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IdentificationPharmacologyInteractionsReferencesTrialsEconomicsPropertiesSpectraTaxonomyIdentification
- Name
- Glycine
- Accession Number
- DB00145 (NUTR00028)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet approved
- Description
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
- Structure
Structure for DB00145 (Glycine)
- Synonyms
- Aminoacetic acid
- Aminoessigsäure
- Aminoethanoic acid
- Gly
- Glycin
- Glycocoll
- Glykokoll
- Glyzin
- Leimzucker
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3287
- Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Glycine Irrigant 1.5 g/100mL Irrigation Hospira, Inc. 1980-02-22 Not applicable US 
Glycine Irrigant 1.5 g/100mL Irrigation B. Braun Medical Inc. 1978-02-06 Not applicable US Glycine Solution 1.5 g/100mL Irrigation Baxter Laboratories 1980-05-30 Not applicable US Glycine Irrigant 1.5 g/100mL Irrigation B. Braun Medical Inc. 2013-12-04 Not applicable US Glycine 1.5% Irrigation USP Sol Liquid 1.5 g Irrigation Baxter Laboratories 1989-12-31 Not applicable Canada 
Glycine Irrigation 1.5% USP Liquid 1.5 % Irrigation B. Braun Medical Inc. 1992-12-31 Not applicable Canada Glycine Irrigation USP Solution 15 mg Irrigation Icu Medical Canada Inc 1980-12-31 Not applicable Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Glycine (260 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glucose (10 g) + Histidine (120 mg) + L-Alanine (520 mg) + L-Arginine (290 mg) + L-Isoleucine (150 mg) + L-Leucine (182.5 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + L-Phenylalanine (140 mg) + L-Proline (170 mg) + L-Threonine (105 mg) + L-Tryptophan (45 mg) + L-Tyrosine (10 mg) + L-Valine (145 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium Chloride (29.3 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1996-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix Glycine (520 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glucose (10 g) + Histidine (110 mg) + L-Alanine (520 mg) + L-Arginine (260 mg) + L-Isoleucine (120 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + L-Proline (105 mg) + L-Threonine (105 mg) + L-Tryptophan (45 mg) + L-Tyrosine (10 mg) + L-Valine (115 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (145 mg) + Sodium Chloride (29.3 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1993-12-31 2015-08-05 Canada 2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix Glycine (520 mg) + Glucose (10 g) + Histidine (110 mg) + L-Alanine (520 mg) + L-Arginine (260 mg) + L-Isoleucine (120 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + L-Proline (105 mg) + L-Threonine (105 mg) + L-Tryptophan (45 mg) + L-Tyrosine (10 mg) + L-Valine (115 mg) + Methionine (195 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex Glycine (260 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Glucose (25 g) + Histidine (120 mg) + L-Alanine (520 mg) + L-Arginine (290 mg) + L-Isoleucine (150 mg) + L-Leucine (182.5 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + L-Phenylalanine (140 mg) + L-Proline (170 mg) + L-Threonine (105 mg) + L-Tryptophan (45 mg) + L-Tyrosine (10 mg) + L-Valine (145 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium Chloride (29.3 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada 2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex Glycine (283 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glucose (25 g) + Histidine (132 mg) + L-Alanine (570 mg) + L-Arginine (316 mg) + L-Isoleucine (165 mg) + L-Leucine (201 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + L-Phenylalanine (154 mg) + L-Proline (187 mg) + L-Threonine (115.5 mg) + L-Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + L-Tyrosine (11 mg) + L-Valine (159.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium Chloride (112 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-07-30 1998-08-13 Canada 2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 25% Dextrose Quickmix Glycine (570 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glucose (25 g) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + L-Alanine (570 mg) + L-Arginine (285 mg) + L-Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + L-Proline (115 mg) + L-Threonine (115 mg) + L-Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + L-Tyrosine (11 mg) + L-Valine (126 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Sodium Chloride (112 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1996-02-02 2007-08-02 Canada 2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 5% Dextrose Quickmix Glycine (570 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (215.5 mg) + Glucose (5 g) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + L-Alanine (570 mg) + L-Arginine (285 mg) + L-Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + L-Proline (115 mg) + L-Threonine (115 mg) + L-Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + L-Tyrosine (11 mg) + L-Valine (126 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Sodium Chloride (112 mg) + Sodium acetate (256 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1993-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada 2.75%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.5%dex. Glycine (283 mg) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Glucose (5 g) + Histidine (132 mg) + L-Alanine (570 mg) + L-Arginine (316 mg) + L-Isoleucine (165 mg) + L-Leucine (201 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + L-Phenylalanine (154 mg) + L-Proline (187 mg) + L-Threonine (115.5 mg) + L-Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + L-Tyrosine (11 mg) + L-Valine (159.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium Chloride (112 mg) + Sodium acetate (215 mg) Liquid Intravenous Clintec Nutrition Company 1996-12-31 1999-08-10 Canada 20% Prosol Glycine (2.06 g) + D-Methionine (0.76 g) + Glutamic Acid (1.02 g) + Histidine (1.18 g) + L-Alanine (2.76 g) + L-Arginine (1.96 g) + L-Aspartic Acid (0.6 g) + L-Isoleucine (1.08 g) + L-Leucine (1.08 g) + L-Lysine (1.35 g) + L-Phenylalanine (1 g) + L-Proline (1.34 g) + L-Threonine (0.98 g) + L-Tryptophan (0.32 g) + L-Tyrosine (0.05 g) + L-Valine (1.44 g) + Methionine (0.76 g) + Serine (1.02 g) Liquid Intravenous Baxter Laboratories 1996-10-09 Not applicable Canada 4.25% Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 20% Dextrose Quickmix Glycine (880 mg) + Glucose (20 g) + Histidine (186 mg) + L-Alanine (880 mg) + L-Arginine (440 mg) + L-Isoleucine (203 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (263 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (246 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (263 mg) + L-Proline (178 mg) + L-Threonine (178 mg) + L-Tryptophan (76 mg) + L-Tyrosine (17 mg) + L-Valine (195 mg) + Methionine (246 mg) Solution Intravenous Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division 1995-12-31 2007-08-02 Canada - International/Other Brands
- Gyn-Hydralin
- Categories
- UNII
- TE7660XO1C
- CAS number
- 56-40-6
- Weight
- Average: 75.0666
Monoisotopic: 75.032028409 - Chemical Formula
- C2H5NO2
- InChI Key
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-aminoacetic acid
- SMILES
- NCC(O)=O
Pharmacology
- Indication
Supplemental glycine may have antispastic activity. Very early findings suggest it may also have antipsychotic activity as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
- Pharmacodynamics
Helps trigger the release of oxygen to the energy requiring cell-making process; Important in the manufacturing of hormones responsible for a strong immune system.
- Mechanism of action
In the CNS, there exist strychnine-sensitive glycine binding sites as well as strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. The strychnine-insensitive glycine-binding site is located on the NMDA receptor complex. The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor complex is comprised of a chloride channel and is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The putative antispastic activity of supplemental glycine could be mediated by glycine's binding to strychnine-sensitive binding sites in the spinal cord. This would result in increased chloride conductance and consequent enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission. The ability of glycine to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission raised the possibility of its use in the management of neuroleptic-resistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Animal studies indicate that supplemental glycine protects against endotoxin-induced lethality, hypoxia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation, and D-galactosamine-mediated liver injury. Neutrophils are thought to participate in these pathologic processes via invasion of tissue and releasing such reactive oxygen species as superoxide. In vitro studies have shown that neutrophils contain a glycine-gated chloride channel that can attenuate increases in intracellular calcium and diminsh neutrophil oxidant production. This research is ealy-stage, but suggests that supplementary glycine may turn out to be useful in processes where neutrophil infiltration contributes to toxicity, such as ARDS.- Absorption
Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism.
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
- Not Available
- Metabolism
Hepatic
- Route of elimination
- Not Available
- Half life
- Not Available
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Toxicity
ORL-RAT LD50 7930 mg/kg, SCU-RAT LD50 5200 mg/kg, IVN-RAT LD50 2600 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD50 4920 mg/kg; Doses of 1 gram daily are very well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms are infrequently noted. In one study doses of 90 grams daily were also well tole.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction Drug group Memantine The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Glycine is combined with Memantine. Approved, Investigational - Food Interactions
- Not Available
References
- Synthesis Reference
Koichi Niimura, Takako Kawabe, Takao Ando, Kenichi Saito, "Phenylalanine-glycine compounds having anti-tumor activity, process for preparation thereof, and pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds." U.S. Patent US5411964, issued August, 1908.
US5411964- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000123
- KEGG Drug
- D00011
- KEGG Compound
- C00037
- PubChem Compound
- 750
- PubChem Substance
- 46508219
- ChemSpider
- 730
- BindingDB
- 18133
- ChEBI
- 15428
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL773
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000288
- PharmGKB
- PA449789
- IUPHAR
- 727
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- HET
- GLY
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Glycine
- ATC Codes
- B05CX03 — Glycine
- AHFS Codes
- 40:36.00 — Irrigating Solutions
- MSDS
- Download (72.3 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Baxter healthcare corp
- B braun medical inc
- Hospira inc
- Packagers
- Amend
- B. Braun Melsungen AG
- Baxter International Inc.
- Chattem Chemicals Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- Hospira Inc.
- Mallinckrodt Inc.
- Yuki Gosei Kogyo
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Powder Topical Injection, solution Intravenous Tablet Oral Irrigant Irrigation 1.5 g/100mL Solution Irrigation 1.5 g/100mL Liquid Irrigation 1.5 g Liquid Irrigation 1.5 % Solution Irrigation 15 mg Injection, emulsion Intravenous Injection, solution, concentrate Intravenous Liquid Hemodialysis Emulsion Intravenous Liquid Intravenous Injection Intravenous Solution Intravenous - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Diluent for flolan vial 0.31USD ml Amino acetic acid powder 0.03USD g Glycine powder 0.03USD g Glycine 1.5% irrigation 0.02USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 262 dec °C PhysProp water solubility 2.49E+005 mg/L (at 25 °C) YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) logP -3.21 HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995) pKa 2.37 (at 20 °C) KORTUM,G ET AL (1961) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 552.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -3.3 ALOGPS logP -3.4 ChemAxon logS 0.87 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 2.31 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.24 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 0 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 63.32 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 ChemAxon Refractivity 16 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 6.65 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 0 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9156 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.5728 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7533 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.7821 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9841 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9794 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9436 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8833 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8526 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.8432 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9628 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9738 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.975 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.973 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9405 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9871 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.6261 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9289 Rat acute toxicity 1.0076 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9611 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9556
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (6.91 KB)
- Spectra
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Alpha amino acids
- Alternative Parents
- Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
- Substituents
- Alpha-amino acid / Amino acid / Carboxylic acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Hydrocarbon derivative / Primary amine / Organooxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- alpha-amino acid, proteinogenic amino acid, serine family amino acid (CHEBI:15428) / Common amino acids, Amino acids (C00037)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- GCAT
- Uniprot ID
- O75600
- Uniprot Name
- 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 45284.6 Da
References
- Bashir Q, Rashid N, Akhtar M: Mechanism and substrate stereochemistry of 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate CoA ligase: implications for 5-aminolevulinate synthase and related enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb). 2006 Dec 28;(48):5065-7. Epub 2006 Oct 13. [PubMed:17146529]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ALAS1
- Uniprot ID
- P13196
- Uniprot Name
- 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 70580.325 Da
References
- Turbeville TD, Zhang J, Hunter GA, Ferreira GC: Histidine 282 in 5-aminolevulinate synthase affects substrate binding and catalysis. Biochemistry. 2007 May 22;46(20):5972-81. Epub 2007 May 1. [PubMed:17469798]
- He XM, Zhou J, Cheng Y, Fan J: [Purification and production of the extracellular 5-aminolevulinate from recombiniant Escherichia coli expressing yeast ALAS]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2007 May;23(3):520-4. [PubMed:17578005]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- ALAS2
- Uniprot ID
- P22557
- Uniprot Name
- 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 64632.86 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Hungerer C, Troup B, Romling U, Jahn D: Regulation of the hemA gene during 5-aminolevulinic acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 1995 Mar;177(6):1435-43. [PubMed:7883699]
- Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Al-Daihan S, Alexeev D, Baxter RL, Bottomley SS, Kahari ID, Roy I, Sarwar M, Sawyer L, Wang SF: 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase: mechanism, mutations and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Apr 11;1647(1-2):361-6. [PubMed:12686158]
- Munakata H, Yamagami T, Nagai T, Yamamoto M, Hayashi N: Purification and structure of rat erythroid-specific delta-aminolevulinate synthase. J Biochem. 1993 Jul;114(1):103-11. [PubMed:8407861]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Aminomethyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
- Gene Name
- GCSH
- Uniprot ID
- P23434
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 18884.37 Da
References
- Kanno J, Hutchin T, Kamada F, Narisawa A, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Kure S: Genomic deletion within GLDC is a major cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia. J Med Genet. 2007 Mar;44(3):e69. [PubMed:17361008]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein dimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). Is also able produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct c...
- Gene Name
- GARS
- Uniprot ID
- P41250
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine--tRNA ligase
- Molecular Weight
- 83164.83 Da
References
- Okamoto K, Kuno A, Hasegawa T: Recognition sites of glycine tRNA for glycyl-tRNA synthetase from hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2005;(49):299-300. [PubMed:17150752]
- Tsang SW, Vinters HV, Cummings JL, Wong PT, Chen CP, Lai MK: Alterations in NMDA receptor subunit densities and ligand binding to glycine recognition sites are associated with chronic anxiety in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008 Oct;29(10):1524-32. Epub 2007 Apr 11. [PubMed:17433503]
- Scherer SS: Inherited neuropathies: new genes don't fit old models. Neuron. 2006 Sep 21;51(6):672-4. [PubMed:16982409]
- Cader MZ, Ren J, James PA, Bird LE, Talbot K, Stammers DK: Crystal structure of human wildtype and S581L-mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme underlying distal spinal muscular atrophy. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2959-64. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17544401]
- Antonellis A, Lee-Lin SQ, Wasterlain A, Leo P, Quezado M, Goldfarb LG, Myung K, Burgess S, Fischbeck KH, Green ED: Functional analyses of glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations suggest a key role for tRNA-charging enzymes in peripheral axons. J Neurosci. 2006 Oct 11;26(41):10397-406. [PubMed:17035524]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Antagonist
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of sub...
- Gene Name
- GRIN2A
- Uniprot ID
- Q12879
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A
- Molecular Weight
- 165281.215 Da
References
- Liu Y, Wong TP, Aarts M, Rooyakkers A, Liu L, Lai TW, Wu DC, Lu J, Tymianski M, Craig AM, Wang YT: NMDA receptor subunits have differential roles in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death both in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 14;27(11):2846-57. [PubMed:17360906]
- Domingues A, Almeida S, da Cruz e Silva EF, Oliveira CR, Rego AC: Toxicity of beta-amyloid in HEK293 cells expressing NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Neurochem Int. 2007 May;50(6):872-80. Epub 2007 Mar 7. [PubMed:17403555]
- Brosnan RJ, Yang L, Milutinovic PS, Zhao J, Laster MJ, Eger EI 2nd, Sonner JM: Ammonia has anesthetic properties. Anesth Analg. 2007 Jun;104(6):1430-3, table of contents. [PubMed:17513636]
- Milutinovic PS, Yang L, Cantor RS, Eger EI 2nd, Sonner JM: Anesthetic-like modulation of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, strychnine-sensitive glycine, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by coreleased neurotransmitters. Anesth Analg. 2007 Aug;105(2):386-92. [PubMed:17646495]
- Gabra BH, Kessler FK, Ritter JK, Dewey WL, Smith FL: Decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-NR2B subunit levels by intrathecal short-hairpin RNA blocks group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated hyperalgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jul;322(1):186-94. Epub 2007 Apr 3. [PubMed:17405869]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Very long chain acyl-coa hydrolase activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The...
- Gene Name
- BAAT
- Uniprot ID
- Q14032
- Uniprot Name
- Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 46298.865 Da
References
- Styles NA, Falany JL, Barnes S, Falany CN: Quantification and regulation of the subcellular distribution of bile acid coenzyme A:amino acid N-acyltransferase activity in rat liver. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1305-15. Epub 2007 Mar 22. [PubMed:17379925]
- Visser WF, van Roermund CW, Ijlst L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ: Demonstration of bile acid transport across the mammalian peroxisomal membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jun 1;357(2):335-40. Epub 2007 Mar 26. [PubMed:17416343]
- Pellicoro A, van den Heuvel FA, Geuken M, Moshage H, Jansen PL, Faber KN: Human and rat bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase are liver-specific peroxisomal enzymes: implications for intracellular bile salt transport. Hepatology. 2007 Feb;45(2):340-8. [PubMed:17256745]
- Nakamura K, Morrison SF: Central efferent pathways mediating skin cooling-evoked sympathetic thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):R127-36. Epub 2006 Aug 24. [PubMed:16931649]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- G-protein coupled receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor for N-arachidonyl glycine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. May contribute to regulation of the immune system.
- Gene Name
- GPR18
- Uniprot ID
- Q14330
- Uniprot Name
- N-arachidonyl glycine receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 38133.27 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein homodimerization activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- GSS
- Uniprot ID
- P48637
- Uniprot Name
- Glutathione synthetase
- Molecular Weight
- 52384.325 Da
References
- Herrera K, Cahoon RE, Kumaran S, Jez J: Reaction mechanism of glutathione synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana: site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 8;282(23):17157-65. Epub 2007 Apr 22. [PubMed:17452339]
- Ducruix C, Junot C, Fievet JB, Villiers F, Ezan E, Bourguignon J: New insights into the regulation of phytochelatin biosynthesis in A. thaliana cells from metabolite profiling analyses. Biochimie. 2006 Nov;88(11):1733-42. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed:16996193]
- Ristoff E, Larsson A: Inborn errors in the metabolism of glutathione. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Mar 30;2:16. [PubMed:17397529]
- Pai CH, Chiang BY, Ko TP, Chou CC, Chong CM, Yen FJ, Chen S, Coward JK, Wang AH, Lin CH: Dual binding sites for translocation catalysis by Escherichia coli glutathionylspermidine synthetase. EMBO J. 2006 Dec 13;25(24):5970-82. Epub 2006 Nov 23. [PubMed:17124497]
- Janaky R, Dohovics R, Saransaari P, Oja SS: Modulation of [3H]dopamine release by glutathione in mouse striatal slices. Neurochem Res. 2007 Aug;32(8):1357-64. Epub 2007 Mar 31. [PubMed:17401648]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name
- GRIN2C
- Uniprot ID
- Q14957
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C
- Molecular Weight
- 134207.77 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Widdowson PS, Gyte AJ, Upton R, Wyatt I: Failure of glycine site NMDA receptor antagonists to protect against L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity highlights the uniqueness of cerebellar NMDA receptors. Brain Res. 1996 Nov 4;738(2):236-42. [PubMed:8955518]
- Al-Ghoul WM, Meeker RB, Greenwood RS: Differential expression of five N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs in vasopressin and oxytocin neuroendocrine cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Mar;44(2):262-72. [PubMed:9073168]
- Malayev A, Gibbs TT, Farb DH: Inhibition of the NMDA response by pregnenolone sulphate reveals subtype selective modulation of NMDA receptors by sulphated steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;135(4):901-9. [PubMed:11861317]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Interconversion of serine and glycine.
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q53ET4
- Uniprot Name
- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 55973.345 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Bouwman RA, Musters RJ, van Beek-Harmsen BJ, de Lange JJ, Lamberts RR, Loer SA, Boer C: Sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection depends on PKC-alpha activation via production of reactive oxygen species. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Nov;99(5):639-45. Epub 2007 Sep 27. [PubMed:17905752]
- Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]
- Kon K, Ikejima K, Okumura K, Aoyama T, Arai K, Takei Y, Lemasters JJ, Sato N: Role of apoptosis in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;22 Suppl 1:S49-52. [PubMed:17567465]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
- Specific Function
- Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine and glutamine, although much less efficiently. Can conjugate numerous substrates to form a variety of N-acyl...
- Gene Name
- GLYAT
- Uniprot ID
- Q6IB77
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine N-acyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 33923.995 Da
References
- Narasipura SD, Ren P, Dyavaiah M, Auger I, Chaturvedi V, Chaturvedi S: An efficient method for homologous gene reconstitution in Cryptococcus gattii using URA5 auxotrophic marker. Mycopathologia. 2006 Dec;162(6):401-9. [PubMed:17146584]
- Zhou CX, Gao Y: Frequent genetic alterations and reduced expression of the Axin1 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma: involvement in tumor progression and metastasis. Oncol Rep. 2007 Jan;17(1):73-9. [PubMed:17143481]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recog...
- Gene Name
- SLC36A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q7Z2H8
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53075.045 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Bermingham JR Jr, Pennington J: Organization and expression of the SLC36 cluster of amino acid transporter genes. Mamm Genome. 2004 Feb;15(2):114-25. [PubMed:15058382]
- Broer A, Cavanaugh JA, Rasko JE, Broer S: The molecular basis of neutral aminoacidurias. Pflugers Arch. 2006 Jan;451(4):511-7. Epub 2005 Jul 29. [PubMed:16052352]
- Metzner L, Kalbitz J, Brandsch M: Transport of pharmacologically active proline derivatives by the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter hPAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Apr;309(1):28-35. Epub 2004 Jan 12. [PubMed:14718599]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Required to prevent uracil accumulation in mtDNA. Interconversion of serine and glycine. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
- Gene Name
- SHMT2
- Uniprot ID
- P34897
- Uniprot Name
- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 55992.385 Da
References
- Vatsyayan R, Roy U: Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Leishmania donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 Apr;52(2):433-40. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [PubMed:17142057]
- Rajinikanth M, Harding SA, Tsai CJ: The glycine decarboxylase complex multienzyme family in Populus. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(7):1761-70. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [PubMed:17355947]
- Gagnon D, Foucher A, Girard I, Ouellette M: Stage specific gene expression and cellular localization of two isoforms of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006 Nov;150(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Jul 13. [PubMed:16876889]
- Mukherjee M, Sievers SA, Brown MT, Johnson PJ: Identification and biochemical characterization of serine hydroxymethyl transferase in the hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Dec;5(12):2072-8. Epub 2006 Sep 15. [PubMed:16980404]
- Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine n-acyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers the acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine. Conjugates numerous substrates, such as arachidonoyl-CoA and saturated medium and long-chain acyl-CoAs ran...
- Gene Name
- GLYATL2
- Uniprot ID
- Q8WU03
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2
- Molecular Weight
- 34277.055 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine n-acyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glutamine. Can use phenylacetyl-CoA as an acyl donor.
- Gene Name
- GLYATL1
- Uniprot ID
- Q969I3
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 35100.895 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Pyridoxal phosphate binding
- Specific Function
- Can metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) via transamination to alpha-keto-delta-(NN-dimethylguanidino) valeric acid (DMGV). ADMA is a potent inhibitor of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, and th...
- Gene Name
- AGXT2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9BYV1
- Uniprot Name
- Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 57155.905 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Baker PR, Cramer SD, Kennedy M, Assimos DG, Holmes RP: Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in HepG2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Nov;287(5):C1359-65. Epub 2004 Jul 7. [PubMed:15240345]
- Takada Y, Mori T, Noguchi T: The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzymes in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Feb 15;229(1):1-6. [PubMed:6703688]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in the uptake of GABA and glycine into the synaptic vesicles.
- Gene Name
- SLC32A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9H598
- Uniprot Name
- Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 57414.58 Da
References
- Fujii M, Arata A, Kanbara-Kume N, Saito K, Yanagawa Y, Obata K: Respiratory activity in brainstem of fetal mice lacking glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 and vesicular GABA transporter. Neuroscience. 2007 May 25;146(3):1044-52. Epub 2007 Apr 5. [PubMed:17418495]
- Aubrey KR, Rossi FM, Ruivo R, Alboni S, Bellenchi GC, Le Goff A, Gasnier B, Supplisson S: The transporters GlyT2 and VIAAT cooperate to determine the vesicular glycinergic phenotype. J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 6;27(23):6273-81. [PubMed:17554001]
- Uchigashima M, Fukaya M, Watanabe M, Kamiya H: Evidence against GABA release from glutamatergic mossy fiber terminals in the developing hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 25;27(30):8088-100. [PubMed:17652600]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Sarcosine oxidase activity
- Specific Function
- Metabolizes sarcosine, L-pipecolic acid and L-proline.
- Gene Name
- PIPOX
- Uniprot ID
- Q9P0Z9
- Uniprot Name
- Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase
- Molecular Weight
- 44065.515 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Terminates the action of glycine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals. May be responsible for the termination of neurotransmission at strychnine-sensitive glyci...
- Gene Name
- SLC6A5
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y345
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2
- Molecular Weight
- 87433.13 Da
References
- Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nmda glutamate receptor activity
- Specific Function
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
- Gene Name
- GRIN3B
- Uniprot ID
- O60391
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B
- Molecular Weight
- 112990.98 Da
References
- Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Pharmacological characterization of glycine-activated currents in HEK 293 cells expressing N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1 and NR3 subunits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):739-48. Epub 2007 May 14. [PubMed:17502428]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Lyase activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The P protein (GLDC) binds the alpha-amino group of glycine through its pyridoxal phosphate cofactor; CO(2) is released and the rem...
- Gene Name
- GLDC
- Uniprot ID
- P23378
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 112728.805 Da
References
- Mukherjee M, Brown MT, McArthur AG, Johnson PJ: Proteins of the glycine decarboxylase complex in the hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Dec;5(12):2062-71. [PubMed:17158739]
- Kanno J, Hutchin T, Kamada F, Narisawa A, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Kure S: Genomic deletion within GLDC is a major cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia. J Med Genet. 2007 Mar;44(3):e69. [PubMed:17361008]
- Engel N, van den Daele K, Kolukisaoglu U, Morgenthal K, Weckwerth W, Parnik T, Keerberg O, Bauwe H: Deletion of glycine decarboxylase in Arabidopsis is lethal under nonphotorespiratory conditions. Plant Physiol. 2007 Jul;144(3):1328-35. Epub 2007 May 11. [PubMed:17496108]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Terminates the action of glycine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals. May play a role in regulation of glycine levels in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
- Gene Name
- SLC6A9
- Uniprot ID
- P48067
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78259.625 Da
References
- Wiles AL, Pearlman RJ, Rosvall M, Aubrey KR, Vandenberg RJ: N-Arachidonyl-glycine inhibits the glycine transporter, GLYT2a. J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(3):781-6. Epub 2006 Aug 8. [PubMed:16899062]
- Lindsley CW, Wolkenberg SE, Kinney GG: Progress in the preparation and testing of glycine transporter type-1 (GlyT1) inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(17):1883-96. [PubMed:17017963]
- Igartua I, Solis JM, Bustamante J: Glycine-induced long-term synaptic potentiation is mediated by the glycine transporter GLYT1. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Jun;52(8):1586-95. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [PubMed:17462677]
- Sur C, Kinney GG: Glycine transporter 1 inhibitors and modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory neurotransmission. Curr Drug Targets. 2007 May;8(5):643-9. [PubMed:17504107]
- Raiteri L, Stigliani S, Usai C, Diaspro A, Paluzzi S, Milanese M, Raiteri M, Bonanno G: Functional expression of release-regulating glycine transporters GLYT1 on GABAergic neurons and GLYT2 on astrocytes in mouse spinal cord. Neurochem Int. 2008 Jan;52(1-2):103-12. Epub 2007 May 16. [PubMed:17597258]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P23415
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52623.35 Da
References
- Heinze L, Harvey RJ, Haverkamp S, Wassle H: Diversity of glycine receptors in the mouse retina: localization of the alpha4 subunit. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Feb 1;500(4):693-707. [PubMed:17154252]
- Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transaminase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- AGXT
- Uniprot ID
- P21549
- Uniprot Name
- Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 43009.535 Da
References
- Ricoult C, Echeverria LO, Cliquet JB, Limami AM: Characterization of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) multigene family and hypoxic response in young seedlings of the model legume Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(12):3079-89. Epub 2006 Aug 9. [PubMed:16899523]
- Han Q, Robinson H, Gao YG, Vogelaar N, Wilson SR, Rizzi M, Li J: Crystal structures of Aedes aegypti alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 1;281(48):37175-82. Epub 2006 Sep 21. [PubMed:16990263]
- Lu TC, Ko YZ, Huang HW, Hung YC, Lin YC, Peng WH: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from Glycine tomentella root in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug 15;113(1):142-8. Epub 2007 May 31. [PubMed:17616291]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine binding
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRB
- Uniprot ID
- P48167
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit beta
- Molecular Weight
- 56121.62 Da
References
- Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Serine binding
- Specific Function
- Interconversion of serine and glycine.
- Gene Name
- SHMT1
- Uniprot ID
- P34896
- Uniprot Name
- Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic
- Molecular Weight
- 53082.18 Da
References
- Vatsyayan R, Roy U: Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Leishmania donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 Apr;52(2):433-40. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [PubMed:17142057]
- Rajinikanth M, Harding SA, Tsai CJ: The glycine decarboxylase complex multienzyme family in Populus. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(7):1761-70. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [PubMed:17355947]
- Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]
- Nijhout HF, Reed MC, Lam SL, Shane B, Gregory JF 3rd, Ulrich CM: In silico experimentation with a model of hepatic mitochondrial folate metabolism. Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 6;3:40. [PubMed:17150100]
- Gagnon D, Foucher A, Girard I, Ouellette M: Stage specific gene expression and cellular localization of two isoforms of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006 Nov;150(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Jul 13. [PubMed:16876889]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA3
- Uniprot ID
- O75311
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
- Molecular Weight
- 53799.775 Da
References
- Heinze L, Harvey RJ, Haverkamp S, Wassle H: Diversity of glycine receptors in the mouse retina: localization of the alpha4 subunit. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Feb 1;500(4):693-707. [PubMed:17154252]
- Majumdar S, Heinze L, Haverkamp S, Ivanova E, Wassle H: Glycine receptors of A-type ganglion cells of the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):471-87. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17550639]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA2
- Uniprot ID
- P23416
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 52001.585 Da
References
- Young-Pearse TL, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR, Cepko CL: Characterization of mice with targeted deletion of glycine receptor alpha 2. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;26(15):5728-34. [PubMed:16847326]
- Qi Z, Stephens NR, Spalding EP: Calcium entry mediated by GLR3.3, an Arabidopsis glutamate receptor with a broad agonist profile. Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;142(3):963-71. Epub 2006 Sep 29. [PubMed:17012403]
- Majumdar S, Heinze L, Haverkamp S, Ivanova E, Wassle H: Glycine receptors of A-type ganglion cells of the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):471-87. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17550639]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine n-methyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial ...
- Gene Name
- GNMT
- Uniprot ID
- Q14749
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine N-methyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 32742.0 Da
References
- Soriano A, Castillo R, Christov C, Andres J, Moliner V, Tunon I: Catalysis in glycine N-methyltransferase: testing the electrostatic stabilization and compression hypothesis. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 19;45(50):14917-25. [PubMed:17154529]
- Luka Z, Pakhomova S, Loukachevitch LV, Egli M, Newcomer ME, Wagner C: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is bound in intersubunit areas of rat liver folate-binding protein glycine N-methyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 9;282(6):4069-75. Epub 2006 Dec 7. [PubMed:17158459]
- Velichkova P, Himo F: Methyl transfer in glycine N-methyltransferase. A theoretical study. J Phys Chem B. 2005 Apr 28;109(16):8216-9. [PubMed:16851960]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Glycine amidinotransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. May play a role in embryonic and central ner...
- Gene Name
- GATM
- Uniprot ID
- P50440
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 48455.01 Da
References
- Wang L, Zhang Y, Shao M, Zhang H: Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):247-53. [PubMed:17486546]
- Dutta U, Cohenford MA, Guha M, Dain JA: Non-enzymatic interactions of glyoxylate with lysine, arginine, and glucosamine: a study of advanced non-enzymatic glycation like compounds. Bioorg Chem. 2007 Feb;35(1):11-24. Epub 2006 Sep 12. [PubMed:16970975]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
- Gene Name
- SLC16A10
- Uniprot ID
- Q8TF71
- Uniprot Name
- Monocarboxylate transporter 10
- Molecular Weight
- 55492.07 Da
References
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [PubMed:11278508]
- Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [PubMed:11827462]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on June 24, 2018 20:22