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Identification
Name Vitamin A
Accession Number DB00162 (APRD00486, NUTR00007)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of carotenoids found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
[11,12-3H]-Retinol
all-trans-retinol
All-trans-Retinyl alcohol
all-trans-Vitamin A
All-trans-Vitamin A alcohol
all-trans-Vitamin A1
beta-Retinol
Retin-11,12-t2-ol (9CI)
Retinol
trans-Retinol
trans-Vitamin A alcohol
Vitamin A (Feed)
Vitamin A alcohol
Vitamin A cryst
Vitamin A Palmitate
Vitamin A Solubilized
Vitamin A1
Vitamin A1 alcohol
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Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
A-Mulsal
A-Sol
A-Vi-Pel
A-Vitan
Acon
Afaxin
Agiolan
Agoncal
Alcovit A
alin
Alphalin
Alphasterol
Anatola
Anatola A
Anti-Infective vitamin
Antixerophthalmic vitamin
Aoral
Apexol
Apostavit
Aquasol A Parenteral
Aquasynth
asterol
Atars
Atav
Avibon
Avita
Avitol
Axerol
Axerophthol
Bentavit A
Biosterol
Chocola A
Cylasphere
Del-VI-A
Disatabs Tabs
Dofsol
Dohyfral A
Epiteliol
Hi-A-Vita
Homagenets Aoral
Homagenets aorl
Lard Factor
Mvc Plus
Myvpack
Nio-A-Let
Oleovitamin A
Ophthalamin
Plivit A
Prepalin
Retrovitamin A
Ro-a-vit
Sehkraft A
Solu-A
Super A
Testavol
Testavol S
Thalasphere
tROL
Vaflol
Vafol
Veroftal
Vi-a
Vi-Alpha
Vi-Dom-A
Vio-A
Vitavel A
Vitpex
Vogan
Vogan-Neu
Vogan-nu
Zineb
Zinosan N
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Brand mixtures
Brand Name Ingredients
Acetabolan-Ii Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Magnesium (Magnesium Hvp Chelate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
Aureo S-700 Beef Cattle Vitamin Premix Crumbles Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride + Sulfamethazine + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate, Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
Avengers Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Selenium (Sodium Selenite) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol) + Zinc (Zinc Gluconate)
Children's Chewable Multi-Vitamin Complete with Minerals Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Phosphate (Dibasic)) + Copper (Copper Gluconate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Folic Acid + Iron (Iron Citrate) + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Childrens Chew Multi Vitamin Tab Folic Acid + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 + Vitamin C + Vitamin D + Vitamin E
Dry Super Vitamin a Plus D - Cap Vitamin a (Retinol Palmitate) + Vitamin D3
Food Nutrition Inc. Men's Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Copper (Copper Gluconate) + Selenium (Selenium Amino Acid Chelate) + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin C + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Citrate)
Formula O-Care Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Carbonate, Hydroxyapatite) + Copper (Copper Hvp Chelate) + Folic Acid + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Phosphorus (Potassium Phosphate) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
Forty Plus Vitamin Supplement Biotin + Choline Bitartrate + D-Pantothenic Acid + Inositol + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Gnc Vitamin a and D From Fish Liver Oil Vitamin a (Fish Liver Oil) + Vitamin D (Fish Liver Oil)
Infants' Multiple Vitamin Drops Vitamin a (Vitamin a Palmitate) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)
Insur-All Vitamin Supplement Biotin + Choline Bitartrate + D-Pantothenic Acid + Inositol + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Ergocalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Liquid Vitamin a-D-E 5t Vitamin a Propionate + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Liquid Vitamin a-D-E-25t Vitamin a Propionate + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Luna Vitamin and Mineral Bar for Women Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Phosphate (Dibasic)) + Chromium (Chromium Hvp Chelate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Molybdenum (Sodium Molybdate) + Nicotinic Acid + Selenium (Selenium Hvp Chelate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Vitamin B12) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
Maintain Multiple Vitamin & Minerals Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Hvp Chelate) + Choline Bitartrate + Chromium (Chromium Hvp Chelate) + Copper (Copper Hvp Chelate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Iron Hvp Chelate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Hvp Chelate) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Nicotinamide + Potassium (Potassium Hvp Chelate) + Selenium (Selenium Hvp Chelate) + Vitamin a (Beta-Carotene) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate) + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopherol) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
Men's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) + Choline Bitartrate + Chromium (Yeast) + Copper (Copper Hvp Chelate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Methionine + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate) + Nicotinamide + Selenium (Selenium Hvp Chelate) + Silicon Dioxide + Vanadium (Vanadium Citrate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Mononitrate) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
Multi Vitamin - Mineral Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Chromium (Chromium Hvp Chelate) + Copper (Copper Hvp Chelate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Folic Acid + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Iron Hvp Chelate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Hvp Chelate) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Hvp Chelate) + Nicotinamide + Selenium (Selenium Hvp Chelate) + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
Multi Vitamin with Extra B's & Minerals Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate) + Choline Bitartrate + Copper (Copper Gluconate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Methionine + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp, Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Citrate) + Nicotinamide + Phosphorus (Bone Ash) + Potassium (Potassium Citrate) + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Citrate)
Multi Vitamin-Mineral Formula Calcium (Calcium Gluconate) + Choline Bitartrate + Copper (Copper Gluconate) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Gluconate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Gluconate) + Manganese (Manganese Gluconate) + Nicotinic Acid + Vitamin a + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin C + Vitamin D + Zinc (Zinc Gluconate)
Multi-Vitamin Dietary Supplement Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Mycelized Childrens Multi-Vitamin Liq Biotin + D-Alpha Tocopherol + Dexpanthenol + Folic Acid + Nicotinic Acid + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 + Vitamin C + Vitamin D2
Natural Source Vitamin a & D Dietary Supplement Vitamin a (Fish Liver Oil) + Vitamin D (Fish Liver Oil)
Natural Source Vitamin a and D Cap Vitamin a (Fish Liver Oil) + Vitamin D3 (Fish Liver Oil)
Nutribuddies Vitamin Supplement Vitamin a (Beta-Carotene) + Vitamin C + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopherol)
One Daily Vitamin and Mineral Dietary Supplement Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Phosphate (Dibasic)) + Chlorine (Potassium Chloride) + Chromium (Chromium Hvp Chelate) + Copper (Copper Sulfate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Sulfate) + Molybdenum (Sodium Molybdate) + Nicotinamide + Potassium (Potassium Chloride) + Selenium (Sodium Selenate) + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Sulfate, Zinc Oxide)
Optivite Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Tablet Beta-Carotene + Copper (Cupric Oxide) + Selenium (Sodium Selenate) + Vitamin C + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
Original Bioscal Forte Multi-Vitamin Supplement Capsules Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 + Vitamin C + Vitamin E
Oxytene Vitamin a,C,E with Selenium Tab Beta-Carotene + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate + Selenium + Vitamin a + Vitamin C
Oxytetracycline Vitamin Beef Crumbles Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride + Vitamin a + Vitamin D3 + Vitamin E
Prenatal Vitamin and Mineral Supplement -Tab Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) + Chromium (Chromic Chloride) + Copper (Cupric Oxide) + D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate + Folic Acid + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Sulfate) + Molybdenum (Sodium Molybdate) + Nicotinamide + Pyridoxine Hydrochloride + Thiamine Mononitrate + Vitamin a Acetate + Vitamin B12 + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin C (Vitamin C) + Vitamin D + Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
Spectra 301 Vitamin and Mineral Supp D-Pantothenic Acid (Calcium D-Pantothenate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Hvp Chelate) + Potassium (Potassium Gluconate) + Vitamin C (Vitamin C) + Zinc (Zinc Gluconate)
Super-Pote Vitamin Supplement Biotin + Choline Bitartrate + D-Pantothenic Acid + Inositol + Nicotinamide + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate)
Vitamin & Mineral Formula 1 Dietary Supplement Calcium (Calcium Phosphate (Dibasic)) + Choline Bitartrate + Copper (Copper Gluconate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Kelp) + Iron (Ferrous Gluconate) + Manganese (Manganese Gluconate) + Nicotinic Acid + Vitamin a (Vitamin a Acetate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C + Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Gluconate)
Vitamin a and D Cap Vitamin a + Vitamin D
Vitamin a C E W.Niacinam.Beta Car.And Min. Beta-Carotene + Copper (Copper Gluconate) + D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate + Nicotinamide + Selenium (Yeast) + Vitamin a Palmitate + Vitamin C (Calcium Ascorbate) + Zinc (Zinc Citrate)
Vitamin a D Inj Vitamin a + Vitamin D
Vitamin a-D Injectable Vitamin a + Vitamin D3
Vitamin a&D Tab Vitamin a + Vitamin D
Vitamin Ad Cap Vitamin a + Vitamin D
Vitamin and Mineral Formula Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) + Calcium D-Pantothenate + Inositol + Pyridoxine Hydrochloride + Vitamin B2 + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Sulfate)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Capsules Copper (Cupric Oxide) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin E (Dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
Vitamin C and a -Tab Vitamin a Acetate + Vitamin C
Women's Biomultiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Beta-Carotene (Provitamin a) + Biotin + Calcium (Calcium Carbonate) + Choline Bitartrate + Chromium (Yeast) + Copper (Copper Hvp Chelate) + D-Pantothenic Acid + Folic Acid + Inositol + Iodine (Potassium Iodide) + Iron (Ferrous Fumarate) + Magnesium (Magnesium Oxide) + Manganese (Manganese Hvp Chelate) + Methionine + Molybdenum (Molybdenum Citrate) + Nicotinamide + Selenium (Selenium Hvp Chelate) + Silicon Dioxide + Vanadium (Vanadium Citrate) + Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Mononitrate) + Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) + Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) + Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate) + Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
Z-Mass Pm Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Magnesium (Magnesium Hvp Chelate) + Potassium (Potassium Citrate) + Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Hydrochloride) + Zinc (Zinc Hvp Chelate)
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Categories
  • Essential Vitamin
  • Anti-acne Agents
  • Vitamins (Vitamin A)
  • Vitamins
CAS number 68-26-8
Weight Average: 286.4516
Monoisotopic: 286.229665582
Chemical Formula C20H30O
InChI Key InChIKey=FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C20H30O/c1-16(8-6-9-17(2)13-15-21)11-12-19-18(3)10-7-14-20(19,4)5/h6,8-9,11-13,21H,7,10,14-15H2,1-5H3/b9-6+,12-11+,16-8+,17-13+
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol
SMILES
CC(=CCO)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C
Plain Text
Mass Spec show (10.5 KB)
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Retinoids
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Alkanes and Alkenes
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Monoterpenes
  • Isoprenes
  • Retinoids
  • Cyclohexenes and Derivatives
Pharmacology
Indication For the treatment of vitamin A deficiency.
Pharmacodynamics Vitamin A is effective for the treatment of Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A refers to a group of fat-soluble substances that are structurally related to and possess the biological activity of the parent substance of the group called all-trans retinol or retinol. Vitamin A plays vital roles in vision, epithelial differentiation, growth, reproduction, pattern formation during embryogenesis, bone development, hematopoiesis and brain development. It is also important for the maintenance of the proper functioning of the immune system.
Mechanism of action Vision:Vitamin A (all-trans retinol) is converted in the retina to the 11-cis-isomer of retinaldehyde or 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal functions in the retina in the transduction of light into the neural signals necessary for vision. 11-cis-retinal, while attached to opsin in rhodopsin is isomerized to all-trans-retinal by light. This is the event that triggers the nerve impulse to the brain which allows for the perception of light. All-trans-retinal is then released from opsin and reduced to all-trans-retinol. All-trans-retinol is isomerized to 11-cis-retinol in the dark, and then oxidized to 11-cis-retinal. 11-cis-retinal recombines with opsin to re-form rhodopsin. Night blindness or defective vision at low illumination results from a failure to re-synthesize 11-cis retinal rapidly.
Epithelial differentiation: The role of Vitamin A in epithelial differentiation, as well as in other physiological processes, involves the binding of Vitamin A to two families of nuclear retinoid receptors (retinoic acid receptors, RARs; and retinoid-X receptors, RXRs). These receptors function as ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene transcription. When there is not enough Vitamin A to bind these receptors, natural cell differentiation and growth are interrupted.
Absorption Readily absorbed from the normal gastrointestinal tract
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding <5% of circulating vitamin A is bound to lipoproteins in blood in normal condition, but may be up to 65% when hepatic stores are saturated because of excessive intake. When released from liver, vitamin A is bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). Most vitamin A circulates in the form of retinol bound to RBP.
Metabolism Hepatic. Retinol is conjugated with glucuronic acid; the B-glucuronide undergoes enterohepatic circulation and oxidation to retinol and retinoic acid. Retinoic acid undergoes decarboxylation and conjugation with glucuronic acid.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 1.9 hours
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity Acute toxicity (single ingestion of 7 500 RE or 25 000 IU per kg or more): Signs and symptoms may be delayed for 8 to 24 hours and include: increased intracranial pressure, headache, irritability, drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, bulging of fontanels in infants, diplopia, papilledema. Peeling of skin around mouth may be observed from 1 to several days after ingestion and may spread to the rest of the body. Chronic, excessive ingestion (1 200 RE or 4 000 IU/kg daily for 6 to 15 months) may produce symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri, anorexia, weakness, arthralgias, bone pain, bone demineralization, dry skin, cracked lips, brittle nails, hair loss, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, hypoplastic anemia, leukopenia, optic neuropathy, and blindness. Increased plasma concentrations of vitamin A occur but do not necessarily correlate with toxicity.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Astrazeneca lp
  • Banner pharmacaps inc
  • Chase chemical co lp
  • Everylife
  • Impax laboratories inc
  • West ward pharmaceutical corp
  • Sterling winthrop inc
  • Eli lilly and co
  • Del ray laboratories inc
  • Bayer pharmaceuticals corp
  • Bristol myers squibb co
  • Elkins sinn div ah robins co inc
  • Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
  • Mk laboratories inc
  • Wharton laboratories inc div us ethicals
  • Arcum pharmaceutical corp
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
  • Hospira inc
  • Bel mar laboratories inc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Capsule Oral
Emulsion Oral
Solution / drops Oral
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Avita 0.025% Cream 45 gm Tube 149.39 USD tube
Avita 0.025% Gel 45 gm Tube 149.39 USD tube
Avita 0.025% Cream 20 gm Tube 69.21 USD tube
Vitamin a palmitate liquid 22.33 USD ml
Aquasol a 50000 unit/ml vial 17.69 USD ml
Vitamin a acetate crystals 1.99 USD g
Gordon's vite a creme 0.13 USD g
Vitamin a palm 10000 unit tablet 0.06 USD tablet
Vitamin a cream 0.03 USD g
Vitamin a 10000 unit tablet 0.02 USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 63.5 °C PhysProp
water solubility 0.671 mg/L Not Available
logP 5.68 BIOBYTE (1995)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 7.58e-03 g/l ALOGPS
logP 6.38 ALOGPS
logP 4.69 ChemAxon
logS -4.6 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 16.44 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -2.2 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 1 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
polar surface area 20.23 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 5 ChemAxon
refractivity 97.92 ChemAxon
polarizability 36.54 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Roncone DP: Xerophthalmia secondary to alcohol-induced malnutrition. Optometry. 2006 Mar;77(3):124-33. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D00069 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00473 Link_out
PubChem Compound 445354 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46508191 Link_out
ChemSpider 1042 Link_out
ChEBI 17336 Link_out
ChEMBL 17336 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DNC001498 Link_out
PharmGKB PA451884 Link_out
Drug Product Database 518565 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/aquasola.htm Link_out
Drugs.com http://www.drugs.com/mtm/vitamin-a.html Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/vit_0260.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A11CA01
  • D10AD02
  • S01XA02
  • R01AX02
AHFS Codes
  • 88:04.00
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (74.8 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction
Acitretin Acitretin increases the risk of vitamin A toxicity. Avoid vitamin A supplementation while taking acitretin.
Bexarotene Bexarotene increases the risk of vitamin A toxicity. Avoid vitamin A supplementation while taking bexarotene.
Isotretinoin Isotretinoin increases the risk of vitamin A toxicity. Avoid vitamin A supplementation while taking isotretinoin.
Orlistat Orlistat may impair the absorption of vitamin A, a fat soluble vitamin. Oral vitamin A should be administered 2 hours prior to or post orlistat administration.
Tretinoin Tretinoin increases the risk of vitamin A toxicity. Avoid vitamin A supplementation while taking systemic tretinoin.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Retinol dehydrogenase 12

Pharmacological action: unknown

Exhibits an oxidoreductive catalytic activity towards retinoids. Most efficient as an NADPH-dependent retinal reductase. Displays high activity toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. Also involved in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes. No steroid dehydrogenase activity detected. Might be the key enzyme in the formation of 11-cis-retinal from 11-cis-retinol during regeneration of the cone visual pigments

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96NR8 Link_out
Gene: RDH12 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Maeda A, Maeda T, Imanishi Y, Sun W, Jastrzebska B, Hatala DA, Winkens HJ, Hofmann KP, Janssen JJ, Baehr W, Driessen CA, Palczewski K: Retinol dehydrogenase (RDH12) protects photoreceptors from light-induced degeneration in mice. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 8;281(49):37697-704. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed
  2. Thompson DA, Janecke AR, Lange J, Feathers KL, Hubner CA, McHenry CL, Stockton DW, Rammesmayer G, Lupski JR, Antinolo G, Ayuso C, Baiget M, Gouras P, Heckenlively JR, den Hollander A, Jacobson SG, Lewis RA, Sieving PA, Wissinger B, Yzer S, Zrenner E, Utermann G, Gal A: Retinal degeneration associated with RDH12 mutations results from decreased 11-cis retinal synthesis due to disruption of the visual cycle. Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Dec 15;14(24):3865-75. Epub 2005 Nov 3. Pubmed
  3. Keller B, Adamski J: RDH12, a retinol dehydrogenase causing Leber’s congenital amaurosis, is also involved in steroid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May;104(3-5):190-4. Epub 2007 Mar 23. Pubmed

2. Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all- trans-retinol in the presence of NADPH

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75911 Link_out
Gene: DHRS3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Haeseleer F, Huang J, Lebioda L, Saari JC, Palczewski K: Molecular characterization of a novel short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase that reduces all-trans-retinal. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 21;273(34):21790-9. Pubmed
  4. Cerignoli F, Guo X, Cardinali B, Rinaldi C, Casaletto J, Frati L, Screpanti I, Gudas LJ, Gulino A, Thiele CJ, Giannini G: retSDR1, a short-chain retinol dehydrogenase/reductase, is retinoic acid-inducible and frequently deleted in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 2002 Feb 15;62(4):1196-204. Pubmed
  5. Chai Z, Brereton P, Suzuki T, Sasano H, Obeyesekere V, Escher G, Saffery R, Fuller P, Enriquez C, Krozowski Z: 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type XI localizes to human steroidogenic cells. Endocrinology. 2003 May;144(5):2084-91. Pubmed

3. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47895 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nakazawa N, Montedonico S, Takayasu H, Paradisi F, Puri P: Disturbance of retinol transportation causes nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung. J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Feb;42(2):345-9. Pubmed
  2. Everts HB, Sundberg JP, Ong DE: Immunolocalization of retinoic acid biosynthesis systems in selected sites in rat. Exp Cell Res. 2005 Aug 15;308(2):309-19. Pubmed
  3. Halilagic A, Ribes V, Ghyselinck NB, Zile MH, Dolle P, Studer M: Retinoids control anterior and dorsal properties in the developing forebrain. Dev Biol. 2007 Mar 1;303(1):362-75. Epub 2006 Nov 17. Pubmed
  4. Maden M, Blentic A, Reijntjes S, Seguin S, Gale E, Graham A: Retinoic acid is required for specification of the ventral eye field and for Rathke’s pouch in the avian embryo. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):191-200. Pubmed

4. All-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Retinol saturase carrying out the saturation of the 13- 14 double bond of all-trans-retinol to produce all-trans-13,14- dihydroretinol. Has activity toward all-trans-retinol as substrate. Does not use all-trans-retinoic acid nor 9-cis, 11-cis or 13-cis-retinol isomers as substrates. May play a role in the metabolism of vitamin A

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q6NUM9 Link_out
Gene: RETSAT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Moise AR, Isken A, Dominguez M, de Lera AR, von Lintig J, Palczewski K: Specificity of zebrafish retinol saturase: formation of all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol and all-trans-7,8- dihydroretinol. Biochemistry. 2007 Feb 20;46(7):1811-20. Epub 2007 Jan 25. Pubmed

5. Retinol dehydrogenase 11

Pharmacological action: unknown

Exhibits an oxidoreductive catalytic activity towards retinoids. Most efficient as an NADPH-dependent retinal reductase. Displays high activity toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. Also involved in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes. No steroid dehydrogenase activity detected

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8TC12 Link_out
Gene: RDH11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gallego O, Belyaeva OV, Porte S, Ruiz FX, Stetsenko AV, Shabrova EV, Kostereva NV, Farres J, Pares X, Kedishvili NY: Comparative functional analysis of human medium-chain dehydrogenases, short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases and aldo-keto reductases with retinoids. Biochem J. 2006 Oct 1;399(1):101-9. Pubmed

6. Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Reduces all-trans-retinal and 9-cis retinal. Can also catalyze the oxidation of all-trans-retinol with NADP as co- factor, but with much lower efficiency. Reduces alkyl phenyl ketones and alpha-dicarbonyl compounds with aromatic rings, such as pyrimidine-4-aldehyde, 3-benzoylpyridine, 4-benzoylpyridine, menadione and 4-hexanoylpyridine. Has no activity towards aliphatic aldehydes and ketones

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BTZ2 Link_out
Gene: DHRS4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Du K, Liu GF, Xie JP, Song XH, Li R, Liang B, Huang DY: A 27.368 kDa retinal reductase in New Zealand white rabbit liver cytosol encoded by the peroxisomal retinol dehydrogenase-reductase cDNA: purification and characterization of the enzyme. Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;85(2):209-17. Pubmed

7. Retinol dehydrogenase 14

Pharmacological action: unknown

Exhibits an oxidoreductive catalytic activity towards retinoids. Most efficient as an NADPH-dependent retinal reductase. Displays high activity toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. No steroid dehydrogenase activity detected

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9HBH5 Link_out
Gene: RDH14 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

8. Photoreceptor outer segment all-trans retinol dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NYR8 Link_out
Gene: RDH8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Han W, Shen Y, Wang J, Yip S, Yap MK: [Establishing the linkage disequilibrium pattern for the all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) gene] Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Jul;42(7):642-8. Pubmed
  4. Han W, Yip SP, Wang J, Yap MK: Using denaturing HPLC for SNP discovery and genotyping, and establishing the linkage disequilibrium pattern for the all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) gene. J Hum Genet. 2004;49(1):16-23. Epub 2003 Dec 6. Pubmed
  5. Fishman GA, Roberts MF, Derlacki DJ, Grimsby JL, Yamamoto H, Sharon D, Nishiguchi KM, Dryja TP: Novel mutations in the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein gene (RLBP1) associated with retinitis punctata albescens: evidence of interfamilial genetic heterogeneity and fundus changes in heterozygotes. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jan;122(1):70-5. Pubmed

9. Lecithin retinol acyltransferase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfers the acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine to all-trans retinol, producing all-trans retinyl esters. Retinyl esters are storage forms of vitamin A. LRAT plays a critical role in vision. It provides the all-trans retinyl ester substrates for the isomerohydrolase which processes the esters into 11-cis-retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium; due to a membrane-associated alcohol dehydrogenase, 11 cis-retinol is oxidized and converted into 11-cis-retinaldehyde which is the chromophore for rhodopsin and the cone photopigments

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95237 Link_out
Gene: LRAT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kaschula CH, Jin MH, Desmond-Smith NS, Travis GH: Acyl CoA:retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) activity is present in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 2006 Jan;82(1):111-21. Epub 2005 Jul 27. Pubmed
  2. Liu L, Gudas LJ: Disruption of the lecithin:retinol acyltransferase gene makes mice more susceptible to vitamin A deficiency. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 2;280(48):40226-34. Epub 2005 Sep 20. Pubmed

10. Retinol-binding protein I, cellular

Pharmacological action: unknown

Intracellular transport of retinol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09455 Link_out
Gene: RBP1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yapi HF, Ahiboh H, Ago K, Ake M, Monnet D: [Protein profile and vitamin A in children of school age in Ivory Coast] Ann Biol Clin (Paris). 2005 May-Jun;63(3):291-5. Pubmed
  2. Quadro L, Hamberger L, Gottesman ME, Wang F, Colantuoni V, Blaner WS, Mendelsohn CL: Pathways of vitamin A delivery to the embryo: insights from a new tunable model of embryonic vitamin A deficiency. Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4479-90. Epub 2005 Jun 30. Pubmed
  3. Harrison EH: Mechanisms of digestion and absorption of dietary vitamin A. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:87-103. Pubmed
  4. Paci E, Greene LH, Jones RM, Smith LJ: Characterization of the molten globule state of retinol-binding protein using a molecular dynamics simulation approach. FEBS J. 2005 Sep;272(18):4826-38. Pubmed
  5. Folli C, Viglione S, Busconi M, Berni R: Biochemical basis for retinol deficiency induced by the I41N and G75D mutations in human plasma retinol-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Nov 4;336(4):1017-22. Pubmed

11. 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Stereospecific 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of 11-cis retinaldehyde, the universal chromophore of visual pigments. Active in the presence of NAD as cofactor but not in the presence of NADP

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q92781 Link_out
Gene: RDH5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Zhang M, Hu P, Krois CR, Kane MA, Napoli JL: Altered vitamin A homeostasis and increased size and adiposity in the rdh1-null mouse. FASEB J. 2007 Sep;21(11):2886-96. Epub 2007 Apr 13. Pubmed
  2. Maeda A, Maeda T, Imanishi Y, Golczak M, Moise AR, Palczewski K: Aberrant metabolites in mouse models of congenital blinding diseases: formation and storage of retinyl esters. Biochemistry. 2006 Apr 4;45(13):4210-9. Pubmed
  3. Dalfo D, Marques N, Albalat R: Analysis of the NADH-dependent retinaldehyde reductase activity of amphioxus retinol dehydrogenase enzymes enhances our understanding of the evolution of the retinol dehydrogenase family. FEBS J. 2007 Jul;274(14):3739-52. Epub 2007 Jul 2. Pubmed
  4. Gidlof AC, Ocaya P, Olofsson PS, Torma H, Sirsjo A: Differences in retinol metabolism and proliferative response between neointimal and medial smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Res. 2006;43(4):392-8. Epub 2006 Jul 6. Pubmed
  5. Belyaeva OV, Kedishvili NY: Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases with dual retinol/sterol substrate specificity. Genomics. 2006 Dec;88(6):820-30. Epub 2006 Jul 24. Pubmed

12. Retinol dehydrogenase 13

Pharmacological action: unknown

Does not exhibit retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) activity in vitro

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8NBN7 Link_out
Gene: RDH13 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Keller B, Adamski J: RDH12, a retinol dehydrogenase causing Leber’s congenital amaurosis, is also involved in steroid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 May;104(3-5):190-4. Epub 2007 Mar 23. Pubmed

13. Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

IRBP shuttles 11-cis and all trans retinoids between the retinol isomerase in the pigment epithelium and the visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells of the retina

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P10745 Link_out
Gene: RBP3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Qtaishat NM, Wiggert B, Pepperberg DR: Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) promotes the release of all-trans retinol from the isolated retina following rhodopsin bleaching illumination. Exp Eye Res. 2005 Oct;81(4):455-63. Epub 2005 Jun 2. Pubmed
  2. Wu Q, Blakeley LR, Cornwall MC, Crouch RK, Wiggert BN, Koutalos Y: Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein is the physiologically relevant carrier that removes retinol from rod photoreceptor outer segments. Biochemistry. 2007 Jul 24;46(29):8669-79. Epub 2007 Jun 30. Pubmed
  3. Kolesnikov AV, Ala-Laurila P, Shukolyukov SA, Crouch RK, Wiggert B, Estevez ME, Govardovskii VI, Cornwall MC: Visual cycle and its metabolic support in gecko photoreceptors. Vision Res. 2007 Feb;47(3):363-74. Epub 2006 Oct 16. Pubmed
  4. Duncan T, Fariss RN, Wiggert B: Confocal immunolocalization of bovine serum albumin, serum retinol-binding protein, and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in bovine retina. Mol Vis. 2006 Dec 22;12:1632-9. Pubmed
  5. Salvador-Silva M, Ghosh S, Bertazolli-Filho R, Boatright JH, Nickerson JM, Garwin GG, Saari JC, Coca-Prados M: Retinoid processing proteins in the ocular ciliary epithelium. Mol Vis. 2005 May 18;11:356-65. Pubmed

14. Retinal dehydrogenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Does metabolize octanal and decanal but does not metabolize citral, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal efficiently

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O94788 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Isken A, Holzschuh J, Lampert JM, Fischer L, Oberhauser V, Palczewski K, von Lintig J: Sequestration of retinyl esters is essential for retinoid signaling in the zebrafish embryo. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 12;282(2):1144-51. Epub 2006 Nov 10. Pubmed
  2. Halilagic A, Ribes V, Ghyselinck NB, Zile MH, Dolle P, Studer M: Retinoids control anterior and dorsal properties in the developing forebrain. Dev Biol. 2007 Mar 1;303(1):362-75. Epub 2006 Nov 17. Pubmed
  3. Asson-Batres MA, Smith WB: Localization of retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and retinoid binding proteins to sustentacular cells, glia, Bowman’s gland cells, and stroma: potential sites of retinoic acid synthesis in the postnatal rat olfactory organ. J Comp Neurol. 2006 May 10;496(2):149-71. Pubmed
  4. Szatmari I, Pap A, Ruhl R, Ma JX, Illarionov PA, Besra GS, Rajnavolgyi E, Dezso B, Nagy L: PPARgamma controls CD1d expression by turning on retinoic acid synthesis in developing human dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2006 Oct 2;203(10):2351-62. Epub 2006 Sep 18. Pubmed
  5. Nakazawa N, Montedonico S, Takayasu H, Paradisi F, Puri P: Disturbance of retinol transportation causes nitrofen-induced hypoplastic lung. J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Feb;42(2):345-9. Pubmed

15. Retinal dehydrogenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein- bound retinal. Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00352 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Asson-Batres MA, Smith WB: Localization of retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and retinoid binding proteins to sustentacular cells, glia, Bowman’s gland cells, and stroma: potential sites of retinoic acid synthesis in the postnatal rat olfactory organ. J Comp Neurol. 2006 May 10;496(2):149-71. Pubmed
  2. Chambers D, Wilson L, Maden M, Lumsden A: RALDH-independent generation of retinoic acid during vertebrate embryogenesis by CYP1B1. Development. 2007 Apr;134(7):1369-83. Epub 2007 Feb 28. Pubmed
  3. Gyamfi MA, Kocsis MG, He L, Dai G, Mendy AJ, Wan YJ: The role of retinoid X receptor alpha in regulating alcohol metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Oct;319(1):360-8. Epub 2006 Jul 7. Pubmed
  4. Maden M, Blentic A, Reijntjes S, Seguin S, Gale E, Graham A: Retinoic acid is required for specification of the ventral eye field and for Rathke’s pouch in the avian embryo. Int J Dev Biol. 2007;51(3):191-200. Pubmed
  5. Huq MD, Tsai NP, Gupta P, Wei LN: Regulation of retinal dehydrogenases and retinoic acid synthesis by cholesterol metabolites. EMBO J. 2006 Jul 12;25(13):3203-13. Epub 2006 Jun 8. Pubmed

16. Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

Carries 11-cis-retinol and 11-cis-retinaldehyde as endogenous ligands and may be a functional component of the visual cycle

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P12271 Link_out
Gene: RLBP1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Muniz A, Villazana-Espinoza ET, Thackeray B, Tsin AT: 11-cis-Acyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase activity in the primary culture of chicken Muller cells. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 10;45(40):12265-73. Pubmed
  2. Wenzel A, von Lintig J, Oberhauser V, Tanimoto N, Grimm C, Seeliger MW: RPE65 is essential for the function of cone photoreceptors in NRL-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;48(2):534-42. Pubmed
  3. Vogel JS, Bullen EC, Teygong CL, Howard EW: Identification of the RLBP1 gene promoter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Aug;48(8):3872-7. Pubmed
  4. Salvador-Silva M, Ghosh S, Bertazolli-Filho R, Boatright JH, Nickerson JM, Garwin GG, Saari JC, Coca-Prados M: Retinoid processing proteins in the ocular ciliary epithelium. Mol Vis. 2005 May 18;11:356-65. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Cytochrome P450 1A1

Actions: inhibitor, inducer

Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics

UniProt ID: P04798 Link_out
Gene: CYP1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed

2. Cytochrome P450 26A1

Actions: inducer

Plays a key role in retinoic acid metabolism. Acts on retinoids, including all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and its stereoisomer 9-cis-RA. Capable of both 4-hydroxylation and 18- hydroxylation. Responsible for generation of several hydroxylated forms of RA, including 4-OH-RA, 4-oxo-RA and 18-OH-RA

UniProt ID: O43174 Link_out
Gene: CYP26A1
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. Epub 2009 Nov 24. Pubmed
Carriers

1. Retinol-binding protein III, cellular

Intracellular transport of retinol

UniProt ID: P82980 Link_out
Gene: RBP5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. O’Byrne SM, Wongsiriroj N, Libien J, Vogel S, Goldberg IJ, Baehr W, Palczewski K, Blaner WS: Retinoid absorption and storage is impaired in mice lacking lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT). J Biol Chem. 2005 Oct 21;280(42):35647-57. Epub 2005 Aug 22. Pubmed

2. Retinoid-binding protein 7

Intracellular transport of retinol

UniProt ID: Q96R05 Link_out
Gene: RBP7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Caprioli A, Zhu H, Sato TN: CRBP-III:lacZ expression pattern reveals a novel heterogeneity of vascular endothelial cells. Genesis. 2004 Nov;40(3):139-45. Pubmed

3. Plasma retinol-binding protein

Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli

UniProt ID: P02753 Link_out
Gene: RBP4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Goodman AB: Retinoid receptors, transporters, and metabolizers as therapeutic targets in late onset Alzheimer disease. J Cell Physiol. 2006 Dec;209(3):598-603. Pubmed
  2. Ziouzenkova O, Orasanu G, Sharlach M, Akiyama TE, Berger JP, Viereck J, Hamilton JA, Tang G, Dolnikowski GG, Vogel S, Duester G, Plutzky J: Retinaldehyde represses adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity. Nat Med. 2007 Jun;13(6):695-702. Epub 2007 May 27. Pubmed
  3. Wolf G: Serum retinol-binding protein: a link between obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2007 May;65(5):251-6. Pubmed
  4. Liden M, Eriksson U: Development of a versatile reporter assay for studies of retinol uptake and metabolism in vivo. Exp Cell Res. 2005 Nov 1;310(2):401-8. Epub 2005 Sep 8. Pubmed
  5. Hinterhuber G, Cauza K, Dingelmaier-Hovorka R, Diem E, Horvat R, Wolff K, Foedinger D: Expression of RPE65, a putative receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein, in nonmelanocytic skin tumours. Br J Dermatol. 2005 Oct;153(4):785-9. Pubmed

4. Retinol-binding protein II, cellular

Intracellular transport of retinol

UniProt ID: P50120 Link_out
Gene: RBP2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Suruga K, Kitagawa M, Yasutake H, Takase S, Goda T: Diet-related variation in cellular retinol-binding protein type II gene expression in rat jejunum. Br J Nutr. 2005 Dec;94(6):890-5. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19