Calcium

Identification

Summary

Calcium is a mineral found in over-the-counter supplements or prescription formulations used for the treatment of specific medical conditions related to calcium deficiency.

Generic Name
Calcium
DrugBank Accession Number
DB01373
Background

Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Nutraceutical
Structure
Weight
Average: 40.078
Monoisotopic: 39.9625909
Chemical Formula
Ca
Synonyms
  • Calcio
  • Calcium, elemental
  • Elemental calcium
  • Kalzium

Pharmacology

Indication

Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. It is vital in cell signaling, muscular contractions, bone health, and signalling cascades.

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to treatCalcium deficiencyCombination Product in combination with: Cholecalciferol (DB00169), Phylloquinone (DB01022)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••
Used in combination for prophylaxis ofCalcium deficiencyCombination Product in combination with: Ergocalciferol (DB00153)•••••••••••••••••••••
Used in combination for prophylaxis ofCalcium deficiencyCombination Product in combination with: Ergocalciferol (DB00153)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatCalcium deficiencyCombination Product in combination with: Genistein (DB01645), Cholecalciferol (DB00169)••••••••••••
Used in combination to treatDeficiency, vitamin dCombination Product in combination with: Cholecalciferol (DB00169), Phylloquinone (DB01022)••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••
Associated Therapies
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Calcium (Ca2+) plays a pivotal role in the physiology and biochemistry of organisms and the cell. It plays an important role in signal transduction pathways, where it acts as a second messenger, in neurotransmitter release from neurons, contraction of all muscle cell types, and fertilization. Many enzymes require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the blood-clotting cascade being notable examples. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the potential difference across excitable cell membranes, as well as proper bone formation.

Mechanism of action

Calcium plays a vital role in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of organisms and of the cell, particularly in signal transduction pathways. More than 500 human proteins are known to bind or transport calcium. The skeleton acts as a major mineral storage site for the element and releases Ca2+ ions into the bloodstream under controlled conditions. Circulating calcium is either in the free, ionized form or bound to blood proteins such as serum albumin. Parathyroid hormone (secreted from the parathyroid gland) regulates the resorption of Ca2+ from bone. Calcitonin stimulates incorporation of calcium in bone, although this process is largely independent of calcitonin. Although calcium flow to and from the bone is neutral, about 5 mmol is turned over a day. Bone serves as an important storage point for calcium, as it contains 99% of the total body calcium. Low calcium intake may also be a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. The best-absorbed form of calcium from a pill is a calcium salt like carbonate or phosphate. Calcium gluconate and calcium lactate are absorbed well by pregnant women. Seniors absorb calcium lactate, gluconate and citrate better unless they take their calcium supplement with a full breakfast. The currently recommended calcium intake is 1,500 milligrams per day for women not taking estrogen and 800 milligrams per day for women on estrogen. There is close to 300 milligrams of calcium in one cup of fluid milk. Calcium carbonate is currently the best and least expensive form of calcium supplement available.

TargetActionsOrganism
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
ligand
Humans
ACalcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1
agonist
Humans
ATroponin C, skeletal muscle
agonist
Humans
ATroponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
agonist
Humans
USpectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1
agonist
Humans
UProtein S100-BNot AvailableHumans
UCalpastatinNot AvailableHumans
UCartilage oligomeric matrix proteinNot AvailableHumans
UCalmodulinNot AvailableHumans
UAmiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]Not AvailableHumans
UProtein S100-A13Not AvailableHumans
UAlkaline phosphatase, placental typeNot AvailableHumans
UProtein S100-A8Not AvailableHumans
UProtein S100-A9Not AvailableHumans
UProtein S100-A2Not AvailableHumans
UCeruloplasminNot AvailableHumans
UBone morphogenetic protein 4Not AvailableHumans
UMatrix Gla proteinNot AvailableHumans
UProtocadherin-19Not AvailableHumans
UProgrammed cell death protein 6Not AvailableHumans
Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism
Not Available
Route of elimination

The kidney excretes 250 mmol a day in urine, and resorbs 245 mmol, leading to a net loss in the urine of 5 mmol/d.

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Alpha Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid MetabolismMetabolic
Sphingolipid MetabolismMetabolic
Folate MetabolismMetabolic
Androgen and Estrogen MetabolismMetabolic
Riboflavin MetabolismMetabolic
Arachidonic Acid MetabolismMetabolic
Acetylsalicylic Acid Action PathwayDrug action
Ketorolac Action PathwayDrug action
Bromfenac Action PathwayDrug action
Meloxicam Action PathwayDrug action
Mefenamic Acid Action PathwayDrug action
Oxaprozin Action PathwayDrug action
Naproxen Action PathwayDrug action
Malate-Aspartate ShuttleMetabolic
Adenylosuccinate Lyase DeficiencyDisease
PhenylketonuriaDisease
Xanthine Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Xanthinuria)Disease
Phenprocoumon Action PathwayDrug action
Heparin Action PathwayDrug action
Ardeparin Action PathwayDrug action
Bivalirudin Action PathwayDrug action
Streptokinase Action PathwayDrug action
Reteplase Action PathwayDrug action
Tranexamic Acid Action PathwayDrug action
Aprotinin Action PathwayDrug action
Alprenolol Action PathwayDrug action
Procainamide (Antiarrhythmic) Action PathwayDrug action
Lidocaine (Antiarrhythmic) Action PathwayDrug action
Gaucher DiseaseDisease
Fc Epsilon Receptor I Signaling in Mast CellsSignaling
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbciximabThe therapeutic efficacy of Calcium can be decreased when used in combination with Abciximab.
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be decreased when used in combination with Calcium.
AcenocoumarolThe therapeutic efficacy of Calcium can be decreased when used in combination with Acenocoumarol.
AcetyldigitoxinCalcium may increase the arrhythmogenic and cardiotoxic activities of Acetyldigitoxin.
AlfacalcidolThe risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alfacalcidol is combined with Calcium.
Food Interactions
Not Available

Products

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Over the Counter Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
7030 Calcium GoldCapsule0.99 mg/1OralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium GoldCapsule0.99 1/1OralApexel Co., Ltd.2013-03-10Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCapsule0.99 1/1OralApexel Co., Ltd.2013-03-10Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCapsule0.99 1/1OralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCapsule0.99 mg/1OralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
24 Multivitamins + MineralsCalcium (130 mg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg)TabletOralStanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc.1997-04-302002-07-31Canada flag
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & MineralsCalcium (200 mg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg)TabletOralGfr Pharma Ltd.2002-10-202004-06-15Canada flag
A D Calcium TabCalcium (126 mg) + Vitamin A (5000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit)TabletOralStar Pharmaceuticals, Llc1979-12-311999-07-21Canada flag
A-D Calcium CapCalcium (170 mg) + Vitamin A (2500 unit) + Vitamin D (133 unit)CapsuleOralVitalab1990-12-312005-07-12Canada flag
A.R.T.H. Away FormulaCalcium (24 mg) + Cholecalciferol (45 unit) + Copper (0.232 mg) + Folic acid (0.025 mg) + Manganese (0.58 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (0.5 mg) + Selenium (1.54 mcg) + Zinc (0.63 mg)CapsuleOralAbundance Naturally Ltd1999-02-012006-06-16Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
7030 Calcium GoldCalcium (0.99 mg/1)CapsuleOralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium GoldCalcium (0.99 1/1)CapsuleOralApexel Co., Ltd.2013-03-10Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCalcium (0.99 mg/1)CapsuleOralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCalcium (0.99 1/1)CapsuleOralApexel Co., Ltd.2013-03-10Not applicableUS flag
7030 Calcium PremiumCalcium (0.99 1/1)CapsuleOralApexel Co., Ltd2021-03-18Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
M05BB01 — Etidronic acid and calcium, sequentialA11AA02 — Multivitamins and calciumM05BB08 — Zoledronic acid, calcium and colecalciferol, sequentialA11GB01 — Ascorbic acid (vit c) and calciumM05BB02 — Risedronic acid and calcium, sequentialM05BB04 — Risedronic acid, calcium and colecalciferol, sequentialM05BB05 — Alendronic acid, calcium and colecalciferol, sequential
Drug Categories
Classification
Not classified
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
SY7Q814VUP
CAS number
7440-70-2
InChI Key
OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/Ca
IUPAC Name
calcium
SMILES
[Ca]

References

Synthesis Reference
US5667761
General References
  1. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE: Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997 Sep 4;337(10):670-6. [Article]
  2. Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J: Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD003548. [Article]
  3. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Blanchette P, Bonds DE, Brunner RL, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Cummings SR, Granek I, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller LH, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Limacher MC, Ludlam S, Manson JE, Margolis KL, McGowan J, Ockene JK, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Sarto GE, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Whitlock E, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Barad D: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med. 2006 Feb 16;354(7):669-83. [Article]
  4. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, Anderson FH, Cooper C, Francis RM, Donaldson C, Gillespie WJ, Robinson CM, Torgerson DJ, Wallace WA: Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 May 7-13;365(9471):1621-8. [Article]
  5. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R, Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Torgerson DJ: Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ. 2005 Apr 30;330(7498):1003. [Article]
KEGG Compound
C00076
PubChem Compound
5460341
PubChem Substance
46506005
ChemSpider
4573905
RxNav
1895
ChEBI
29320
PharmGKB
PA164712582
Wikipedia
Calcium
FDA label
Download (25.6 KB)
MSDS
Download (47.9 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedNot AvailableColonoscopy Preparation1
4CompletedNot AvailableCrohn's Disease (CD) / Decreased bone mineral density1
4CompletedNot AvailableOsteopenia (Disorder)1
4CompletedNot AvailableParoxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (PAF)1
4CompletedNot AvailablePostmenopausal Osteoporosis1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
Not Available
Packagers
  • Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
  • Braintree Laboratories Inc.
  • Cardinal Health
  • Fresenius Kabi AB
  • Heartland Repack Services LLC
  • Kaiser Foundation Hospital
  • Particle Dynamics Co.
  • PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
  • Sandoz
  • Scora SA
  • SPI Pharma Sas
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
CapsuleOral0.99 mg/1
CapsuleOral0.99 1/1
Tablet, sugar coatedOral160 mg
Granule, for solutionOral
PowderOral336 mg / g
TabletOral100 mg
Granule, effervescentOral
Tablet, effervescentOral1000 mg
Tablet, effervescentOral500 MG
Tablet, effervescentOral2500 mg
Injection, solutionParenteral1000 MG
Injection, solutionParenteral500 MG
CapsuleOral150 mg
TabletOral650 mg
CapsuleOral160.0 mg
LiquidOral100 mg / 5 mL
SyrupOral100 mg / 5 mL
Granule, effervescentOral1000 MG
Granule, effervescentOral500 MG
Tablet, effervescentOral
SyrupOral110 mg / 5 mL
TabletOral100.000 mg
Powder, for suspensionOral
TabletOral600.000 mg
Capsule, gelatin coatedOral
KitOral
EmulsionOral
TabletOral150 mg
TabletOral125 mg / tab
TabletOral0.08 1/1
Tablet
Capsule
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral
LiquidOral803.8 mg/1000mL
Tablet, effervescentOral
CapsuleOral45 mg / cap
Tablet, delayed releaseOral
TabletOral0.76 1/1
TabletOral0.99 mg/1
TabletOral0.99 1/1
TabletOral0.76 mg/1
Tablet, coatedOral
Liquid; tabletOral
LiquidOral
Injection, solution, concentrateIntravenous
Capsule, gelatin coated; kit; tabletOral
Injection, emulsionIntravenous
EmulsionIntravenous
SolutionIntraperitoneal
TabletOral
TabletOral0.8 1/1
Tablet, film coatedOral
TabletOral0.72 1/1
SyrupOral
Capsule, liquid filledOral
Tablet, chewableOral
TabletOral0.71 1/1
TabletOral0.55 1/1
Granule
PowderOral
TabletOral
SolutionIntravenous50.000 mL
LiquidExtracorporeal
TabletOral0.85 1/1
SolutionOral1.458 mg / mL
SolutionOral1.667 mg / mL
Powder, for solutionOral
SolutionIntravenous
CapsuleOral
Capsule; kit; tablet, coatedOral
Tablet, extended releaseOral
PowderOral
Prices
Not Available
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)839°CMSDS
boiling point (°C)1484°CMSDS
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0 mg/mLALOGPS
logP-1.3ALOGPS
logP-0.57Chemaxon
logS1.08ALOGPS
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area0 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count0Chemaxon
Refractivity0 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability1.78 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Not Available

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Not Available
Spectra
Not Available
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-107.75386
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+109.47758
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+116.26538
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Ligand
General Function
Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function
Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name
CACNA1C
Uniprot ID
Q13936
Uniprot Name
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
Molecular Weight
248974.1 Da
References
  1. Boda D, Giri J, Henderson D, Eisenberg B, Gillespie D: Analyzing the components of the free-energy landscape in a calcium selective ion channel by Widom's particle insertion method. J Chem Phys. 2011 Feb 7;134(5):055102. doi: 10.1063/1.3532937. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Signal transducer activity
Specific Function
This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium.
Gene Name
ATP2C1
Uniprot ID
P98194
Uniprot Name
Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1
Molecular Weight
100576.42 Da
References
  1. Shi X, Chen M, Huvos PE, Hardwicke PM: Amino acid sequence of a Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cross-striated part of the adductor muscle of the deep sea scallop: comparison to serca enzymes of other animals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 1998 Jun;120(2):359-74. [Article]
  2. Bonza MC, Martin H, Kang M, Lewis G, Greiner T, Giacometti S, Van Etten JL, De Michelis MI, Thiel G, Moroni A: A functional calcium-transporting ATPase encoded by chlorella viruses. J Gen Virol. 2010 Oct;91(Pt 10):2620-9. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.021873-0. Epub 2010 Jun 23. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Calcium ion binding
Specific Function
Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
Gene Name
TNNC2
Uniprot ID
P02585
Uniprot Name
Troponin C, skeletal muscle
Molecular Weight
18121.895 Da
References
  1. Martin SR, Avella G, Adrover M, de Nicola GF, Bullard B, Pastore A: Binding properties of the calcium-activated F2 isoform of Lethocerus troponin C. Biochemistry. 2011 Mar 22;50(11):1839-47. doi: 10.1021/bi102076s. Epub 2011 Feb 10. [Article]
  2. Kreutziger KL, Piroddi N, McMichael JT, Tesi C, Poggesi C, Regnier M: Calcium binding kinetics of troponin C strongly modulate cooperative activation and tension kinetics in cardiac muscle. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011 Jan;50(1):165-74. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.025. Epub 2010 Oct 28. [Article]
  3. Robertson IM, Sun YB, Li MX, Sykes BD: A structural and functional perspective into the mechanism of Ca2+-sensitizers that target the cardiac troponin complex. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010 Dec;49(6):1031-41. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.019. Epub 2010 Aug 27. [Article]
  4. Dweck D, Reynaldo DP, Pinto JR, Potter JD: A dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17371-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.064105. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Troponin t binding
Specific Function
Troponin is the central regulatory protein of striated muscle contraction. Tn consists of three components: Tn-I which is the inhibitor of actomyosin ATPase, Tn-T which contains the binding site fo...
Gene Name
TNNC1
Uniprot ID
P63316
Uniprot Name
Troponin C, slow skeletal and cardiac muscles
Molecular Weight
18402.36 Da
References
  1. Dweck D, Reynaldo DP, Pinto JR, Potter JD: A dilated cardiomyopathy troponin C mutation lowers contractile force by reducing strong myosin-actin binding. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 4;285(23):17371-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.064105. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [Article]
  2. Swindle N, Tikunova SB: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-linked mutation D145E drastically alters calcium binding by the C-domain of cardiac troponin C. Biochemistry. 2010 Jun 15;49(23):4813-20. doi: 10.1021/bi100400h. [Article]
  3. Parvatiyar MS, Pinto JR, Liang J, Potter JD: Predicting cardiomyopathic phenotypes by altering Ca2+ affinity of cardiac troponin C. J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 3;285(36):27785-97. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.112326. Epub 2010 Jun 21. [Article]
  4. Baylor SM, Hollingworth S: Calcium indicators and calcium signalling in skeletal muscle fibres during excitation-contraction coupling. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2011 May;105(3):162-79. doi: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.06.001. Epub 2010 Jun 25. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Structural constituent of cytoskeleton
Specific Function
Fodrin, which seems to be involved in secretion, interacts with calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner and is thus candidate for the calcium-dependent movement of the cytoskeleton at the membrane.
Gene Name
SPTBN1
Uniprot ID
Q01082
Uniprot Name
Spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocytic 1
Molecular Weight
274606.995 Da
References
  1. Wallis CJ, Wenegieme EF, Babitch JA: Characterization of calcium binding to brain spectrin. J Biol Chem. 1992 Mar 5;267(7):4333-7. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the b...
Gene Name
S100B
Uniprot ID
P04271
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-B
Molecular Weight
10712.985 Da
References
  1. Lee TS, Mane S, Eid T, Zhao H, Lin A, Guan Z, Kim JH, Schweitzer J, King-Stevens D, Weber P, Spencer SS, Spencer DD, de Lanerolle NC: Gene expression in temporal lobe epilepsy is consistent with increased release of glutamate by astrocytes. Mol Med. 2007 Jan-Feb;13(1-2):1-13. [Article]
  2. Marlatt NM, Shaw GS: Amide exchange shows calcium-induced conformational changes are transmitted to the dimer interface of S100B. Biochemistry. 2007 Jun 26;46(25):7478-87. Epub 2007 May 31. [Article]
  3. Liang J, Luo G, Ning X, Shi Y, Zhai H, Sun S, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhang F, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Guo X, Wu K, Fan D: Differential expression of calcium-related genes in gastric cancer cells transfected with cellular prion protein. Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Jun;85(3):375-83. [Article]
  4. Friel LA, Romero R, Edwin S, Nien JK, Gomez R, Chaiworapongsa T, Kusanovic JP, Tolosa JE, Hassan SS, Espinoza J: The calcium binding protein, S100B, is increased in the amniotic fluid of women with intra-amniotic infection/inflammation and preterm labor with intact or ruptured membranes. J Perinat Med. 2007;35(5):385-93. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Poly(a) rna binding
Specific Function
Specific inhibition of calpain (calcium-dependent cysteine protease). Plays a key role in postmortem tenderization of meat and have been proposed to be involved in muscle protein degradation in liv...
Gene Name
CAST
Uniprot ID
P20810
Uniprot Name
Calpastatin
Molecular Weight
76572.035 Da
References
  1. Hanna RA, Garcia-Diaz BE, Davies PL: Calpastatin simultaneously binds four calpains with different kinetic constants. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 26;581(16):2894-8. Epub 2007 May 25. [Article]
  2. De Tullio R, Averna M, Stifanese R, Parr T, Bardsley RG, Pontremoli S, Melloni E: Multiple rat brain calpastatin forms are produced by distinct starting points and alternative splicing of the N-terminal exons. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Sep 1;465(1):148-56. Epub 2007 May 30. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Protease binding
Specific Function
May play a role in the structural integrity of cartilage via its interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as the collagens and fibronectin. Can mediate the interaction of chondrocy...
Gene Name
COMP
Uniprot ID
P49747
Uniprot Name
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Molecular Weight
82859.88 Da
References
  1. Chen FH, Herndon ME, Patel N, Hecht JT, Tuan RS, Lawler J: Interaction of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein/thrombospondin 5 with aggrecan. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 24;282(34):24591-8. Epub 2007 Jun 22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Titin binding
Specific Function
Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number...
Gene Name
CALM1
Uniprot ID
P0DP23
Uniprot Name
Calmodulin
Molecular Weight
16837.47 Da
References
  1. Sosa V, Carbo R, Guarner V: Participation of glucose transporters on atrial natriuretic peptide-induced glucose uptake by adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes under oxygenation and hypoxia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Jul 30;568(1-3):83-8. Epub 2007 Apr 30. [Article]
  2. Zhou Z, Yin J, Dou Z, Tang J, Zhang C, Cao Y: The calponin homology domain of Vav1 associates with calmodulin and is prerequisite to T cell antigen receptor-induced calcium release in Jurkat T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23737-44. Epub 2007 Jun 5. [Article]
  3. Schallreuter KU, Gibbons NC, Zothner C, Abou Elloof MM, Wood JM: Hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress disrupts calcium binding on calmodulin: more evidence for oxidative stress in vitiligo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007 Aug 17;360(1):70-5. Epub 2007 Jun 11. [Article]
  4. Caride AJ, Filoteo AG, Penniston JT, Strehler EE: The plasma membrane Ca2+ pump isoform 4a differs from isoform 4b in the mechanism of calmodulin binding and activation kinetics: implications for Ca2+ signaling. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 31;282(35):25640-8. Epub 2007 Jun 26. [Article]
  5. Lo LW, Chen YC, Chen YJ, Wongcharoen W, Lin CI, Chen SA: Calmodulin kinase II inhibition prevents arrhythmic activity induced by alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in rabbit pulmonary veins. Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Oct 1;571(2-3):197-208. Epub 2007 Jun 13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the degradation of compounds such as putrescine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine, substances involved in allergic and immune responses, cell proliferation, tissue differentiation, tum...
Gene Name
AOC1
Uniprot ID
P19801
Uniprot Name
Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]
Molecular Weight
85377.1 Da
References
  1. Elmore BO, Bollinger JA, Dooley DM: Human kidney diamine oxidase: heterologous expression, purification, and characterization. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2002 Jun;7(6):565-79. Epub 2002 Feb 13. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Plays a role in the export of proteins that lack a signal peptide and are secreted by an alternative pathway. Binds two calcium ions per subunit. Binds one copper ion. Binding of one copper ion doe...
Gene Name
S100A13
Uniprot ID
Q99584
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-A13
Molecular Weight
11471.095 Da
References
  1. Sivaraja V, Kumar TK, Rajalingam D, Graziani I, Prudovsky I, Yu C: Copper binding affinity of S100A13, a key component of the FGF-1 nonclassical copper-dependent release complex. Biophys J. 2006 Sep 1;91(5):1832-43. Epub 2006 Jun 9. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ALPP
Uniprot ID
P05187
Uniprot Name
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type
Molecular Weight
57953.31 Da
References
  1. Llinas P, Masella M, Stigbrand T, Menez A, Stura EA, Le Du MH: Structural studies of human alkaline phosphatase in complex with strontium: implication for its secondary effect in bones. Protein Sci. 2006 Jul;15(7):1691-700. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
S100A8 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex directs selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and probably multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif; S100A8 seems to contribute to S-nitrosylation site selectivity.
Specific Function
Arachidonic acid binding
Gene Name
S100A8
Uniprot ID
P05109
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-A8
Molecular Weight
10834.43 Da
References
  1. Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. Has transnitrosylase activity; in oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox))-induced S-nitrosylation of GAPDH on 'Cys-247' proposed to transfer the NO moiety from NOS2/iNOS to GAPDH via its own S-nitrosylated Cys-3. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to also direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif.
Specific Function
Antioxidant activity
Gene Name
S100A9
Uniprot ID
P06702
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-A9
Molecular Weight
13241.955 Da
References
  1. Vogl T, Leukert N, Barczyk K, Strupat K, Roth J: Biophysical characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in the absence and presence of bivalent cations. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1298-306. Epub 2006 Aug 25. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Identical protein binding
Specific Function
May function as calcium sensor and modulator, contributing to cellular calcium signaling. May function by interacting with other proteins, such as TPR-containing proteins, and indirectly play a rol...
Gene Name
S100A2
Uniprot ID
P29034
Uniprot Name
Protein S100-A2
Molecular Weight
11116.695 Da
References
  1. Koch M, Bhattacharya S, Kehl T, Gimona M, Vasak M, Chazin W, Heizmann CW, Kroneck PM, Fritz G: Implications on zinc binding to S100A2. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Mar;1773(3):457-70. Epub 2006 Dec 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Ferroxidase activity
Specific Function
Ceruloplasmin is a blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iro...
Gene Name
CP
Uniprot ID
P00450
Uniprot Name
Ceruloplasmin
Molecular Weight
122204.45 Da
References
  1. Bento I, Peixoto C, Zaitsev VN, Lindley PF: Ceruloplasmin revisited: structural and functional roles of various metal cation-binding sites. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2007 Feb;63(Pt 2):240-8. Epub 2007 Jan 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also act in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity).
Specific Function
Bmp receptor binding
Gene Name
BMP4
Uniprot ID
P12644
Uniprot Name
Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Molecular Weight
46554.545 Da
References
  1. Yao Y, Shahbazian A, Bostrom KI: Proline and gamma-carboxylated glutamate residues in matrix Gla protein are critical for binding of bone morphogenetic protein-4. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1065-74. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.166124. Epub 2008 Mar 27. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Structural constituent of bone
Specific Function
Associates with the organic matrix of bone and cartilage. Thought to act as an inhibitor of bone formation.
Gene Name
MGP
Uniprot ID
P08493
Uniprot Name
Matrix Gla protein
Molecular Weight
12353.06 Da
References
  1. Yao Y, Shahbazian A, Bostrom KI: Proline and gamma-carboxylated glutamate residues in matrix Gla protein are critical for binding of bone morphogenetic protein-4. Circ Res. 2008 May 9;102(9):1065-74. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.166124. Epub 2008 Mar 27. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Calcium ion binding
Specific Function
Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein.
Gene Name
PCDH19
Uniprot ID
Q8TAB3
Uniprot Name
Protocadherin-19
Molecular Weight
126251.425 Da
References
  1. Dibbens LM, Tarpey PS, Hynes K, Bayly MA, Scheffer IE, Smith R, Bomar J, Sutton E, Vandeleur L, Shoubridge C, Edkins S, Turner SJ, Stevens C, O'Meara S, Tofts C, Barthorpe S, Buck G, Cole J, Halliday K, Jones D, Lee R, Madison M, Mironenko T, Varian J, West S, Widaa S, Wray P, Teague J, Dicks E, Butler A, Menzies A, Jenkinson A, Shepherd R, Gusella JF, Afawi Z, Mazarib A, Neufeld MY, Kivity S, Lev D, Lerman-Sagie T, Korczyn AD, Derry CP, Sutherland GR, Friend K, Shaw M, Corbett M, Kim HG, Geschwind DH, Thomas P, Haan E, Ryan S, McKee S, Berkovic SF, Futreal PA, Stratton MR, Mulley JC, Gecz J: X-linked protocadherin 19 mutations cause female-limited epilepsy and cognitive impairment. Nat Genet. 2008 Jun;40(6):776-81. doi: 10.1038/ng.149. Epub 2008 May 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
General Function
Protein dimerization activity
Specific Function
Calcium-binding protein required for T-cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced cell death. May mediate Ca(2+)-regulated signals along the death pathway (By similarity). Calcium-dependent a...
Gene Name
PDCD6
Uniprot ID
O75340
Uniprot Name
Programmed cell death protein 6
Molecular Weight
21868.32 Da
References
  1. Suzuki H, Kawasaki M, Kakiuchi T, Shibata H, Wakatsuki S, Maki M: Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of N-terminally truncated human ALG-2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2008 Nov 1;64(Pt 11):974-7. doi: 10.1107/S1744309108030297. Epub 2008 Oct 31. [Article]

Drug created at July 06, 2007 20:28 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48