A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Structure

Similar Structures

Synonyms

Aminoacetic acid
Aminoessigsäure
Aminoethanoic acid
Glicina
Gly
Glycin
Glycine
Glycocoll
Glykokoll
Glyzin
Leimzucker

External IDs

FEMA NO. 3287

Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Unlock Additional Data
Glycine	Solution	1.5 g/100mL	Irrigation	Baxter Laboratories	1980-05-30	Not applicable
Glycine	Irrigant	1.5 g/100mL	Irrigation	Hospira, Inc.	2005-07-27	Not applicable
Glycine	Irrigant	1.5 g/100mL	Irrigation	B. Braun Medical Inc.	1978-02-06	Not applicable
Glycine	Irrigant	1.5 g/100mL	Irrigation	Icu Medical Inc.	2019-07-01	Not applicable
Glycine	Irrigant	1.5 g/100mL	Irrigation	B. Braun Medical Inc.	2013-12-04	Not applicable
Glycine 1.5% Irrigation USP Sol	Liquid		Irrigation	Baxter Laboratories	1989-12-31	Not applicable
Glycine Irrigation 1.5% USP	Liquid		Irrigation	B. Braun Medical Inc.	1992-12-31	Not applicable
Glycine Irrigation USP	Solution		Irrigation	Icu Medical Canada Inc	1980-12-31	Not applicable

Additional Data Available

Application Number

A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.

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Product Code

A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.

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Over the Counter Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Unlock Additional Data
CAREDO Repair Cracked Teeth Toothpastes 100g	Paste, dentifrice	0.5 g/100g	Dental	Hong Kong Prosthodontics Medicine Limited	2018-07-03	Not applicable
CAREDO Treating Gingivitis Toothpastes 100g	Paste, dentifrice	0.5 g/100g	Dental	Hong Kong Prosthodontics Medicine Limited	2018-07-03	Not applicable

Additional Data Available

Application Number

A unique ID assigned by the FDA when a product is submitted for approval by the labeller.

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Product Code

A governmentally-recognized ID which uniquely identifies the product within its regulatory market.

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Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose	Glycine (260 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (290 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Histidine (120 mg) + Isoleucine (150 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + Leucine (182.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Phenylalanine (140 mg) + Proline (170 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (145 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Clinimix	Glycine (520 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (260 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Histidine (110 mg) + Isoleucine (120 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (145 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (145 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Proline (105 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (115 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2015-08-05
2.5% Travasol Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 10% Dextrose Quickmix	Glycine (520 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (260 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (10 g) + Histidine (110 mg) + Isoleucine (120 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (195 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Methionine (195 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (155 mg) + Proline (105 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (115 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02
2.5%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.25%dex	Glycine (260 mg) + Alanine (520 mg) + Arginine (290 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (130.5 mg) + Histidine (120 mg) + Isoleucine (150 mg) + L-Lysine (145 mg) + Leucine (182.5 mg) + Magnesium chloride (25.5 mg) + Methionine (100 mg) + Phenylalanine (140 mg) + Proline (170 mg) + Serine (125 mg) + Sodium acetate (170 mg) + Sodium chloride (29.3 mg) + Threonine (105 mg) + Tryptophan (45 mg) + Tyrosine (10 mg) + Valine (145 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travas. Amino Acid InJ.W.elecw.25%dex	Glycine (283 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (316 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Histidine (132 mg) + Isoleucine (165 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + Leucine (201 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Phenylalanine (154 mg) + Proline (187 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115.5 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (159.5 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-07-30	1998-08-13
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 25% Dextrose Quickmix	Glycine (570 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (285 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (25 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Proline (115 mg) + Sodium acetate (215.5 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (126 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1996-02-02	2007-08-02
2.75% Travasol Amino Acid Injection With Electrolytes In 5% Dextrose Quickmix	Glycine (570 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (285 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (215.5 mg) + Histidine (120.5 mg) + Isoleucine (131.5 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (159 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (159 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (170 mg) + Proline (115 mg) + Sodium acetate (256 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (126 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1993-12-31	2007-08-02
2.75%travasol Amino Acid InJ.W.eleC.W.5%dex.	Glycine (283 mg) + Alanine (570 mg) + Arginine (316 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (5 g) + Dipotassium phosphate (261 mg) + Histidine (132 mg) + Isoleucine (165 mg) + L-Lysine (159.5 mg) + Leucine (201 mg) + Magnesium chloride (51 mg) + Methionine (110 mg) + Phenylalanine (154 mg) + Proline (187 mg) + Serine (137.5 mg) + Sodium acetate (215 mg) + Sodium chloride (112 mg) + Threonine (115.5 mg) + Tryptophan (49.5 mg) + Tyrosine (11 mg) + Valine (159.5 mg)	Liquid	Intravenous	Clintec Nutrition Company	1996-12-31	1999-08-10
20% Prosol	Glycine (2.06 g) + Alanine (2.76 g) + Arginine (1.96 g) + Aspartic acid (0.6 g) + D-Methionine (0.76 g) + Glutamic acid (1.02 g) + Histidine (1.18 g) + Isoleucine (1.08 g) + L-Lysine (1.35 g) + Leucine (1.08 g) + Methionine (0.76 g) + Phenylalanine (1 g) + Proline (1.34 g) + Serine (1.02 g) + Threonine (0.98 g) + Tryptophan (0.32 g) + Tyrosine (0.05 g) + Valine (1.44 g)	Liquid	Intravenous	Baxter Laboratories	1996-10-09	Not applicable
4.25% Amino Acid Injection Without Electrolytes In 20% Dextrose Quickmix	Glycine (880 mg) + Alanine (880 mg) + Arginine (440 mg) + Dextrose, unspecified form (20 g) + Histidine (186 mg) + Isoleucine (203 mg) + L-Lysine hydrochloride (246 mg) + L-Leucine hydrochloride (263 mg) + Methionine (246 mg) + Phenylalanine hydrochloride (263 mg) + Proline (178 mg) + Threonine (178 mg) + Tryptophan (76 mg) + Tyrosine (17 mg) + Valine (195 mg)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Corporation Clintec Nutrition Division	1995-12-31	2007-08-02

Unapproved/Other Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
CAREDO Repair Cracked Teeth Toothpastes 100g	Glycine (0.5 g/100g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Hong Kong Prosthodontics Medicine Limited	2018-07-03	Not applicable
CAREDO Treating Gingivitis Toothpastes 100g	Glycine (0.5 g/100g)	Paste, dentifrice	Dental	Hong Kong Prosthodontics Medicine Limited	2018-07-03	Not applicable
Clinimix	Glycine (8.76 g/2L) + Alanine (17.60 g/2L) + Arginine (9.78 g/2L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.66 g/2L) + D-glucose monohydrate (300.00 g/2L) + Dipotassium phosphate (5.22 g/2L) + Histidine (4.08 g/2L) + Isoleucine (5.10 g/2L) + L-Lysine (4.93 g/2L) + Leucine (6.20 g/2L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (1.02 g/2L) + Methionine (3.40 g/2L) + Phenylalanine (4.76 g/2L) + Proline (5.78 g/2L) + Serine (4.25 g/2L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (5.94 g/2L) + Sodium chloride (1.54 g/2L) + Threonine (3.57 g/2L) + Tryptophan (1.53 g/2L) + Tyrosine (0.34 g/2L) + Valine (4.93 g/2L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (75.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + L-Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Clinimix	Glycine (2.84 g/1L) + Alanine (5.70 g/1L) + Arginine (3.17 g/1L) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.33 g/1L) + D-glucose monohydrate (100.00 g/1L) + Dipotassium phosphate (2.61 g/1L) + Histidine (1.32 g/1L) + Isoleucine (1.65 g/1L) + L-Lysine (2.00 g/1L) + Leucine (2.01 g/1L) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.51 g/1L) + Methionine (1.10 g/1L) + Phenylalanine (1.54 g/1L) + Proline (1.87 g/1L) + Serine (1.38 g/1L) + Sodium acetate trihydrate (2.16 g/1L) + Sodium chloride (1.12 g/1L) + Threonine (1.16 g/1L) + Tryptophan (0.50 g/1L) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/1L) + Valine (1.60 g/1L)	Solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-10-25	2019-11-30
Primene	Glycine (1 g/250mL) + Alanine (2 g/250mL) + Arginine (2.1 g/250mL) + Aspartic acid (1.5 g/250mL) + Glutamic acid (2.5 g/250mL) + Histidine (0.95 g/250mL) + Isoleucine (1.675 g/250mL) + L-Cysteine (0.47 g/250mL) + L-Lysine (2.75 g/250mL) + Leucine (2.5 g/250mL) + Methionine (0.6 g/250mL) + Ornithine hydrochloride (0.8 g/250mL) + Phenylalanine (1.05 g/250mL) + Proline (0.75 g/250mL) + Serine (1 g/250mL) + Taurine (0.15 g/250mL) + Threonine (0.9 g/250mL) + Tryptophan (0.5 g/250mL) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/250mL) + Valine (1.9 g/250mL)	Injection, solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-11-22	Not applicable
Synthamin	Glycine (10.30 g/1000mL) + Alanine (20.70 g/1000mL) + Arginine (11.50 g/1000mL) + Histidine (4.80 g/1000mL) + Isoleucine (6 g/1000mL) + L-Lysine (5.80 g/1000mL) + Leucine (7.30 g/1000mL) + Methionine (4 g/1000mL) + Phenylalanine (5.60 g/1000mL) + Proline (6.80 g/1000mL) + Serine (5 g/1000mL) + Threonine (4.20 g/1000mL) + Tryptophan (1.80 g/1000mL) + Tyrosine (400 mg/1000mL) + Valine (5.80 g/1000mL)	Injection, solution	Intravenous	Baxter Healthcare Corporation	2017-11-03	Not applicable

International/Other Brands

Gyn-Hydralin

Categories

UNII

TE7660XO1C

CAS number

56-40-6

Weight

Average: 75.0666
Monoisotopic: 75.032028409

Chemical Formula

C₂H₅NO₂

InChI Key

DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)

IUPAC Name

2-aminoacetic acid

SMILES

NCC(O)=O

Pharmacology

Indication

Supplemental glycine may have antispastic activity. Very early findings suggest it may also have antipsychotic activity as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Pharmacodynamics

Helps trigger the release of oxygen to the energy requiring cell-making process; Important in the manufacturing of hormones responsible for a strong immune system.

Mechanism of action

In the CNS, there exist strychnine-sensitive glycine binding sites as well as strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites. The strychnine-insensitive glycine-binding site is located on the NMDA receptor complex. The strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor complex is comprised of a chloride channel and is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The putative antispastic activity of supplemental glycine could be mediated by glycine's binding to strychnine-sensitive binding sites in the spinal cord. This would result in increased chloride conductance and consequent enhancement of inhibitory neurotransmission. The ability of glycine to potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission raised the possibility of its use in the management of neuroleptic-resistant negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
Animal studies indicate that supplemental glycine protects against endotoxin-induced lethality, hypoxia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation, and D-galactosamine-mediated liver injury. Neutrophils are thought to participate in these pathologic processes via invasion of tissue and releasing such reactive oxygen species as superoxide. In vitro studies have shown that neutrophils contain a glycine-gated chloride channel that can attenuate increases in intracellular calcium and diminsh neutrophil oxidant production. This research is ealy-stage, but suggests that supplementary glycine may turn out to be useful in processes where neutrophil infiltration contributes to toxicity, such as ARDS.

Target	Actions	Organism
U2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
U5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
U5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine--tRNA ligase	Not Available	Humans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	antagonist	Humans
UBile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase	Not Available	Humans
UN-arachidonyl glycine receptor	Not Available	Humans
UGlutathione synthetase	Not Available	Humans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Not Available	Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine N-acyltransferase	Not Available	Humans
UProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	Not Available	Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1	Not Available	Humans
UAlanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
UVesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter	Not Available	Humans
UPeroxisomal sarcosine oxidase	Not Available	Humans
USodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2	Not Available	Humans
UGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans
USodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1	Not Available	Humans
USerine--pyruvate aminotransferase	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine receptor subunit beta	Not Available	Humans
USerine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-3	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-2	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine N-methyltransferase	Not Available	Humans
UGlycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial	Not Available	Humans

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Additional Data Available

Adverse Effects

Comprehensive structured data on known drug adverse effects with statistical prevalence. MedDRA and ICD10 ids are provided for adverse effect conditions and symptoms.

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Additional Data Available

Contraindications

Structured data covering drug contraindications. Each contraindication describes a scenario in which the drug is not to be used. Includes restrictions on co-administration, contraindicated populations, and more.

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Additional Data Available

Blackbox Warnings

Structured data representing warnings from the black box section of drug labels. These warnings cover important and dangerous risks, contraindications, or adverse effects.

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Absorption

Absorbed from the small intestine via an active transport mechanism.

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

ORL-RAT LD₅₀ 7930 mg/kg, SCU-RAT LD₅₀ 5200 mg/kg, IVN-RAT LD₅₀ 2600 mg/kg, ORL-MUS LD₅₀ 4920 mg/kg; Doses of 1 gram daily are very well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms are infrequently noted. In one study doses of 90 grams daily were also well tole.

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Pathway	Category
Glycine and Serine Metabolism	Metabolic
Ammonia Recycling	Metabolic
Arginine and Proline Metabolism	Metabolic
Porphyrin Metabolism	Metabolic
Purine Metabolism	Metabolic
Glutamate Metabolism	Metabolic
Cystathionine beta-Synthase Deficiency	Disease
Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency (GAMT Deficiency)	Disease
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency	Disease
Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type II	Disease
Hyperinsulinism-Hyperammonemia Syndrome	Disease
Hyperprolinemia Type II	Disease
Hyperprolinemia Type I	Disease
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome (LNS)	Disease
Gout or Kelley-Seegmiller Syndrome	Disease
Mercaptopurine Action Pathway	Drug action
Carnitine Synthesis	Metabolic
gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase Deficiency	Disease
L-Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Deficiency	Disease
Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency (APRT)	Disease
27-Hydroxylase Deficiency	Disease
Sarcosine Oncometabolite Pathway	Disease
Methionine Metabolism	Metabolic
Bile Acid Biosynthesis	Metabolic
2-Hydroxyglutric Aciduria (D and L Form)	Disease
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency	Disease
AICA-Ribosiduria	Disease
gamma-Glutamyltransferase Deficiency	Disease
Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency	Disease
Prolidase Deficiency (PD)	Disease

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions: This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Not Available
Food Interactions: Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Koichi Niimura, Takako Kawabe, Takao Ando, Kenichi Saito, "Phenylalanine-glycine compounds having anti-tumor activity, process for preparation thereof, and pharmaceutical composition containing said compounds." U.S. Patent US5411964, issued August, 1908.

US5411964

General References

Not Available

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0000123
KEGG Drug: D00011
KEGG Compound: C00037
PubChem Compound: 750
PubChem Substance: 46508219
ChemSpider: 730
BindingDB: 18133
ChEBI: 15428
ChEMBL: CHEMBL773
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000288
PharmGKB: PA449789
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
HET: GLY
PDRhealth: PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia: Glycine

ATC Codes

B05CX03 — Glycine

AHFS Codes

40:36.00 — Irrigating Solutions

MSDS

Download (72.3 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
0	Active Not Recruiting	Supportive Care	Protein Feeding in Post-traumatic Injury Patients	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers	2
1	Terminated	Treatment	Schizophrenic Disorders	1
1, 2	Completed	Diagnostic	HER2 Negative Breast Carcinoma Expressing CEA	1
1, 2	Completed	Diagnostic	Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)	1
1, 2	Recruiting	Diagnostic	Asthma / Cystic Fibrosis (CF) / Healthy Volunteers / Severe Persistent Asthma	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Other	BMI >30 kg/m2 / Dysglycaemia	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Bipolar Disorder (BD) / Schizo-Affective Disorder	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Carcinoid Tumors / Medulloblastomas / Neuroblastomas / Neuroendocrine Tumors	1
2	Completed	Prevention	Nicotine Dependence	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Alcohol Dependence / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Psychotic Disorder NOS / Schizoaffecitve Disorder / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Schizophrenic Disorders	1
2	Not Yet Recruiting	Prevention	High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)	1
2	Recruiting	Treatment	Acute Respiratory Failure	1
2	Terminated	Prevention	Herpes Labialis / Herpes Simplex Virus	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Schizoaffective Disorders / Schizophrenic Disorders	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Schizophrenia Prodrome	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Critical Illness	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Infant, Low Birth Weight / Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Infants, Premature / Newborn Infants / Sepsis	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Parents	2
3	Recruiting	Treatment	General Surgery / Parenteral Feeding	1
3	Recruiting	Treatment	General Surgery / Parenteral Nutrition	1
3	Terminated	Treatment	Malignant Neoplasm of Pancreas	1
3	Unknown Status	Treatment	Diarrheal Disorder	1
3	Withdrawn	Treatment	Diarrhea, Malnutrition	1
3	Withdrawn	Treatment	Diarrhea, Malnutrition / Other Nutritional Deficiencies	1
3	Withdrawn	Treatment	Schizophrenic Disorders	1
4	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Critical Illness / Starvation	1
4	Not Yet Recruiting	Supportive Care	Critical Illness	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Cancer-related Malnutrition	1
4	Terminated	Supportive Care	Parenteral Nutrition (No Primary Condition Studied)	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Postmenopausal Women With Moderate Vasomotor Symptoms	1
4	Withdrawn	Supportive Care	Malnutrition	1
Not Available	Completed	Prevention	Alcohol Dependence / Alcohol Dependent	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Baxter healthcare corp
B braun medical inc
Hospira inc

Packagers

Amend
B. Braun Melsungen AG
Baxter International Inc.
Chattem Chemicals Inc.
GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
Hospira Inc.
Mallinckrodt Inc.
Yuki Gosei Kogyo

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Liquid	Intravenous
Powder	Topical
Injection, solution	Intravenous
Tablet	Oral
Paste, dentifrice	Dental	0.5 g/100g
Irrigant	Irrigation	1.5 g/100mL
Solution	Irrigation	1.5 g/100mL
Liquid	Irrigation
Solution	Irrigation
Injection, emulsion	Intravenous
Injection, solution, concentrate	Intravenous
Liquid	Hemodialysis
Emulsion	Intravenous
Solution	Intravenous
Injection	Intravenous

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Diluent for flolan vial	0.31USD	ml
Amino acetic acid powder	0.03USD	g
Glycine powder	0.03USD	g
Glycine 1.5% irrigation	0.02USD	ml

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Solid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	262 dec °C	PhysProp
water solubility	2.49E+005 mg/L (at 25 °C)	YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP	-3.21	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
pKa	2.37 (at 20 °C)	KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	552.0 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	-3.3	ALOGPS
logP	-3.4	ChemAxon
logS	0.87	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.31	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.24	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	3	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.32 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	1	ChemAxon
Refractivity	16 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	6.65 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9156
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.5728
Caco-2 permeable	-	0.7533
P-glycoprotein substrate	Non-substrate	0.7821
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9841
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9794
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.9436
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8833
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8526
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8432
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.9628
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9738
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.975
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.973
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9405
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9871
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.9133
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.6261
Biodegradation	Ready biodegradable	0.9289
Rat acute toxicity	1.0076 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9611
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.9556

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Download (6.91 KB)

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-00dj-2900000000-0ef96bcf06ce475afcdd
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies)	GC-MS	splash10-00dj-1900000000-1d289099ac79cfb8bb19
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-00di-7910000000-6c972a683dfb75b69331
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-0900000000-ef69e38ee6cebc2ece00
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	GC-MS	splash10-00di-2910000000-3215b9e40f20c7b306cd
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-719b7f248956f13a312d
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-0900000000-99b4fc43740b21edc786
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B	GC-MS	splash10-00di-1910000000-4cff4d14c73acff9442f
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-00dj-2900000000-0ef96bcf06ce475afcdd
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-00dj-1900000000-1d289099ac79cfb8bb19
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ	GC-MS	splash10-0002-4960000000-2c6fa028e985c6019854
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-00di-7910000000-6c972a683dfb75b69331
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	GC-MS	splash10-00di-2910000000-3215b9e40f20c7b306cd
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-0900000000-ef69e38ee6cebc2ece00
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-00ds-2900000000-ffffed9c78c16a884e4a
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-004r-3900000000-f288b50b7b6890429811
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF	GC-MS	splash10-0udi-1900000000-c76140c31c1f120e4b9d
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-222d6c3a1ba6afcd7ea9
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-003r-9000000000-725357e461c898a7451e
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-9f3930e66b117ad91dca
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-b3336097dddbb5e22871
MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6M) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-719b7f248956f13a312d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-6001578fc511ba3fefef
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-79b2a0a9d93de6a62358
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-9290dbe208c4744f4431
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-004i-9000000000-342ab462db0835abb3d2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ar1-9010000000-9daadc1d169a8530926d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-07y0-9220000000-8c7785f1f3aa8052679f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ula-9110000000-43ada06fe1b56b4e9fcc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-017i-9000000000-fbd78fbb48f082235f42
MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-004i-9000000000-c38d0fb28793438083a9
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-0059-9000000000-c6b1ebc1dba89b6a6184
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-001i-9000000000-851aa6a0263541a8b249
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-053r-9000000000-d3b5624412082bb2cf60
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-89b2c043a5afe3ebc6f6
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-b4046e208ee8adb87021
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	splash10-05fr-9000000000-36521e440c602bd2ca5a
MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-Q-Exactive Plus , Positive	LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-6001578fc511ba3fefef
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-79b2a0a9d93de6a62358
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-9290dbe208c4744f4431
MS/MS Spectrum - , negative	LC-MS/MS	splash10-00di-9000000000-605b44ac311a9af4bb7a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-004i-9000000000-342ab462db0835abb3d2
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ar1-9010000000-9daadc1d169a8530926d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-07y0-9220000000-8c7785f1f3aa8052679f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0ula-9110000000-43ada06fe1b56b4e9fcc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-017i-9000000000-fbd78fbb48f082235f42
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Taxonomy

Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Organic acids and derivatives
Class: Carboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub Class: Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct Parent: Alpha amino acids
Alternative Parents: Amino acids / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds
Substituents: Alpha-amino acid / Amino acid / Carboxylic acid / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Hydrocarbon derivative / Primary amine / Organooxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound
Molecular Framework: Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors: alpha-amino acid, proteinogenic amino acid, serine family amino acid (CHEBI:15428) / Common amino acids, Amino acids (C00037)

Targets

Details1. 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: GCAT
Uniprot ID: O75600
Uniprot Name: 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 45284.6 Da

References

Bashir Q, Rashid N, Akhtar M: Mechanism and substrate stereochemistry of 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate CoA ligase: implications for 5-aminolevulinate synthase and related enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb). 2006 Dec 28;(48):5065-7. Epub 2006 Oct 13. [PubMed:17146529]

Details2. 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: ALAS1
Uniprot ID: P13196
Uniprot Name: 5-aminolevulinate synthase, nonspecific, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 70580.325 Da

References

Turbeville TD, Zhang J, Hunter GA, Ferreira GC: Histidine 282 in 5-aminolevulinate synthase affects substrate binding and catalysis. Biochemistry. 2007 May 22;46(20):5972-81. Epub 2007 May 1. [PubMed:17469798]
He XM, Zhou J, Cheng Y, Fan J: [Purification and production of the extracellular 5-aminolevulinate from recombiniant Escherichia coli expressing yeast ALAS]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2007 May;23(3):520-4. [PubMed:17578005]

Details3. 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: ALAS2
Uniprot ID: P22557
Uniprot Name: 5-aminolevulinate synthase, erythroid-specific, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 64632.86 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Hungerer C, Troup B, Romling U, Jahn D: Regulation of the hemA gene during 5-aminolevulinic acid formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 1995 Mar;177(6):1435-43. [PubMed:7883699]
Shoolingin-Jordan PM, Al-Daihan S, Alexeev D, Baxter RL, Bottomley SS, Kahari ID, Roy I, Sarwar M, Sawyer L, Wang SF: 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase: mechanism, mutations and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Apr 11;1647(1-2):361-6. [PubMed:12686158]
Munakata H, Yamagami T, Nagai T, Yamamoto M, Hayashi N: Purification and structure of rat erythroid-specific delta-aminolevulinate synthase. J Biochem. 1993 Jul;114(1):103-11. [PubMed:8407861]

Details4. Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Aminomethyltransferase activity
Specific Function: The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The H protein (GCSH) shuttles the methylamine group of glycine from the P protein (GLDC) to the T protein (GCST).
Gene Name: GCSH
Uniprot ID: P23434
Uniprot Name: Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 18884.37 Da

References

Kanno J, Hutchin T, Kamada F, Narisawa A, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Kure S: Genomic deletion within GLDC is a major cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia. J Med Genet. 2007 Mar;44(3):e69. [PubMed:17361008]

Details5. Glycine--tRNA ligase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Protein dimerization activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the attachment of glycine to tRNA(Gly). Is also able produce diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a universal pleiotropic signaling molecule needed for cell regulation pathways, by direct c...
Gene Name: GARS
Uniprot ID: P41250
Uniprot Name: Glycine--tRNA ligase
Molecular Weight: 83164.83 Da

References

Okamoto K, Kuno A, Hasegawa T: Recognition sites of glycine tRNA for glycyl-tRNA synthetase from hyperthermophilic archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix K1. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2005;(49):299-300. [PubMed:17150752]
Tsang SW, Vinters HV, Cummings JL, Wong PT, Chen CP, Lai MK: Alterations in NMDA receptor subunit densities and ligand binding to glycine recognition sites are associated with chronic anxiety in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008 Oct;29(10):1524-32. Epub 2007 Apr 11. [PubMed:17433503]
Scherer SS: Inherited neuropathies: new genes don't fit old models. Neuron. 2006 Sep 21;51(6):672-4. [PubMed:16982409]
Cader MZ, Ren J, James PA, Bird LE, Talbot K, Stammers DK: Crystal structure of human wildtype and S581L-mutant glycyl-tRNA synthetase, an enzyme underlying distal spinal muscular atrophy. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2959-64. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17544401]
Antonellis A, Lee-Lin SQ, Wasterlain A, Leo P, Quezado M, Goldfarb LG, Myung K, Burgess S, Fischbeck KH, Green ED: Functional analyses of glycyl-tRNA synthetase mutations suggest a key role for tRNA-charging enzymes in peripheral axons. J Neurosci. 2006 Oct 11;26(41):10397-406. [PubMed:17035524]

Details6. Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Antagonist

General Function: Zinc ion binding
Specific Function: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels possesses high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Activation requires binding of agonist to both types of sub...
Gene Name: GRIN2A
Uniprot ID: Q12879
Uniprot Name: Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A
Molecular Weight: 165281.215 Da

References

Liu Y, Wong TP, Aarts M, Rooyakkers A, Liu L, Lai TW, Wu DC, Lu J, Tymianski M, Craig AM, Wang YT: NMDA receptor subunits have differential roles in mediating excitotoxic neuronal death both in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 14;27(11):2846-57. [PubMed:17360906]
Domingues A, Almeida S, da Cruz e Silva EF, Oliveira CR, Rego AC: Toxicity of beta-amyloid in HEK293 cells expressing NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Neurochem Int. 2007 May;50(6):872-80. Epub 2007 Mar 7. [PubMed:17403555]
Brosnan RJ, Yang L, Milutinovic PS, Zhao J, Laster MJ, Eger EI 2nd, Sonner JM: Ammonia has anesthetic properties. Anesth Analg. 2007 Jun;104(6):1430-3, table of contents. [PubMed:17513636]
Milutinovic PS, Yang L, Cantor RS, Eger EI 2nd, Sonner JM: Anesthetic-like modulation of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, strychnine-sensitive glycine, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by coreleased neurotransmitters. Anesth Analg. 2007 Aug;105(2):386-92. [PubMed:17646495]
Gabra BH, Kessler FK, Ritter JK, Dewey WL, Smith FL: Decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-NR2B subunit levels by intrathecal short-hairpin RNA blocks group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated hyperalgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jul;322(1):186-94. Epub 2007 Apr 3. [PubMed:17405869]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]

Details7. Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Very long chain acyl-coa hydrolase activity
Specific Function: Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The...
Gene Name: BAAT
Uniprot ID: Q14032
Uniprot Name: Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
Molecular Weight: 46298.865 Da

References

Styles NA, Falany JL, Barnes S, Falany CN: Quantification and regulation of the subcellular distribution of bile acid coenzyme A:amino acid N-acyltransferase activity in rat liver. J Lipid Res. 2007 Jun;48(6):1305-15. Epub 2007 Mar 22. [PubMed:17379925]
Visser WF, van Roermund CW, Ijlst L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ: Demonstration of bile acid transport across the mammalian peroxisomal membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Jun 1;357(2):335-40. Epub 2007 Mar 26. [PubMed:17416343]
Pellicoro A, van den Heuvel FA, Geuken M, Moshage H, Jansen PL, Faber KN: Human and rat bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase are liver-specific peroxisomal enzymes: implications for intracellular bile salt transport. Hepatology. 2007 Feb;45(2):340-8. [PubMed:17256745]
Nakamura K, Morrison SF: Central efferent pathways mediating skin cooling-evoked sympathetic thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):R127-36. Epub 2006 Aug 24. [PubMed:16931649]

Details8. N-arachidonyl glycine receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: G-protein coupled receptor activity
Specific Function: Receptor for N-arachidonyl glycine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase. May contribute to regulation of the immune system.
Gene Name: GPR18
Uniprot ID: Q14330
Uniprot Name: N-arachidonyl glycine receptor
Molecular Weight: 38133.27 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]

Details9. Glutathione synthetase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: GSS
Uniprot ID: P48637
Uniprot Name: Glutathione synthetase
Molecular Weight: 52384.325 Da

References

Herrera K, Cahoon RE, Kumaran S, Jez J: Reaction mechanism of glutathione synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana: site-directed mutagenesis of active site residues. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jun 8;282(23):17157-65. Epub 2007 Apr 22. [PubMed:17452339]
Ducruix C, Junot C, Fievet JB, Villiers F, Ezan E, Bourguignon J: New insights into the regulation of phytochelatin biosynthesis in A. thaliana cells from metabolite profiling analyses. Biochimie. 2006 Nov;88(11):1733-42. Epub 2006 Sep 7. [PubMed:16996193]
Ristoff E, Larsson A: Inborn errors in the metabolism of glutathione. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Mar 30;2:16. [PubMed:17397529]
Pai CH, Chiang BY, Ko TP, Chou CC, Chong CM, Yen FJ, Chen S, Coward JK, Wang AH, Lin CH: Dual binding sites for translocation catalysis by Escherichia coli glutathionylspermidine synthetase. EMBO J. 2006 Dec 13;25(24):5970-82. Epub 2006 Nov 23. [PubMed:17124497]
Janaky R, Dohovics R, Saransaari P, Oja SS: Modulation of [3H]dopamine release by glutathione in mouse striatal slices. Neurochem Res. 2007 Aug;32(8):1357-64. Epub 2007 Mar 31. [PubMed:17401648]

Details10. Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Nmda glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
Gene Name: GRIN2C
Uniprot ID: Q14957
Uniprot Name: Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C
Molecular Weight: 134207.77 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Widdowson PS, Gyte AJ, Upton R, Wyatt I: Failure of glycine site NMDA receptor antagonists to protect against L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity highlights the uniqueness of cerebellar NMDA receptors. Brain Res. 1996 Nov 4;738(2):236-42. [PubMed:8955518]
Al-Ghoul WM, Meeker RB, Greenwood RS: Differential expression of five N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit mRNAs in vasopressin and oxytocin neuroendocrine cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Mar;44(2):262-72. [PubMed:9073168]
Malayev A, Gibbs TT, Farb DH: Inhibition of the NMDA response by pregnenolone sulphate reveals subtype selective modulation of NMDA receptors by sulphated steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 2002 Feb;135(4):901-9. [PubMed:11861317]

Details11. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Interconversion of serine and glycine.
Gene Name: Not Available
Uniprot ID: Q53ET4
Uniprot Name: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Molecular Weight: 55973.345 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Bouwman RA, Musters RJ, van Beek-Harmsen BJ, de Lange JJ, Lamberts RR, Loer SA, Boer C: Sevoflurane-induced cardioprotection depends on PKC-alpha activation via production of reactive oxygen species. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Nov;99(5):639-45. Epub 2007 Sep 27. [PubMed:17905752]
Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]
Kon K, Ikejima K, Okumura K, Aoyama T, Arai K, Takei Y, Lemasters JJ, Sato N: Role of apoptosis in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;22 Suppl 1:S49-52. [PubMed:17567465]

Details12. Glycine N-acyltransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
Specific Function: Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine and glutamine, although much less efficiently. Can conjugate numerous substrates to form a variety of N-acyl...
Gene Name: GLYAT
Uniprot ID: Q6IB77
Uniprot Name: Glycine N-acyltransferase
Molecular Weight: 33923.995 Da

References

Narasipura SD, Ren P, Dyavaiah M, Auger I, Chaturvedi V, Chaturvedi S: An efficient method for homologous gene reconstitution in Cryptococcus gattii using URA5 auxotrophic marker. Mycopathologia. 2006 Dec;162(6):401-9. [PubMed:17146584]
Zhou CX, Gao Y: Frequent genetic alterations and reduced expression of the Axin1 gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma: involvement in tumor progression and metastasis. Oncol Rep. 2007 Jan;17(1):73-9. [PubMed:17143481]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Ki (nM)	5100000	N/A	N/A	21955456

Details13. Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recog...
Gene Name: SLC36A1
Uniprot ID: Q7Z2H8
Uniprot Name: Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
Molecular Weight: 53075.045 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Bermingham JR Jr, Pennington J: Organization and expression of the SLC36 cluster of amino acid transporter genes. Mamm Genome. 2004 Feb;15(2):114-25. [PubMed:15058382]
Broer A, Cavanaugh JA, Rasko JE, Broer S: The molecular basis of neutral aminoacidurias. Pflugers Arch. 2006 Jan;451(4):511-7. Epub 2005 Jul 29. [PubMed:16052352]
Metzner L, Kalbitz J, Brandsch M: Transport of pharmacologically active proline derivatives by the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter hPAT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Apr;309(1):28-35. Epub 2004 Jan 12. [PubMed:14718599]

Details14. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Required to prevent uracil accumulation in mtDNA. Interconversion of serine and glycine. Associates with mitochondrial DNA.
Gene Name: SHMT2
Uniprot ID: P34897
Uniprot Name: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 55992.385 Da

References

Vatsyayan R, Roy U: Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Leishmania donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 Apr;52(2):433-40. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [PubMed:17142057]
Rajinikanth M, Harding SA, Tsai CJ: The glycine decarboxylase complex multienzyme family in Populus. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(7):1761-70. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [PubMed:17355947]
Gagnon D, Foucher A, Girard I, Ouellette M: Stage specific gene expression and cellular localization of two isoforms of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006 Nov;150(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Jul 13. [PubMed:16876889]
Mukherjee M, Sievers SA, Brown MT, Johnson PJ: Identification and biochemical characterization of serine hydroxymethyl transferase in the hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Dec;5(12):2072-8. Epub 2006 Sep 15. [PubMed:16980404]
Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]

Details15. Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine n-acyltransferase activity
Specific Function: Mitochondrial acyltransferase which transfers the acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine. Conjugates numerous substrates, such as arachidonoyl-CoA and saturated medium and long-chain acyl-CoAs ran...
Gene Name: GLYATL2
Uniprot ID: Q8WU03
Uniprot Name: Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 2
Molecular Weight: 34277.055 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]

Details16. Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine n-acyltransferase activity
Specific Function: Acyltransferase which transfers an acyl group to the N-terminus of glutamine. Can use phenylacetyl-CoA as an acyl donor.
Gene Name: GLYATL1
Uniprot ID: Q969I3
Uniprot Name: Glycine N-acyltransferase-like protein 1
Molecular Weight: 35100.895 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]

Details17. Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Pyridoxal phosphate binding
Specific Function: Can metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) via transamination to alpha-keto-delta-(NN-dimethylguanidino) valeric acid (DMGV). ADMA is a potent inhibitor of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, and th...
Gene Name: AGXT2
Uniprot ID: Q9BYV1
Uniprot Name: Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 57155.905 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
Baker PR, Cramer SD, Kennedy M, Assimos DG, Holmes RP: Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in HepG2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2004 Nov;287(5):C1359-65. Epub 2004 Jul 7. [PubMed:15240345]
Takada Y, Mori T, Noguchi T: The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase isoenzymes in rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Feb 15;229(1):1-6. [PubMed:6703688]

Details18. Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Involved in the uptake of GABA and glycine into the synaptic vesicles.
Gene Name: SLC32A1
Uniprot ID: Q9H598
Uniprot Name: Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
Molecular Weight: 57414.58 Da

References

Fujii M, Arata A, Kanbara-Kume N, Saito K, Yanagawa Y, Obata K: Respiratory activity in brainstem of fetal mice lacking glutamate decarboxylase 65/67 and vesicular GABA transporter. Neuroscience. 2007 May 25;146(3):1044-52. Epub 2007 Apr 5. [PubMed:17418495]
Aubrey KR, Rossi FM, Ruivo R, Alboni S, Bellenchi GC, Le Goff A, Gasnier B, Supplisson S: The transporters GlyT2 and VIAAT cooperate to determine the vesicular glycinergic phenotype. J Neurosci. 2007 Jun 6;27(23):6273-81. [PubMed:17554001]
Uchigashima M, Fukaya M, Watanabe M, Kamiya H: Evidence against GABA release from glutamatergic mossy fiber terminals in the developing hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 25;27(30):8088-100. [PubMed:17652600]

Details19. Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Sarcosine oxidase activity
Specific Function: Metabolizes sarcosine, L-pipecolic acid and L-proline.
Gene Name: PIPOX
Uniprot ID: Q9P0Z9
Uniprot Name: Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase
Molecular Weight: 44065.515 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]

Details20. Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function: Terminates the action of glycine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals. May be responsible for the termination of neurotransmission at strychnine-sensitive glyci...
Gene Name: SLC6A5
Uniprot ID: Q9Y345
Uniprot Name: Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2
Molecular Weight: 87433.13 Da

References

Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]

Details21. Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Nmda glutamate receptor activity
Specific Function: NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with reduced single-channel conductance, low calcium permeability and low voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine.
Gene Name: GRIN3B
Uniprot ID: O60391
Uniprot Name: Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B
Molecular Weight: 112990.98 Da

References

Smothers CT, Woodward JJ: Pharmacological characterization of glycine-activated currents in HEK 293 cells expressing N-methyl-D-aspartate NR1 and NR3 subunits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):739-48. Epub 2007 May 14. [PubMed:17502428]

Details22. Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating], mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Lyase activity
Specific Function: The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The P protein (GLDC) binds the alpha-amino group of glycine through its pyridoxal phosphate cofactor; CO(2) is released and the rem...
Gene Name: GLDC
Uniprot ID: P23378
Uniprot Name: Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 112728.805 Da

References

Mukherjee M, Brown MT, McArthur AG, Johnson PJ: Proteins of the glycine decarboxylase complex in the hydrogenosome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Dec;5(12):2062-71. [PubMed:17158739]
Kanno J, Hutchin T, Kamada F, Narisawa A, Aoki Y, Matsubara Y, Kure S: Genomic deletion within GLDC is a major cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia. J Med Genet. 2007 Mar;44(3):e69. [PubMed:17361008]
Engel N, van den Daele K, Kolukisaoglu U, Morgenthal K, Weckwerth W, Parnik T, Keerberg O, Bauwe H: Deletion of glycine decarboxylase in Arabidopsis is lethal under nonphotorespiratory conditions. Plant Physiol. 2007 Jul;144(3):1328-35. Epub 2007 May 11. [PubMed:17496108]

Details23. Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function: Terminates the action of glycine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals. May play a role in regulation of glycine levels in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
Gene Name: SLC6A9
Uniprot ID: P48067
Uniprot Name: Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1
Molecular Weight: 78259.625 Da

References

Wiles AL, Pearlman RJ, Rosvall M, Aubrey KR, Vandenberg RJ: N-Arachidonyl-glycine inhibits the glycine transporter, GLYT2a. J Neurochem. 2006 Nov;99(3):781-6. Epub 2006 Aug 8. [PubMed:16899062]
Lindsley CW, Wolkenberg SE, Kinney GG: Progress in the preparation and testing of glycine transporter type-1 (GlyT1) inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2006;6(17):1883-96. [PubMed:17017963]
Igartua I, Solis JM, Bustamante J: Glycine-induced long-term synaptic potentiation is mediated by the glycine transporter GLYT1. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Jun;52(8):1586-95. Epub 2007 Mar 14. [PubMed:17462677]
Sur C, Kinney GG: Glycine transporter 1 inhibitors and modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory neurotransmission. Curr Drug Targets. 2007 May;8(5):643-9. [PubMed:17504107]
Raiteri L, Stigliani S, Usai C, Diaspro A, Paluzzi S, Milanese M, Raiteri M, Bonanno G: Functional expression of release-regulating glycine transporters GLYT1 on GABAergic neurons and GLYT2 on astrocytes in mouse spinal cord. Neurochem Int. 2008 Jan;52(1-2):103-12. Epub 2007 May 16. [PubMed:17597258]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
EC 50 (nM)	95499	N/A	N/A	17722904

Details24. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name: GLRA1
Uniprot ID: P23415
Uniprot Name: Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight: 52623.35 Da

References

Heinze L, Harvey RJ, Haverkamp S, Wassle H: Diversity of glycine receptors in the mouse retina: localization of the alpha4 subunit. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Feb 1;500(4):693-707. [PubMed:17154252]
Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]

Details25. Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Transaminase activity
Specific Function: Not Available
Gene Name: AGXT
Uniprot ID: P21549
Uniprot Name: Serine--pyruvate aminotransferase
Molecular Weight: 43009.535 Da

References

Ricoult C, Echeverria LO, Cliquet JB, Limami AM: Characterization of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) multigene family and hypoxic response in young seedlings of the model legume Medicago truncatula. J Exp Bot. 2006;57(12):3079-89. Epub 2006 Aug 9. [PubMed:16899523]
Han Q, Robinson H, Gao YG, Vogelaar N, Wilson SR, Rizzi M, Li J: Crystal structures of Aedes aegypti alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 1;281(48):37175-82. Epub 2006 Sep 21. [PubMed:16990263]
Lu TC, Ko YZ, Huang HW, Hung YC, Lin YC, Peng WH: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from Glycine tomentella root in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug 15;113(1):142-8. Epub 2007 May 31. [PubMed:17616291]

Details26. Glycine receptor subunit beta

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine binding
Specific Function: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name: GLRB
Uniprot ID: P48167
Uniprot Name: Glycine receptor subunit beta
Molecular Weight: 56121.62 Da

References

Eulenburg V, Becker K, Gomeza J, Schmitt B, Becker CM, Betz H: Mutations within the human GLYT2 (SLC6A5) gene associated with hyperekplexia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 22;348(2):400-5. Epub 2006 Jul 26. [PubMed:16884688]

Details27. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Serine binding
Specific Function: Interconversion of serine and glycine.
Gene Name: SHMT1
Uniprot ID: P34896
Uniprot Name: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolic
Molecular Weight: 53082.18 Da

References

Vatsyayan R, Roy U: Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of Leishmania donovani serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Protein Expr Purif. 2007 Apr;52(2):433-40. Epub 2006 Oct 26. [PubMed:17142057]
Rajinikanth M, Harding SA, Tsai CJ: The glycine decarboxylase complex multienzyme family in Populus. J Exp Bot. 2007;58(7):1761-70. Epub 2007 Mar 12. [PubMed:17355947]
Chang WN, Tsai JN, Chen BH, Huang HS, Fu TF: Serine hydroxymethyltransferase isoforms are differentially inhibited by leucovorin: characterization and comparison of recombinant zebrafish serine hydroxymethyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos. 2007 Nov;35(11):2127-37. Epub 2007 Jul 30. [PubMed:17664250]
Nijhout HF, Reed MC, Lam SL, Shane B, Gregory JF 3rd, Ulrich CM: In silico experimentation with a model of hepatic mitochondrial folate metabolism. Theor Biol Med Model. 2006 Dec 6;3:40. [PubMed:17150100]
Gagnon D, Foucher A, Girard I, Ouellette M: Stage specific gene expression and cellular localization of two isoforms of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2006 Nov;150(1):63-71. Epub 2006 Jul 13. [PubMed:16876889]

Details28. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name: GLRA3
Uniprot ID: O75311
Uniprot Name: Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
Molecular Weight: 53799.775 Da

References

Heinze L, Harvey RJ, Haverkamp S, Wassle H: Diversity of glycine receptors in the mouse retina: localization of the alpha4 subunit. J Comp Neurol. 2007 Feb 1;500(4):693-707. [PubMed:17154252]
Majumdar S, Heinze L, Haverkamp S, Ivanova E, Wassle H: Glycine receptors of A-type ganglion cells of the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):471-87. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17550639]

Details29. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name: GLRA2
Uniprot ID: P23416
Uniprot Name: Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
Molecular Weight: 52001.585 Da

References

Young-Pearse TL, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR, Cepko CL: Characterization of mice with targeted deletion of glycine receptor alpha 2. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Aug;26(15):5728-34. [PubMed:16847326]
Qi Z, Stephens NR, Spalding EP: Calcium entry mediated by GLR3.3, an Arabidopsis glutamate receptor with a broad agonist profile. Plant Physiol. 2006 Nov;142(3):963-71. Epub 2006 Sep 29. [PubMed:17012403]
Majumdar S, Heinze L, Haverkamp S, Ivanova E, Wassle H: Glycine receptors of A-type ganglion cells of the mouse retina. Vis Neurosci. 2007 Jul-Aug;24(4):471-87. Epub 2007 May 29. [PubMed:17550639]

Details30. Glycine N-methyltransferase

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine n-methyltransferase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial ...
Gene Name: GNMT
Uniprot ID: Q14749
Uniprot Name: Glycine N-methyltransferase
Molecular Weight: 32742.0 Da

References

Soriano A, Castillo R, Christov C, Andres J, Moliner V, Tunon I: Catalysis in glycine N-methyltransferase: testing the electrostatic stabilization and compression hypothesis. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 19;45(50):14917-25. [PubMed:17154529]
Luka Z, Pakhomova S, Loukachevitch LV, Egli M, Newcomer ME, Wagner C: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate is bound in intersubunit areas of rat liver folate-binding protein glycine N-methyltransferase. J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 9;282(6):4069-75. Epub 2006 Dec 7. [PubMed:17158459]
Velichkova P, Himo F: Methyl transfer in glycine N-methyltransferase. A theoretical study. J Phys Chem B. 2005 Apr 28;109(16):8216-9. [PubMed:16851960]

Details31. Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown

General Function: Glycine amidinotransferase activity
Specific Function: Catalyzes the biosynthesis of guanidinoacetate, the immediate precursor of creatine. Creatine plays a vital role in energy metabolism in muscle tissues. May play a role in embryonic and central ner...
Gene Name: GATM
Uniprot ID: P50440
Uniprot Name: Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight: 48455.01 Da

References

Wang L, Zhang Y, Shao M, Zhang H: Spatiotemporal expression of the creatine metabolism related genes agat, gamt and ct1 during zebrafish embryogenesis. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):247-53. [PubMed:17486546]
Dutta U, Cohenford MA, Guha M, Dain JA: Non-enzymatic interactions of glyoxylate with lysine, arginine, and glucosamine: a study of advanced non-enzymatic glycation like compounds. Bioorg Chem. 2007 Feb;35(1):11-24. Epub 2006 Sep 12. [PubMed:16970975]

Transporters

Details1. Monocarboxylate transporter 10

Kind: Protein
Organism: Humans
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Sodium-independent transporter that mediates the update of aromatic acid. Can function as a net efflux pathway for aromatic amino acids in the basosolateral epithelial cells (By similarity).
Gene Name: SLC16A10
Uniprot ID: Q8TF71
Uniprot Name: Monocarboxylate transporter 10
Molecular Weight: 55492.07 Da

References

Kim DK, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, Matsuo H, Cha SH, Endou H: Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 18;276(20):17221-8. Epub 2001 Feb 20. [PubMed:11278508]
Kim DK, Kanai Y, Matsuo H, Kim JY, Chairoungdua A, Kobayashi Y, Enomoto A, Cha SH, Goya T, Endou H: The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location. Genomics. 2002 Jan;79(1):95-103. [PubMed:11827462]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on December 12, 2019 11:43

Glycine

Identification

Structure for Glycine (DB00145)

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Properties

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