f0601a4e6d25ffb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0007-9000000000-6ee821f657c604d1afca
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0900000000-7c02624abe56da9247a2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9400000000-c986980c1a17ede07b6c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-71a54be22b4253049d5f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-053r-9000000000-b44e3b9c04f8aaae8f27
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-77ddeb8a1cc86f98e9e9
MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-690019d0a432e6e796f0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9500000000-7d12bd107af03fef610f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , NegativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ufs-0900000000-5c808c6391769c72ff5b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0002-0900000000-b548959edce39d319cf4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-40d901f655797db2cd0f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-1900000000-f997527a39900ac431c7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-7900000000-60816f0601a4e6d25ffb
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0007-9000000000-1309b1413f14775df5f2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-1434321646181ea894a0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-ea2dd00e79ef06e8dc04
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativeLC-MS/MSsplash10-0ufs-0900000000-5c808c6391769c72ff5b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-000t-0900000000-7c02624abe56da9247a2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9400000000-f574985068a9b5c686f1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-71a54be22b4253049d5f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-053r-9000000000-b44e3b9c04f8aaae8f27
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-77ddeb8a1cc86f98e9e9
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-16763200aa07f7629ad4
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-c3c7f8f3754109a0c25b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0900000000-48bfae26c69408b7f0ae
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9500000000-7d12bd107af03fef610f
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0019-9500000000-91dbdb6677145969ec82
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udi-0900000000-fd801745085b88166c67
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-001i-9000000000-a1dc17fc4b005f6214ae
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0udr-8900000000-3095c8c8cfff8fe0ef75
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-9000000000-f924397855763f4b4c4c
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-c96b3a7a2e5890612ec6
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum2D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-131.8644365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-124.4646298
predicted
DarkChem Standard v0.1.0
[M-H]-132.1397365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-123.92267
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+132.2015365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+132.3227365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+131.5411365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+127.75757
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+131.8403365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+131.7180365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+132.3460365
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+136.84706
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down...
Gene Name
GRM1
Uniprot ID
Q13255
Uniprot Name
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
Molecular Weight
132355.855 Da
References
  1. Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H: Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl- 3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jun;321(3):1144-53. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [Article]
  2. Chiocchetti A, Miglio G, Mesturini R, Varsaldi F, Mocellin M, Orilieri E, Dianzani C, Fantozzi R, Dianzani U, Lombardi G: Group I mGlu receptor stimulation inhibits activation-induced cell death of human T lymphocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;148(6):760-8. Epub 2006 Jun 5. [Article]
  3. San Gabriel AM, Maekawa T, Uneyama H, Yoshie S, Torii K: mGluR1 in the fundic glands of rat stomach. FEBS Lett. 2007 Mar 20;581(6):1119-23. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Group iii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down...
Gene Name
GRM4
Uniprot ID
Q14833
Uniprot Name
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4
Molecular Weight
101866.835 Da
References
  1. Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H: Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl- 3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jun;321(3):1144-53. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors tha...
Gene Name
GRIK4
Uniprot ID
Q16099
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 4
Molecular Weight
107244.485 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Korczak B, Nutt SL, Fletcher EJ, Hoo KH, Elliott CE, Rampersad V, McWhinnie EA, Kamboj RK: cDNA cloning and functional properties of human glutamate receptor EAA3 (GluR5) in homomeric and heteromeric configuration. Receptors Channels. 1995;3(1):41-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. The postsynaptic actions of Glu are mediated by a variety of receptors tha...
Gene Name
GRIK5
Uniprot ID
Q16478
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 5
Molecular Weight
109263.695 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Takeda M, Haga M, Yamada H, Kinoshita M, Otsuka M, Tsuboi S, Moriyama Y: Ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Nov 17;294(2):97-100. [Article]
  4. Murphy DE, Hutchison AJ, Hurt SD, Williams M, Sills MA: Characterization of the binding of [3H]-CGS 19755: a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist with nanomolar affinity in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol. 1988 Nov;95(3):932-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down...
Gene Name
GRM7
Uniprot ID
Q14831
Uniprot Name
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
Molecular Weight
102250.06 Da
References
  1. Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H: Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl- 3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jun;321(3):1144-53. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Group iii metabotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down...
Gene Name
GRM8
Uniprot ID
O00222
Uniprot Name
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8
Molecular Weight
101739.575 Da
References
  1. Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H: Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl- 3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jun;321(3):1144-53. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [Article]
  2. Morimoto R, Uehara S, Yatsushiro S, Juge N, Hua Z, Senoh S, Echigo N, Hayashi M, Mizoguchi T, Ninomiya T, Udagawa N, Omote H, Yamamoto A, Edwards RH, Moriyama Y: Secretion of L-glutamate from osteoclasts through transcytosis. EMBO J. 2006 Sep 20;25(18):4175-86. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Specific Function
Transports L-glutamate; the L-glutamate uptake is sodium- and voltage-dependent and chloride-independent. Its associated chloride conductance may participate in visual processing.
Gene Name
SLC1A7
Uniprot ID
O00341
Uniprot Name
Excitatory amino acid transporter 5
Molecular Weight
60657.825 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Takarada T, Hinoi E, Balcar VJ, Taniura H, Yoneda Y: Possible expression of functional glutamate transporters in the rat testis. J Endocrinol. 2004 May;181(2):233-44. [Article]
  4. Arriza JL, Eliasof S, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG: Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):4155-60. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Atp binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the cleavage of 5-oxo-L-proline to form L-glutamate coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.
Gene Name
OPLAH
Uniprot ID
O14841
Uniprot Name
5-oxoprolinase
Molecular Weight
137456.195 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Nishimura A, Itoh H, Oyama H, Murao S, Oda K: A simultaneous assay method for L-glutamate and L-pyroglutamate contents in soy sauce using a 5-oxoprolinase (without ATP hydrolyzing activity). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Feb;65(2):477-9. [Article]
  4. Van der Werf P, Stephani RA, Orlowski M, Meister A: Inhibition of 5-oxoprolinase by 2-imidazolidone-4-carboxylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Mar;70(3):759-61. [Article]
  5. Seddon AP, Li LY, Meister A: Resolution of 5-oxo-L-prolinase into a 5-oxo-L-proline-dependent ATPase and a coupling protein. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jul 10;259(13):8091-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase activity
Specific Function
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield for...
Gene Name
PFAS
Uniprot ID
O15067
Uniprot Name
Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase
Molecular Weight
144733.165 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Jayaram HN, Lui MS, Plowman J, Pillwein K, Reardon MA, Elliott WL, Weber G: Oncolytic activity and mechanism of action of a novel L-cysteine derivative, L-cysteine, ethyl ester, S-(N-methylcarbamate) monohydrochloride. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1990;26(2):88-92. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine. May also function as a transporter of branched chain alpha-keto acids.
Gene Name
BCAT2
Uniprot ID
O15382
Uniprot Name
Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
44287.445 Da
References
  1. Hutson SM, Berkich D, Drown P, Xu B, Aschner M, LaNoue KF: Role of branched-chain aminotransferase isoenzymes and gabapentin in neurotransmitter metabolism. J Neurochem. 1998 Aug;71(2):863-74. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020863.x. [Article]
  2. Ola MS, Hosoya K, LaNoue KF: Influence of insulin on glutamine synthetase in the Muller glial cells of retina. Metab Brain Dis. 2011 Sep;26(3):195-202. doi: 10.1007/s11011-011-9245-y. Epub 2011 May 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Nmda glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
Gene Name
GRIN2D
Uniprot ID
O15399
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D
Molecular Weight
143750.685 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Pliss L, Jezova D, Mares V, Balcar VJ, St'astny F: N-Acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamate changes functional and structural properties of rat blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett. 2002 Jan 11;317(2):85-8. [Article]
  4. Bresink I, Benke TA, Collett VJ, Seal AJ, Parsons CG, Henley JM, Collingridge GL: Effects of memantine on recombinant rat NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;119(2):195-204. [Article]
  5. Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 1997 Dec;148(2):407-13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Glutaminase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first reaction in the primary pathway for the renal catabolism of glutamine. Plays a role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Regulates the levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate ...
Gene Name
GLS
Uniprot ID
O94925
Uniprot Name
Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
73460.56 Da
References
  1. Karmaker S, Saha TK, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui H, Sakurai H: A novel drug delivery system for type 1 diabetes: insulin-mimetic vanadyl-poly(gamma-glutamic acid) complex. J Inorg Biochem. 2006 Sep;100(9):1535-46. Epub 2006 May 24. [Article]
  2. Shi F, Xu Z, Cen P: Efficient production of poly-gamma-glutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis ZJU-7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2006 Jun;133(3):271-82. [Article]
  3. Yang XX, Hu ZP, Xu AL, Duan W, Zhu YZ, Huang M, Sheu FS, Zhang Q, Bian JS, Chan E, Li X, Wang JC, Zhou SF: A mechanistic study on reduced toxicity of irinotecan by coadministered thalidomide, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Oct;319(1):82-104. Epub 2006 Jun 30. [Article]
  4. Ashiuchi M, Shimanouchi K, Horiuchi T, Kamei T, Misono H: Genetically engineered poly-gamma-glutamate producer from Bacillus subtilis ISW1214. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Jul;70(7):1794-7. [Article]
  5. Ashiuchi M, Nakamura H, Yamamoto M, Misono H: Novel poly-gamma-glutamate-processing enzyme catalyzing gamma-glutamyl DD-amidohydrolysis. J Biosci Bioeng. 2006 Jul;102(1):60-5. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA). Plays a key role in amino acid metabolism. Important for metabolite exchange betwe...
Gene Name
GOT2
Uniprot ID
P00505
Uniprot Name
Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
47517.285 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Recasens M, Mandel P: Similarities between cysteinesulphinate transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase. Ciba Found Symp. 1979;(72):259-70. [Article]
  4. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Rna stem-loop binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the attachment of the cognate amino acid to the corresponding tRNA in a two-step reaction: the amino acid is first activated by ATP to form a covalent intermediate with AMP and is then tr...
Gene Name
EPRS
Uniprot ID
P07814
Uniprot Name
Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligase
Molecular Weight
170589.705 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Cerini C, Semeriva M, Gratecos D: Evolution of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family and the organization of the Drosophila glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase gene. Intron/exon structure of the gene, control of expression of the two mRNAs, selective advantage of the multienzyme complex. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Feb 15;244(1):176-85. [Article]
  4. Ting SM, Dignam JD: Post-transcriptional regulation of glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase in rat salivary gland. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):8993-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Literature referenced did research on proteins from E. coli.
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ASNS
Uniprot ID
P08243
Uniprot Name
Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Molecular Weight
64369.39 Da
References
  1. Boehlein SK, Schuster SM, Richards NG: Glutamic acid gamma-monohydroxamate and hydroxylamine are alternate substrates for Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Biochemistry. 1996 Mar 5;35(9):3031-7. doi: 10.1021/bi952505l. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Manganese ion binding
Specific Function
This enzyme has 2 functions: it catalyzes the production of glutamine and 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA), the latter in a pyridoxal phosphate-independent manner (By similarity). E...
Gene Name
GLUL
Uniprot ID
P15104
Uniprot Name
Glutamine synthetase
Molecular Weight
42064.15 Da
References
  1. Re DB, Nafia I, Melon C, Shimamoto K, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Had-Aissouni L: Glutamate leakage from a compartmentalized intracellular metabolic pool and activation of the lipoxygenase pathway mediate oxidative astrocyte death by reversed glutamate transport. Glia. 2006 Jul;54(1):47-57. [Article]
  2. Singh U, Sarkar D: Development of a simple high-throughput screening protocol based on biosynthetic activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis glutamine synthetase for the identification of novel Inhibitors. J Biomol Screen. 2006 Dec;11(8):1035-42. Epub 2006 Sep 14. [Article]
  3. Yamamoto S, Wakayama M, Tachiki T: Characterization of theanine-forming enzyme from Methylovorus mays no. 9 in respect to utilization of theanine production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Feb;71(2):545-52. Epub 2007 Feb 7. [Article]
  4. Scaraffia PY, Zhang Q, Wysocki VH, Isoe J, Wells MA: Analysis of whole body ammonia metabolism in Aedes aegypti using [15N]-labeled compounds and mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;36(8):614-22. Epub 2006 May 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate or L-cysteine. Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Acts as a sca...
Gene Name
GOT1
Uniprot ID
P17174
Uniprot Name
Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmic
Molecular Weight
46247.14 Da
References
  1. Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Melo TM, Nissim I, Sonnewald U, Nissim I: The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:415-30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Transaminase involved in tyrosine breakdown. Converts tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Can catalyze the reverse reaction, using glutamic acid, with 2-oxoglutarate as cosubstrate (in vitro). Has...
Gene Name
TAT
Uniprot ID
P17735
Uniprot Name
Tyrosine aminotransferase
Molecular Weight
50398.895 Da
References
  1. Ozturk M, Chiu CY, Akdeniz N, Jenq SF, Chang SC, Hsa CY, Jap TS: Two novel mutations in the MEN1 gene in subjects with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jun;29(6):523-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting wi...
Gene Name
GPT
Uniprot ID
P24298
Uniprot Name
Alanine aminotransferase 1
Molecular Weight
54636.415 Da
References
  1. Ohgami N, Upadhyay S, Kabata A, Morimoto K, Kusakabe H, Suzuki H: Determination of the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase in a microfluidic system. Biosens Bioelectron. 2007 Feb 15;22(7):1330-6. Epub 2006 Jul 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity
Specific Function
Mediates the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamate residues to calcium-binding gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues with the concomitant conversion of the reduced hydroquinone form of vit...
Gene Name
GGCX
Uniprot ID
P38435
Uniprot Name
Vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylase
Molecular Weight
87560.065 Da
References
  1. Zhu A, Sun H, Raymond RM Jr, Furie BC, Furie B, Bronstein M, Kaufman RJ, Westrick R, Ginsburg D: Fatal hemorrhage in mice lacking gamma-glutamyl carboxylase. Blood. 2007 Jun 15;109(12):5270-5. Epub 2007 Feb 27. [Article]
  2. Lal S, Jada SR, Xiang X, Lim WT, Lee EJ, Chowbay B: Pharmacogenetics of target genes across the warfarin pharmacological pathway. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45(12):1189-200. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Specific Function
Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport ...
Gene Name
SLC1A3
Uniprot ID
P43003
Uniprot Name
Excitatory amino acid transporter 1
Molecular Weight
59571.855 Da
References
  1. Glowatzki E, Cheng N, Hiel H, Yi E, Tanaka K, Ellis-Davies GC, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE: The glutamate-aspartate transporter GLAST mediates glutamate uptake at inner hair cell afferent synapses in the mammalian cochlea. J Neurosci. 2006 Jul 19;26(29):7659-64. [Article]
  2. Beart PM, O'Shea RD: Transporters for L-glutamate: an update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;150(1):5-17. Epub 2006 Nov 6. [Article]
  3. Nickell J, Salvatore MF, Pomerleau F, Apparsundaram S, Gerhardt GA: Reduced plasma membrane surface expression of GLAST mediates decreased glutamate regulation in the aged striatum. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Nov;28(11):1737-48. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Specific Function
Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Acts as a symport ...
Gene Name
SLC1A2
Uniprot ID
P43004
Uniprot Name
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2
Molecular Weight
62103.665 Da
References
  1. King N, Lin H, McGivan JD, Suleiman MS: Expression and activity of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in cardiac hypertrophy: implications for ischaemia reperfusion injury. Pflugers Arch. 2006 Sep;452(6):674-82. Epub 2006 May 23. [Article]
  2. Nickell J, Salvatore MF, Pomerleau F, Apparsundaram S, Gerhardt GA: Reduced plasma membrane surface expression of GLAST mediates decreased glutamate regulation in the aged striatum. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Nov;28(11):1737-48. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [Article]
  3. Beart PM, O'Shea RD: Transporters for L-glutamate: an update on their molecular pharmacology and pathological involvement. Br J Pharmacol. 2007 Jan;150(1):5-17. Epub 2006 Nov 6. [Article]
  4. Glowatzki E, Cheng N, Hiel H, Yi E, Tanaka K, Ellis-Davies GC, Rothstein JD, Bergles DE: The glutamate-aspartate transporter GLAST mediates glutamate uptake at inner hair cell afferent synapses in the mammalian cochlea. J Neurosci. 2006 Jul 19;26(29):7659-64. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Specific Function
Transports L-glutamate, L- and D-aspartate and L-cystein (PubMed:21123949). Essential for terminating the postsynaptic action of glutamate by rapidly removing released glutamate from the synaptic c...
Gene Name
SLC1A1
Uniprot ID
P43005
Uniprot Name
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3
Molecular Weight
57099.835 Da
References
  1. Menaker D, Bendahan A, Kanner BI: The substrate specificity of a neuronal glutamate transporter is determined by the nature of the coupling ion. J Neurochem. 2006 Oct;99(1):20-8. Epub 2006 Jul 11. [Article]
  2. Yun JY, Park KS, Kim JH, Do SH, Zuo Z: Propofol reverses oxidative stress-attenuated glutamate transporter EAAT3 activity: evidence of protein kinase C involvement. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jun 22;565(1-3):83-8. Epub 2007 Mar 3. [Article]
  3. Tao Z, Grewer C: Cooperation of the conserved aspartate 439 and bound amino acid substrate is important for high-affinity Na+ binding to the glutamate transporter EAAC1. J Gen Physiol. 2007 Apr;129(4):331-44. [Article]
  4. Nickell J, Salvatore MF, Pomerleau F, Apparsundaram S, Gerhardt GA: Reduced plasma membrane surface expression of GLAST mediates decreased glutamate regulation in the aged striatum. Neurobiol Aging. 2007 Nov;28(11):1737-48. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Magnesium ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
GCLC
Uniprot ID
P48506
Uniprot Name
Glutamate--cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
Molecular Weight
72765.14 Da
References
  1. Lu SC: Glutathione synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 May;1830(5):3143-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008. Epub 2012 Sep 17. [Article]
  2. Denise Rook, Johannes B. van Goudoever (2014). Oxidative Stress and Glutathione Synthesis Rates in Early Postnatal Life. In Perinatal and Prenatal Disorders. Humana Press, New York, NY. [ISBN:978-1-4939-1405-0]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Sodium:dicarboxylate symporter activity
Specific Function
Transports L-glutamate and also L- and D-aspartate. Seems to act as a symport by cotransporting sodium.
Gene Name
SLC1A6
Uniprot ID
P48664
Uniprot Name
Excitatory amino acid transporter 4
Molecular Weight
61564.875 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Gegelashvili G, Schousboe A: High affinity glutamate transporters: regulation of expression and activity. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Jul;52(1):6-15. [Article]
  4. Lin CL, Tzingounis AV, Jin L, Furuta A, Kavanaugh MP, Rothstein JD: Molecular cloning and expression of the rat EAAT4 glutamate transporter subtype. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1998 Dec 10;63(1):174-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Leucine binding
Specific Function
Important for recycling the chief excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, during neurotransmission.
Gene Name
GLUD2
Uniprot ID
P49448
Uniprot Name
Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
61433.465 Da
References
  1. Spanaki C, Kotzamani D, Kleopa K, Plaitakis A: Evolution of GLUD2 Glutamate Dehydrogenase Allows Expression in Human Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Oct;53(8):5140-8. doi: 10.1007/s12035-015-9429-2. Epub 2015 Sep 23. [Article]
  2. Mastorodemos V, Kotzamani D, Zaganas I, Arianoglou G, Latsoudis H, Plaitakis A: Human GLUD1 and GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase localize to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;87(3):505-16. doi: 10.1139/o09-008. [Article]
  3. Zaganas I, Spanaki C, Plaitakis A: Expression of human GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase in human tissues: functional implications. Neurochem Int. 2012 Sep;61(4):455-62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.06.007. Epub 2012 Jun 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyrophosphatase activity
Specific Function
Involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides which are not only essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, but also provide GTP, which is involved in a number of cellular processes important ...
Gene Name
GMPS
Uniprot ID
P49915
Uniprot Name
GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]
Molecular Weight
76714.79 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Ravasio S, Dossena L, Martin-Figueroa E, Florencio FJ, Mattevi A, Morandi P, Curti B, Vanoni MA: Properties of the recombinant ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Synechocystis PCC6803. Comparison with the Azospirillum brasilense NADPH-dependent enzyme and its isolated alpha subunit. Biochemistry. 2002 Jun 25;41(25):8120-33. [Article]
  4. Myers RS, Amaro RE, Luthey-Schulten ZA, Davisson VJ: Reaction coupling through interdomain contacts in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase. Biochemistry. 2005 Sep 13;44(36):11974-85. [Article]
  5. Boehlein SK, Richards NG, Schuster SM: Glutamine-dependent nitrogen transfer in Escherichia coli asparagine synthetase B. Searching for the catalytic triad. J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 11;269(10):7450-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
L-valine transaminase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the first reaction in the catabolism of the essential branched chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
Gene Name
BCAT1
Uniprot ID
P54687
Uniprot Name
Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolic
Molecular Weight
42965.815 Da
References
  1. Smirnov SV, Samsonova NN, Novikova AE, Matrosov NG, Rushkevich NY, Kodera T, Ogawa J, Yamanaka H, Shimizu S: A novel strategy for enzymatic synthesis of 4-hydroxyisoleucine: identification of an enzyme possessing HMKP (4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-keto-pentanoate) aldolase activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Aug;273(1):70-7. Epub 2007 Jun 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta-aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-al...
Gene Name
ABAT
Uniprot ID
P80404
Uniprot Name
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
56438.405 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Imai H, Okuno T, Wu JY, Lee TJ: GABAergic innervation in cerebral blood vessels: an immunohistochemical demonstration of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1991 Jan;11(1):129-34. [Article]
  4. Happola O, Paivarinta H, Soinila S, Wu JY, Panula P: Localization of L-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA transaminase immunoreactivity in the sympathetic ganglia of the rat. Neuroscience. 1987 Apr;21(1):271-81. [Article]
  5. Far SR, Millimoria FR: Levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma amino butyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GLDH) and proteins in cerebrospinal fluid of certain neurological disorders. Indian J Med Sci. 1996 Apr;50(4):99-102. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Voltage-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. This protein plays a key role in synaptic p...
Gene Name
GRIN1
Uniprot ID
Q05586
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1
Molecular Weight
105371.945 Da
References
  1. Miglio G, Dianzani C, Fallarini S, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G: Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulates Jurkat T cell growth and adhesion to fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 21;361(2):404-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Tetrahydrofolylpolyglutamate synthase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes conversion of folates to polyglutamate derivatives allowing concentration of folate compounds in the cell and the intracellular retention of these cofactors, which are important substrate...
Gene Name
FPGS
Uniprot ID
Q05932
Uniprot Name
Folylpolyglutamate synthase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
64608.53 Da
References
  1. DeMartino JK, Hwang I, Xu L, Wilson IA, Boger DL: Discovery of a potent, nonpolyglutamatable inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase. J Med Chem. 2006 May 18;49(10):2998-3002. [Article]
  2. Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL: Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006 Dec 15;14(24):8590-8. Epub 2006 Sep 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Appears to have a role in the catabolic pathway of the renin-angiotensin system. Probably plays a role in regulating growth and differentiation of early B-lineage cells.
Gene Name
ENPEP
Uniprot ID
Q07075
Uniprot Name
Glutamyl aminopeptidase
Molecular Weight
109243.58 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Tobe H, Kojima F, Aoyagi T, Umezawa H: Purification by affinity chromatography using amastatin and properties of aminopeptidase A from pig kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Jun 13;613(2):459-68. [Article]
  4. Acarturk F, Parlatan ZI, Saracoglu OF: Comparison of vaginal aminopeptidase enzymatic activities in various animals and in humans. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Nov;53(11):1499-504. [Article]
  5. Sasaki M, Bosman BW, Tan PS: Comparison of proteolytic activities in various lactobacilli. J Dairy Res. 1995 Nov;62(4):601-10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of sub...
Gene Name
GRIN2A
Uniprot ID
Q12879
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A
Molecular Weight
165281.215 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Rutter AR, Freeman FM, Stephenson FA: Further characterization of the molecular interaction between PSD-95 and NMDA receptors: the effect of the NR1 splice variant and evidence for modulation of channel gating. J Neurochem. 2002 Jun;81(6):1298-307. [Article]
  4. Rutter AR, Stephenson FA: Coexpression of postsynaptic density-95 protein with NMDA receptors results in enhanced receptor expression together with a decreased sensitivity to L-glutamate. J Neurochem. 2000 Dec;75(6):2501-10. [Article]
  5. Bresink I, Benke TA, Collett VJ, Seal AJ, Parsons CG, Henley JM, Collingridge GL: Effects of memantine on recombinant rat NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br J Pharmacol. 1996 Sep;119(2):195-204. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic site...
Gene Name
GRIN2B
Uniprot ID
Q13224
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B
Molecular Weight
166365.885 Da
References
  1. Verkhratsky A, Kirchhoff F: NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 2007 Feb;13(1):28-37. [Article]
  2. Miglio G, Dianzani C, Fallarini S, Fantozzi R, Lombardi G: Stimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors modulates Jurkat T cell growth and adhesion to fibronectin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Sep 21;361(2):404-9. Epub 2007 Jul 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Nmda glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
Gene Name
GRIN2C
Uniprot ID
Q14957
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C
Molecular Weight
134207.77 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Kuner T, Schoepfer R, Korpi ER: Ethanol inhibits glutamate-induced currents in heteromeric NMDA receptor subtypes. Neuroreport. 1993 Dec 13;5(3):297-300. [Article]
  4. Olmos G, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Paz Regalado M, Gasull T, Assumpcio Boronat M, Trullas R, Villarroel A, Lerma J, Garcia-Sevilla JA: Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol. 1999 Jul;127(6):1317-26. [Article]
  5. Sundstrom E, Whittemore S, Mo LL, Seiger A: Analysis of NMDA receptors in the human spinal cord. Exp Neurol. 1997 Dec;148(2):407-13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Trna binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
Gene Name
EARS2
Uniprot ID
Q5JPH6
Uniprot Name
Probable glutamate--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
58688.1 Da
References
  1. Sekine S, Shichiri M, Bernier S, Chenevert R, Lapointe J, Yokoyama S: Structural bases of transfer RNA-dependent amino acid recognition and activation by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. Structure. 2006 Dec;14(12):1791-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Product of
Curator comments
Literature referenced utilized the target in the thermophilic bacteria Thermotoga maritima.
General Function
Nad+ synthase (glutamine-hydrolyzing) activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
NADSYN1
Uniprot ID
Q6IA69
Uniprot Name
Glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
Molecular Weight
79283.945 Da
References
  1. Resto M, Yaffe J, Gerratana B: An ancestral glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase revealed by poor kinetic synergism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Nov;1794(11):1648-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.014. Epub 2009 Aug 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Arginine binding
Specific Function
Plays a role in the regulation of ureagenesis by producing the essential cofactor N-acetylglutamate (NAG), thus modulating carbamoylphosphate synthase I (CPSI) activity.
Gene Name
NAGS
Uniprot ID
Q8N159
Uniprot Name
N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
58155.835 Da
References
  1. Xu Y, Labedan B, Glansdorff N: Surprising arginine biosynthesis: a reappraisal of the enzymology and evolution of the pathway in microorganisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Mar;71(1):36-47. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Transaminase with broad substrate specificity. Has transaminase activity towards aminoadipate, kynurenine, methionine and glutamate. Shows activity also towards tryptophan, aspartate and hydroxykyn...
Gene Name
AADAT
Uniprot ID
Q8N5Z0
Uniprot Name
Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
47351.17 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Kocki T, Luchowski P, Luchowska E, Wielosz M, Turski WA, Urbanska EM: L-cysteine sulphinate, endogenous sulphur-containing amino acid, inhibits rat brain kynurenic acid production via selective interference with kynurenine aminotransferase II. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jul 31;346(1-2):97-100. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Curator comments
Binding occurs at very low affinity.
General Function
Protein phosphatase 2a binding
Specific Function
NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. May ...
Gene Name
GRIN3A
Uniprot ID
Q8TCU5
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A
Molecular Weight
125464.07 Da
References
  1. Yao Y, Mayer ML: Characterization of a soluble ligand binding domain of the NMDA receptor regulatory subunit NR3A. J Neurosci. 2006 Apr 26;26(17):4559-66. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0560-06.2006. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Product of
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate.
Gene Name
GPT2
Uniprot ID
Q8TD30
Uniprot Name
Alanine aminotransferase 2
Molecular Weight
57903.11 Da
References
  1. Ouyang Q, Nakayama T, Baytas O, Davidson SM, Yang C, Schmidt M, Lizarraga SB, Mishra S, Ei-Quessny M, Niaz S, Gul Butt M, Imran Murtaza S, Javed A, Chaudhry HR, Vaughan DJ, Hill RS, Partlow JN, Yoo SY, Lam AT, Nasir R, Al-Saffar M, Barkovich AJ, Schwede M, Nagpal S, Rajab A, DeBerardinis RJ, Housman DE, Mochida GH, Morrow EM: Mutations in mitochondrial enzyme GPT2 cause metabolic dysfunction and neurological disease with developmental and progressive features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Sep 20;113(38):E5598-607. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1609221113. Epub 2016 Sep 6. [Article]
  2. McAllister CH, Good AG: Alanine aminotransferase variants conferring diverse NUE phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One. 2015 Apr 1;10(4):e0121830. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121830. eCollection 2015. [Article]
  3. Mu X, Qi L, Qiao J, Zhang H, Ma H: Study on alanine aminotransferase kinetics by microchip electrophoresis. Anal Biochem. 2012 Feb 15;421(2):499-505. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.037. Epub 2011 Dec 3. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Saccharopine dehydrogenase (nadp+, l-lysine-forming) activity
Specific Function
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respe...
Gene Name
AASS
Uniprot ID
Q9UDR5
Uniprot Name
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
102130.895 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Gaziola SA, Teixeira CM, Lugli J, Sodek L, Azevedo RA: The enzymology of lysine catabolism in rice seeds--isolation, characterization, and regulatory properties of a lysine 2-oxoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase bifunctional polypeptide. Eur J Biochem. 1997 Jul 1;247(1):364-71. [Article]
  4. Goncalves-Butruille M, Szajner P, Torigoi E, Leite A, Arruda P: Purification and Characterization of the Bifunctional Enzyme Lysine-Ketoglutarate Reductase-Saccharopine Dehydrogenase from Maize. Plant Physiol. 1996 Mar;110(3):765-771. [Article]
  5. Noda C, Ichihara A: Purification and properties of L-lysine-alpha-ketoglutarate reductase from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Aug 7;525(2):307-13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Glutaminase activity
Specific Function
Plays an important role in the regulation of glutamine catabolism. Promotes mitochondrial respiration and increases ATP generation in cells by catalyzing the synthesis of glutamate and alpha-ketogl...
Gene Name
GLS2
Uniprot ID
Q9UI32
Uniprot Name
Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
66322.225 Da
References
  1. Dossena L, Curti B, Vanoni MA: Activation and coupling of the glutaminase and synthase reaction of glutamate synthase is mediated by E1013 of the ferredoxin-dependent enzyme, belonging to loop 4 of the synthase domain. Biochemistry. 2007 Apr 17;46(15):4473-85. Epub 2007 Mar 21. [Article]
  2. Kita K, Suzuki T, Ochi T: Down-regulation of glutaminase C in human hepatocarcinoma cell by diphenylarsinic acid, a degradation product of chemical warfare agents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007 May 1;220(3):262-70. Epub 2007 Jan 24. [Article]
  3. Yoshimune K, Shirakihara Y, Shiratori A, Wakayama M, Chantawannakul P, Moriguchi M: Crystal structure of a major fragment of the salt-tolerant glutaminase from Micrococcus luteus K-3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Aug 11;346(4):1118-24. Epub 2006 Jun 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Aminopeptidase with specificity towards an acidic amino acid at the N-terminus. Likely to play an important role in intracellular protein and peptide metabolism.
Gene Name
DNPEP
Uniprot ID
Q9ULA0
Uniprot Name
Aspartyl aminopeptidase
Molecular Weight
52427.87 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Watanabe J, Tanaka H, Akagawa T, Mogi Y, Yamazaki T: Characterization of Aspergillus oryzae aspartyl aminopeptidase expressed in Escherichia coli. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Oct;71(10):2557-60. Epub 2007 Oct 7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Cystine:glutamate antiporter activity
Specific Function
Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for anionic form of cystine and glutamate.
Gene Name
SLC7A11
Uniprot ID
Q9UPY5
Uniprot Name
Cystine/glutamate transporter
Molecular Weight
55422.44 Da
References
  1. Natale NR, Magnusson KR, Nelson JK: Can selective ligands for glutamate binding proteins be rationally designed? Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(8):823-47. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Carboxypeptidase that may play an important role in the hydrolysis of circulating peptides. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of dipeptides with unsubstituted terminals into amino acids. May play a role in ...
Gene Name
CPQ
Uniprot ID
Q9Y646
Uniprot Name
Carboxypeptidase Q
Molecular Weight
51887.185 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
O-phospho-l-serine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
Gene Name
PSAT1
Uniprot ID
Q9Y617
Uniprot Name
Phosphoserine aminotransferase
Molecular Weight
40422.355 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Hester G, Stark W, Moser M, Kallen J, Markovic-Housley Z, Jansonius JN: Crystal structure of phosphoserine aminotransferase from Escherichia coli at 2.3 A resolution: comparison of the unligated enzyme and a complex with alpha-methyl-l-glutamate. J Mol Biol. 1999 Feb 26;286(3):829-50. [Article]
  4. Katsura Y, Shirouzu M, Yamaguchi H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Kuramitsu S, Hayashi H, Yokoyama S: Crystal structure of a putative aspartate aminotransferase belonging to subgroup IV. Proteins. 2004 May 15;55(3):487-92. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Nad+ binding
Specific Function
Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase that converts L-glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate. Plays a key role in glutamine anaplerosis by producing alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in th...
Gene Name
GLUD1
Uniprot ID
P00367
Uniprot Name
Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
61397.315 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Anagnou NP, Seuanez H, Modi W, O'Brien SJ, Papamatheakis J, Moschonas NK: Chromosomal mapping of two members of the human glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD) gene family to chromosomes 10q22.3-q23 and Xq22-q23. Hum Hered. 1993 Nov-Dec;43(6):351-6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Voltage-gated cation channel activity
Specific Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a co...
Gene Name
GRIK1
Uniprot ID
P39086
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 1
Molecular Weight
103979.665 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Sahara Y, Noro N, Iida Y, Soma K, Nakamura Y: Glutamate receptor subunits GluR5 and KA-2 are coexpressed in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Neurosci. 1997 Sep 1;17(17):6611-20. [Article]
  4. Valgeirsson J, Christensen JK, Kristensen AS, Pickering DS, Nielsen B, Fischer CH, Brauner-Osborne H, Nielsen EO, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Madsen U: Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology at AMPA and kainate preferring glutamate receptors of 4-heteroarylmethylidene glutamate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 Oct 1;11(20):4341-9. [Article]
  5. Stensbol TB, Borre L, Johansen TN, Egebjerg J, Madsen U, Ebert B, Krogsgaard-Larsen P: Resolution, absolute stereochemistry and molecular pharmacology of the enantiomers of ATPA. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 10;380(2-3):153-62. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pdz domain binding
Specific Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a co...
Gene Name
GRIA1
Uniprot ID
P42261
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 1
Molecular Weight
101505.245 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Stein E, Cox JA, Seeburg PH, Verdoorn TA: Complex pharmacological properties of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Nov;42(5):864-71. [Article]
  4. Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [Article]
  5. Li F, Owens N, Verdoorn TA: Functional effects of mutations in the putative agonist binding region of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Jan;47(1):148-54. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
GCLM
Uniprot ID
P48507
Uniprot Name
Glutamate--cysteine ligase regulatory subunit
Molecular Weight
30726.745 Da
References
  1. Giordano G, White CC, McConnachie LA, Fernandez C, Kavanagh TJ, Costa LG: Neurotoxicity of domoic Acid in cerebellar granule neurons in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;70(6):2116-26. Epub 2006 Sep 25. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamate) polymer binding
Specific Function
Has both folate hydrolase and N-acetylated-alpha-linked-acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) activity. Has a preference for tri-alpha-glutamate peptides. In the intestine, required for the uptake of fola...
Gene Name
FOLH1
Uniprot ID
Q04609
Uniprot Name
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2
Molecular Weight
84330.015 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Rodriguez CE, Lu H, Martinez AR, Hu Y, Brunelle A, Berkman CE: Inhibition of glutamate carboxypeptidase II by phosphonamidothionate derivatives of glutamic acid. J Enzyme Inhib. 2001 Oct;16(4):359-65. [Article]
  4. Davis MI, Bennett MJ, Thomas LM, Bjorkman PJ: Crystal structure of prostate-specific membrane antigen, a tumor marker and peptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Apr 26;102(17):5981-6. Epub 2005 Apr 18. [Article]
  5. Maung J, Mallari JP, Girtsman TA, Wu LY, Rowley JA, Santiago NM, Brunelle AN, Berkman CE: Probing for a hydrophobic a binding register in prostate-specific membrane antigen with phenylalkylphosphonamidates. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Sep 15;12(18):4969-79. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the production of GABA.
Gene Name
GAD2
Uniprot ID
Q05329
Uniprot Name
Glutamate decarboxylase 2
Molecular Weight
65410.77 Da
References
  1. Wei J, Lin CH, Wu H, Jin Y, Lee YH, Wu JY: Activity-dependent cleavage of brain glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 by calpain. J Neurochem. 2006 Sep;98(5):1688-95. Epub 2006 Jul 31. [Article]
  2. Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, Rogemond V, Pandolfo M, Honnorat J: Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):544-51. [Article]
  3. Pop SM, Wong CP, He Q, Wang Y, Wallet MA, Goudy KS, Tisch R: The type and frequency of immunoregulatory CD4+ T-cells govern the efficacy of antigen-specific immunotherapy in nonobese diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2007 May;56(5):1395-402. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [Article]
  4. Wang FY, Zhu RM, Maemura K, Hirata I, Katsu K, Watanabe M: Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid decarboxylases in rat descending colon and their relation to epithelial differentiation. Chin J Dig Dis. 2006;7(2):103-8. [Article]
  5. Castelli MP, Piras AP, Melis T, Succu S, Sanna F, Melis MR, Collu S, Ennas MG, Diaz G, Mackie K, Argiolas A: Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus and central control of penile erection: immunocytochemistry, autoradiography and behavioral studies. Neuroscience. 2007 Jun 15;147(1):197-206. Epub 2007 May 15. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the production of GABA.
Gene Name
GAD1
Uniprot ID
Q99259
Uniprot Name
Glutamate decarboxylase 1
Molecular Weight
66896.065 Da
References
  1. Akama K, Takaiwa F: C-terminal extension of rice glutamate decarboxylase (OsGAD2) functions as an autoinhibitory domain and overexpression of a truncated mutant results in the accumulation of extremely high levels of GABA in plant cells. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(10):2699-707. Epub 2007 Jun 11. [Article]
  2. Tueting P, Doueiri MS, Guidotti A, Davis JM, Costa E: Reelin down-regulation in mice and psychosis endophenotypes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(8):1065-77. [Article]
  3. Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, Rogemond V, Pandolfo M, Honnorat J: Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):544-51. [Article]
  4. Wang FY, Zhu RM, Maemura K, Hirata I, Katsu K, Watanabe M: Expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid decarboxylases in rat descending colon and their relation to epithelial differentiation. Chin J Dig Dis. 2006;7(2):103-8. [Article]
  5. Tronci E, Simola N, Borsini F, Schintu N, Frau L, Carminati P, Morelli M: Characterization of the antiparkinsonian effects of the new adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ST1535: acute and subchronic studies in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 2;566(1-3):94-102. Epub 2007 Mar 24. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Microtubule binding
Specific Function
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool.Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin...
Gene Name
FTCD
Uniprot ID
O95954
Uniprot Name
Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminase
Molecular Weight
58925.93 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Gao YS, Alvarez C, Nelson DS, Sztul E: Molecular cloning, characterization, and dynamics of rat formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase, a Golgi-associated 58-kDa protein. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 11;273(50):33825-34. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIA2
Uniprot ID
P42262
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 2
Molecular Weight
98820.32 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [Article]
  4. Stein E, Cox JA, Seeburg PH, Verdoorn TA: Complex pharmacological properties of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subtypes. Mol Pharmacol. 1992 Nov;42(5):864-71. [Article]
  5. Li F, Owens N, Verdoorn TA: Functional effects of mutations in the putative agonist binding region of recombinant alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Jan;47(1):148-54. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Extracellular-glutamate-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIA3
Uniprot ID
P42263
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 3
Molecular Weight
101155.975 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIA4
Uniprot ID
P48058
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor 4
Molecular Weight
100870.085 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Linden AM, Yu H, Zarrinmayeh H, Wheeler WJ, Skolnick P: Binding of an AMPA receptor potentiator ([3H]LY395153) to native and recombinant AMPA receptors. Neuropharmacology. 2001 Jun;40(8):1010-8. [Article]
  4. Henley JM, Jenkins R, Hunt SP: Localisation of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology. 1993 Jan;32(1):37-41. [Article]
  5. Cristovao AJ, Oliveira CR, Carvalho CM: Expression of AMPA/kainate receptors during development of chick embryo retina cells: in vitro versus in vivo studies. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2002 Feb;20(1):1-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function
Bifunctional enzyme that converts glutamate to glutamate 5-semialdehyde, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of proline, ornithine and arginine.
Gene Name
ALDH18A1
Uniprot ID
P54886
Uniprot Name
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase
Molecular Weight
87301.53 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Morita Y, Nakamori S, Takagi H: L-proline accumulation and freeze tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are caused by a mutation in the PRO1 gene encoding gamma-glutamyl kinase. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jan;69(1):212-9. [Article]
  4. Krishna RV, Beilstein P, Leisinger T: Biosynthesis of proline in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Properties of gamma-glutamyl phosphate reductase and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. Biochem J. 1979 Jul 1;181(1):223-30. [Article]
  5. Kamoun P, Aral B, Saudubray JM: [A new inherited metabolic disease: delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase deficiency]. Bull Acad Natl Med. 1998;182(1):131-7; discussion 138-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a co...
Gene Name
GRIK2
Uniprot ID
Q13002
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 2
Molecular Weight
102582.475 Da
References
  1. Wong AY, MacLean DM, Bowie D: Na+/Cl- dipole couples agonist binding to kainate receptor activation. J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 20;27(25):6800-9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Kainate selective glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for glutamate that functions as ligand-gated ion channel in the central nervous system and plays an important role in excitatory synaptic transmission. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory ne...
Gene Name
GRIK3
Uniprot ID
Q13003
Uniprot Name
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 3
Molecular Weight
104036.06 Da
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
  3. Bettler B, Egebjerg J, Sharma G, Pecht G, Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Moll C, Stevens CF, Heinemann S: Cloning of a putative glutamate receptor: a low affinity kainate-binding subunit. Neuron. 1992 Feb;8(2):257-65. [Article]
  4. Takeda M, Haga M, Yamada H, Kinoshita M, Otsuka M, Tsuboi S, Moriyama Y: Ionotropic glutamate receptors expressed in human retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Neurosci Lett. 2000 Nov 17;294(2):97-100. [Article]
  5. Stuhmer T, Amar M, Harvey RJ, Bermudez I, van Minnen J, Darlison MG: Structure and pharmacological properties of a molluscan glutamate-gated cation channel and its likely role in feeding behavior. J Neurosci. 1996 May 1;16(9):2869-80. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function
Biosynthesis of L-glutamate from L-aspartate or L-cysteine. Important regulator of levels of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system. Acts as a sca...

Components:
References
  1. Sookoian S, Pirola CJ: Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase and glutamine-cycling pathway: their roles in pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 7;18(29):3775-81. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3775. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
Inhibitor
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
Gene Name
SLC16A10
Uniprot ID
Q8TF71
Uniprot Name
Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Molecular Weight
55492.07 Da
References
  1. Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [Article]
  2. Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter. Catalyzes the rapid transport across the plasma membrane of many monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate, branched-chain oxo acids derived from leucin...
Gene Name
SLC16A1
Uniprot ID
P53985
Uniprot Name
Monocarboxylate transporter 1
Molecular Weight
53943.685 Da
References
  1. Tamai I, Sai Y, Ono A, Kido Y, Yabuuchi H, Takanaga H, Satoh E, Ogihara T, Amano O, Izeki S, Tsuji A: Immunohistochemical and functional characterization of pH-dependent intestinal absorption of weak organic acids by the monocarboxylic acid transporter MCT1. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;51(10):1113-21. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glutamate is cotransported with H(+).
Gene Name
SLC25A18
Uniprot ID
Q9H1K4
Uniprot Name
Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 2
Molecular Weight
33848.44 Da
References
  1. Fiermonte G, Palmieri L, Todisco S, Agrimi G, Palmieri F, Walker JE: Identification of the mitochondrial glutamate transporter. Bacterial expression, reconstitution, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of two human isoforms. J Biol Chem. 2002 May 31;277(22):19289-94. Epub 2002 Mar 15. [Article]
  2. Lunetti P, Cappello AR, Marsano RM, Pierri CL, Carrisi C, Martello E, Caggese C, Dolce V, Capobianco L: Mitochondrial glutamate carriers from Drosophila melanogaster: biochemical, evolutionary and modeling studies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Oct;1827(10):1245-55. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.07.002. Epub 2013 Jul 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the transport of glutamate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Glutamate is cotransported with H(+).
Gene Name
SLC25A22
Uniprot ID
Q9H936
Uniprot Name
Mitochondrial glutamate carrier 1
Molecular Weight
34469.85 Da
References
  1. Goubert E, Mircheva Y, Lasorsa FM, Melon C, Profilo E, Sutera J, Becq H, Palmieri F, Palmieri L, Aniksztejn L, Molinari F: Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Glutamate Carrier SLC25A22 in Astrocytes Leads to Intracellular Glutamate Accumulation. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 May 31;11:149. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00149. eCollection 2017. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48