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IdentificationPharmacologyInteractionsReferencesTrialsEconomicsPropertiesSpectraTaxonomyIdentification
- Name
- Loperamide
- Accession Number
- DB00836 (APRD00275)
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved
- Description
One of the long-acting synthetic antidiarrheals; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.
- Structure
Structure for Loperamide (DB00836)
- Synonyms
- Loperamid
- Loperamida
- Lopéramide
- Loperamidum
- External IDs
- PJ 185 / R 18553
- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Loperamide hydrochloride 77TI35393C 34552-83-5 PGYPOBZJRVSMDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N - Product Images
- Generic Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Physicians Total Care, Inc. 1996-06-20 Not applicable US 
Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Remedy Repack 2016-02-16 2016-11-22 US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Pd Rx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 1993-05-01 Not applicable US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Mylan Institutional 1997-03-10 Not applicable US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral State of Florida DOH Central Pharmacy 2009-07-01 Not applicable US 
Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Ncs Health Care Of Ky, Inc Dba Vangard Labs 1993-05-01 Not applicable US Loperamide Hydrochloride Solution 2 mg/10mL Oral Cardinal Health 1992-04-30 2011-04-30 US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Unit Dose Services 1991-09-18 Not applicable US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral A-S Medication Solutions 1991-09-18 Not applicable US Loperamide Hydrochloride Capsule 2 mg/1 Oral Cardinal Health 1991-09-18 2012-10-31 US - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End 7 Select Anti Diarrheal Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral 7 Eleven 2014-08-05 Not applicable US 7 Select Anti Diarrheal Solution 1 mg/7.5mL Oral 7-Eleven 2018-08-07 Not applicable US A D Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral Western Family Foods 2003-04-10 2017-08-12 US A D Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral Western Family Foods 2003-02-25 2017-08-29 US Alti-loperamide - 2mg Caplet Tablet 2 mg Oral Altimed Pharma Inc. 1995-12-31 1997-08-14 Canada 
Anti Diarrheal Tablet, film coated 2 mg/1 Oral L. Perrigo Company 2018-06-25 Not applicable US Anti Diarrheal Tablet 2 mg/1 Oral Bedrock Brands, Llc 2005-05-03 2019-07-08 US Anti Diarrheal Tablet 2 mg/1 Oral Harmon Store Inc. 2005-05-03 Not applicable US Anti Diarrheal Solution 1 mg/7.5mL Oral Kroger 2018-06-11 Not applicable US Anti Diarrheal Tablet 2 mg/1 Oral Sam's West, Inc 2005-05-03 2018-07-02 US - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Doc in the Box All Day Supply Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg/1) + Acetaminophen (325 mg/1) + Acetaminophen (500 mg/1) + Calcium Carbonate (420 mg/1) + Dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate (15 mg/1) + Guaifenesin (200 mg/1) + Ibuprofen (200 mg/1) + Phenylephrine hydrochloride (5 mg/1) Kit Oral Doc In The Box Llc 2018-05-14 Not applicable US Imodium Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg/1) + Dimethicone (125 mg/1) Tablet, chewable Oral Mc Neil Consumer Healthcare Div. Mc Neil Ppc, Inc 2008-08-01 2014-12-31 US Imodium Complete Caplets Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg) + Simethicone (125 mg) Tablet Oral Mcneil Consumer Healthcare Division Of Johnson & Johnson Inc 2002-06-20 Not applicable Canada Imodium Complete Chewable Tablets Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg) + Simethicone (125 mg) Tablet, chewable Oral Mcneil Consumer Healthcare Division Of Johnson & Johnson Inc 1998-05-12 Not applicable Canada IMODIUM Multi-Symptom Relief Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg/1) + Dimethicone (125 mg/1) Tablet Oral Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., McNeil Consumer Healthcare Division 2008-07-01 Not applicable US - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Gadavyt Loperamide HCl Loperamide hydrochloride (1 mg/5mL) Liquid Oral Gadal Laboratories, Inc. 2013-05-01 Not applicable US Imodium Loperamide hydrochloride (2 mg/1) Capsule Oral McNeil Consumer Healthcare 2008-02-26 Not applicable US - International/Other Brands
- Dimor (Nordic Drugs) / Fortasec (Esteve) / Imodium (Johnson & Johnson) / Kaopectate II (Chattem, Inc.) / Lopedium (Sandoz) / Lopedium express (Sandoz) / Lopex (Orion) / Maalox Anti-Diarrheal (Novartis International AG) / Pepto Diarrhea Control (Procter & Gamble )
- Categories
- Agents causing hyperkalemia
- Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
- Antiarrhythmic agents
- Antidiarrheals
- Antidiarrheals, Intestinal Antiinflammatory/antiinfective Agents
- Antipropulsives
- Bradycardia-Causing Agents
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Calcium Channel Blockers, Dihydropyridine and Nondihydropyridine
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Inhibitors (strong)
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A4 Substrates
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Gastrointestinal Agents
- Moderate Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents
- Opioid Agonist
- P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Inhibitors
- P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 Substrates
- Piperidines
- QTc Prolonging Agents
- UNII
- 6X9OC3H4II
- CAS number
- 53179-11-6
- Weight
- Average: 477.038
Monoisotopic: 476.223056017 - Chemical Formula
- C29H33ClN2O2
- InChI Key
- RDOIQAHITMMDAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C29H33ClN2O2/c1-31(2)27(33)29(24-9-5-3-6-10-24,25-11-7-4-8-12-25)19-22-32-20-17-28(34,18-21-32)23-13-15-26(30)16-14-23/h3-16,34H,17-22H2,1-2H3
- IUPAC Name
- 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylbutanamide
- SMILES
- CN(C)C(=O)C(CCN1CCC(O)(CC1)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1)(C1=CC=CC=C1)C1=CC=CC=C1
Pharmacology
- Indication
For the control and symptomatic relief of acute nonspecific diarrhea and of chronic diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease or gastroenteritis. Also used for reducing the volume of discharge from ileostomies.
- Associated Conditions
- Pharmacodynamics
Loperamide is a synthetic anti-diarrheal indicated for the control and symptomatic relief of acute nonspecific diarrhea and of chronic diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Loperamide is also indicated for reducing the volume of discharge from ileostomies. In man, Loperamide prolongs the transit time of the intestinal contents. It reduces the daily fecal volume, increases the viscosity and bulk density, and diminishes the loss of fluid and electrolytes. Tolerance to the antidiarrheal effect has not been observed. Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids. It works specifically by decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus which decreases the motility of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles of the intestinal wall. This increases the amount of time substances stay in the intestine, allowing for more water to be absorbed out of the fecal matter. Loperamide also decreases colonic mass movements and suppresses the gastrocolic reflex.
- Mechanism of action
In vitro and animal studies show that Loperamide acts by slowing intestinal motility and by affecting water and electrolyte movement through the bowel. Loperamide inhibits peristaltic activity by a direct effect on the circular and longitudinal muscles of the intestinal wall. It is a non-selective calcium channel blocker and binds to opioid mu-receptors. Evidence also suggests that at higher concentrations it binds to calmodulin.
Target Actions Organism AMu-type opioid receptor agonistHuman ADelta-type opioid receptor agonistHuman AKappa-type opioid receptor agonistHuman UVoltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A inhibitorHuman UPro-opiomelanocortin modulatorHuman UCalmodulin inhibitorHuman UNuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3 Not Available Human - Absorption
Not significantly absorbed from the gut
- Volume of distribution
- Not Available
- Protein binding
97%
- Metabolism
Hepatic
- Route of elimination
Excretion of the unchanged loperamide and its metabolites mainly occurs through the feces.
- Half life
9.1 to 14.4 hours (average 10.8 hours)
- Clearance
- Not Available
- Toxicity
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 105 mg/kg. Symptoms of overdose include constipation, drowsiness, lethargy, and nausea.
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
Drug Interaction Abafungin The therapeutic efficacy of Abafungin can be increased when used in combination with Loperamide. Abemaciclib The serum concentration of Loperamide can be increased when it is combined with Abemaciclib. Acebutolol The serum concentration of Acebutolol can be increased when it is combined with Loperamide. Acepromazine The risk or severity of hypotension can be increased when Acepromazine is combined with Loperamide. Acetaminophen The serum concentration of Loperamide can be increased when it is combined with Acetaminophen. Acetylsalicylic acid The serum concentration of Acetylsalicylic acid can be increased when it is combined with Loperamide. Afatinib The serum concentration of Afatinib can be increased when it is combined with Loperamide. Albaconazole The therapeutic efficacy of Albaconazole can be increased when used in combination with Loperamide. Albendazole The serum concentration of Loperamide can be increased when it is combined with Albendazole. Alclometasone The metabolism of Alclometasone can be decreased when combined with Loperamide. - Food Interactions
- Take without regard to meals. Increase liquid intake.
References
- Synthesis Reference
Tsutomu Awamura, Hisanobu Nishikawa, Toshio Inagi, "FILM PREPARATION CONTAINING LOPERAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE." U.S. Patent US20110159058, issued June 30, 2011.
US20110159058- General References
- Not Available
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0004999
- KEGG Drug
- D08144
- KEGG Compound
- C07080
- PubChem Compound
- 3955
- PubChem Substance
- 46504591
- ChemSpider
- 3818
- BindingDB
- 50017698
- ChEBI
- 6532
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL841
- Therapeutic Targets Database
- DAP000425
- PharmGKB
- PA450262
- RxList
- RxList Drug Page
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Loperamide
- ATC Codes
- A07DA53 — Loperamide, combinations
- A07DA — Antipropulsives
- A07D — ANTIPROPULSIVES
- A07 — ANTIDIARRHEALS, INTESTINAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY/ANTIINFECTIVE AGENTS
- A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
- AHFS Codes
- 56:08.00 — Antidiarrhea Agents
- FDA label
- Download (55.5 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (73.8 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Mcneil consumer healthcare
- Mcneil pediatrics
- Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
- Packagers
- Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
- AQ Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- A-S Medication Solutions LLC
- Cardinal Health
- Chain Drug
- Chattem Chemicals Inc.
- Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
- CVS Pharmacy
- Dept Health Central Pharmacy
- DHHS Program Support Center Supply Service Center
- Direct Dispensing Inc.
- Dispensing Solutions
- Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
- Heartland Repack Services LLC
- Janssen-Ortho Inc.
- Lake Chemicals Pvt Ltd.
- Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
- Liberty Pharmaceuticals
- Major Pharmaceuticals
- McNeil Laboratories
- Medique Products
- Medisca Inc.
- Mylan
- Novopharm Ltd.
- Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- PCA LLC
- PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Perrigo Co.
- Pharmacia Inc.
- Physicians Total Care Inc.
- Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Prepackage Specialists
- Prepak Systems Inc.
- Qualitest
- Redpharm Drug
- Remedy Repack
- Rugby Laboratories
- Sandhills Packaging Inc.
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
- Tya Pharmaceuticals
- UDL Laboratories
- Vangard Labs Inc.
- Dosage forms
Form Route Strength Solution Oral 1 mg/5mL Tablet, film coated Oral 2 mg/1 Tablet, coated Oral 2 mg/1 Kit Oral Solution Oral .2 mg Liquid Oral 1 mg/5mL Capsule Oral 2 mg/1 Solution Oral 1 mg/7.5mL Tablet, chewable Oral 2 mg/1 Solution Oral 2 mg Tablet Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Capsule Oral 2 mg Liquid Oral .2 mg Liquid Oral 1 mg/7.5mL Capsule, liquid filled Oral 2 mg/1 Solution Oral 2 mg/10mL Suspension Oral 1 mg/7.5mL Tablet Oral 2 mg/1 Tablet Oral 2 mg Solution Oral 0.2 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Loperamide hcl powder 26.01USD g Loperamide HCl 2 mg capsule 0.64USD capsule Imodium a-d 2 mg caplet 0.49USD caplet Imodium advanced caplet 0.46USD caplet Imodium ms relief caplet 0.46USD caplet Kaopectate 262 mg caplet 0.37USD caplet Loperamide 2 mg caplet 0.37USD caplet Qc anti-diarrheal adv caplet 0.3USD caplet Diamode 2 mg tablet 0.28USD tablet Kaopectate 240 mg softgel 0.25USD softgel capsule Anti-diarrheal 2 mg caplet 0.18USD caplet CVS Pharmacy anti-diarrheal 2 mg caplet 0.14USD caplet Kaopectate children's suspension 0.02USD ml DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) CA2134611 No 2002-12-24 2014-10-28 Canada US6814978 Yes 2002-02-26 2022-02-26 US US6103260 No 1997-07-17 2017-07-17 US
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 222.1 U.S. Patent 3,714,159; 3,884,916. water solubility Slight Not Available logP 5.5 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.00086 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 4.44 ALOGPS logP 4.77 ChemAxon logS -5.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 13.96 ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.41 ChemAxon Physiological Charge 1 ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count 1 ChemAxon Polar Surface Area 43.78 Å2 ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count 7 ChemAxon Refractivity 139.32 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon Polarizability 52.67 Å3 ChemAxon Number of Rings 4 ChemAxon Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon Ghose Filter No ChemAxon Veber's Rule No ChemAxon MDDR-like Rule Yes ChemAxon - Predicted ADMET features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.9878 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7709 Caco-2 permeable + 0.5875 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.7476 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Inhibitor 0.8277 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Inhibitor 0.8387 Renal organic cation transporter Inhibitor 0.5059 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8057 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.5315 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.7918 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9045 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9154 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Inhibitor 0.8933 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9026 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8309 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9207 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.768 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.8564 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.9953 Rat acute toxicity 3.6560 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9461 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Inhibitor 0.7639
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
Taxonomy
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as diphenylmethanes. These are compounds containing a diphenylmethane moiety, which consists of a methane wherein two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Benzenoids
- Class
- Benzene and substituted derivatives
- Sub Class
- Diphenylmethanes
- Direct Parent
- Diphenylmethanes
- Alternative Parents
- Phenylpiperidines / Phenylacetamides / Aralkylamines / Chlorobenzenes / Aryl chlorides / N-acyl amines / Tertiary carboxylic acid amides / Tertiary alcohols / Trialkylamines / Amino acids and derivatives show 6 more
- Substituents
- Diphenylmethane / Phenylpiperidine / Phenylacetamide / Chlorobenzene / Aralkylamine / Halobenzene / Aryl chloride / Aryl halide / Piperidine / N-acyl-amine show 22 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- piperidines, tertiary alcohol, monocarboxylic acid amide, monochlorobenzenes (CHEBI:6532)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Receptor for endogenous opioids such as beta-endorphin and endomorphin. Receptor for natural and synthetic opioids including morphine, heroin, DAMGO, fentanyl, etorphine, buprenorphin and methadone...
- Gene Name
- OPRM1
- Uniprot ID
- P35372
- Uniprot Name
- Mu-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 44778.855 Da
References
- DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Burgos LC, Cassel JA, Daubert JD, DeHaven RN, Mansson E, Nagasaka H, Yu G, Yaksh T: Loperamide (ADL 2-1294), an opioid antihyperalgesic agent with peripheral selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):494-502. [PubMed:10087042]
- Tan-No K, Niijima F, Nakagawasai O, Sato T, Satoh S, Tadano T: Development of tolerance to the inhibitory effect of loperamide on gastrointestinal transit in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003 Nov;20(3):357-63. [PubMed:14592702]
- Roge J, Baumer P, Berard H, Schwartz JC, Lecomte JM: The enkephalinase inhibitor, acetorphan, in acute diarrhoea. A double-blind, controlled clinical trial versus loperamide. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993 Apr;28(4):352-4. [PubMed:8488368]
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Giagnoni G, Casiraghi L, Senini R, Revel L, Parolaro D, Sala M, Gori E: Loperamide: evidence of interaction with mu and delta opioid receptors. Life Sci. 1983;33 Suppl 1:315-8. [PubMed:6319884]
- di Bosco AM, Grieco P, Diurno MV, Campiglia P, Novellino E, Mazzoni O: Binding site of loperamide: automated docking of loperamide in human mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2008 Apr;71(4):328-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00637.x. Epub 2008 Feb 12. [PubMed:18284554]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Opioid receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous enkephalins and for a subset of other opioids. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine n...
- Gene Name
- OPRD1
- Uniprot ID
- P41143
- Uniprot Name
- Delta-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 40368.235 Da
References
- Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
- Giagnoni G, Casiraghi L, Senini R, Revel L, Parolaro D, Sala M, Gori E: Loperamide: evidence of interaction with mu and delta opioid receptors. Life Sci. 1983;33 Suppl 1:315-8. [PubMed:6319884]
- di Bosco AM, Grieco P, Diurno MV, Campiglia P, Novellino E, Mazzoni O: Binding site of loperamide: automated docking of loperamide in human mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2008 Apr;71(4):328-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00637.x. Epub 2008 Feb 12. [PubMed:18284554]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Opioid receptor activity
- Specific Function
- G-protein coupled opioid receptor that functions as receptor for endogenous alpha-neoendorphins and dynorphins, but has low affinity for beta-endorphins. Also functions as receptor for various synt...
- Gene Name
- OPRK1
- Uniprot ID
- P41145
- Uniprot Name
- Kappa-type opioid receptor
- Molecular Weight
- 42644.665 Da
References
- DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Burgos LC, Cassel JA, Daubert JD, DeHaven RN, Mansson E, Nagasaka H, Yu G, Yaksh T: Loperamide (ADL 2-1294), an opioid antihyperalgesic agent with peripheral selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Apr;289(1):494-502. [PubMed:10087042]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
- Specific Function
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
- Gene Name
- CACNA1A
- Uniprot ID
- O00555
- Uniprot Name
- Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A
- Molecular Weight
- 282362.39 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]
- Church J, Fletcher EJ, Abdel-Hamid K, MacDonald JF: Loperamide blocks high-voltage-activated calcium channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked responses in rat and mouse cultured hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Mol Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;45(4):747-57. [PubMed:8183255]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Type 4 melanocortin receptor binding
- Specific Function
- ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) increases the pigmentation of skin by increasing melanin production in melanocytes.Beta-endorphin and Met...
- Gene Name
- POMC
- Uniprot ID
- P01189
- Uniprot Name
- Pro-opiomelanocortin
- Molecular Weight
- 29423.72 Da
References
- Nomura A, Iwasaki Y, Aoki Y, Yamamori E, Mutsuga N, Yoshida M, Asai M, Oiso Y, Saito H: Effects of loperamide and other opioid-related substances on the transcriptional regulation of the rat pro-opiomelanocortin gene in AtT20 cells. Neuroendocrinology. 2001 Aug;74(2):87-94. [PubMed:11474216]
- Auernhammer CJ, Stalla GK, Lange M, Pfeiffer A, Muller OA: Effects of loperamide on the human hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992 Aug;75(2):552-7. [PubMed:1322429]
- Ambrosi B, Bochicchio D, Ferrario R, Colombo P, Faglia G: Effects of the opiate agonist loperamide on pituitary-adrenal function in patients with suspected hypercortisolism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1989 Jan;12(1):31-5. [PubMed:2545766]
- Ambrosi B, Bochicchio D, Colombo P, Ferrario R, Faglia G: Loperamide modifies but does not block the corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced ACTH response in patients with Addison's disease. Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1987;16:74-5. [PubMed:2832297]
- Bochicchio D, Ambrosi B, Faglia G: Loperamide, an opiate analog, differently modifies the adrenocorticotropin responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone and lysine vasopressin in patients with Addison's disease. Neuroendocrinology. 1988 Dec;48(6):611-4. [PubMed:2855105]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Titin binding
- Specific Function
- Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number...
- Gene Name
- CALM1
- Uniprot ID
- P0DP23
- Uniprot Name
- Calmodulin
- Molecular Weight
- 16837.47 Da
References
- Daly JW, Harper J: Loperamide: novel effects on capacitative calcium influx. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000 Jan 20;57(1):149-57. [PubMed:10949586]
- Suzuki T, Sakai H, Ikari A, Takeguchi N: Inhibition of thromboxane A(2)-induced Cl(-) secretion by antidiarrhea drug loperamide in isolated rat colon. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Oct;295(1):233-8. [PubMed:10991984]
- Mellstrand T: Loperamide--an opiate receptor agonist with gastrointestinal motility effects. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987;130:65-6. [PubMed:2820051]
- Stoll R, Ruppin H, Domschke W: Calmodulin-mediated effects of loperamide on chloride transport by brush border membrane vesicles from human ileum. Gastroenterology. 1988 Jul;95(1):69-76. [PubMed:2836258]
- Diener M, Knobloch SF, Rummel W: Action of loperamide on neuronally mediated and Ca2+- or cAMP-mediated secretion in rat colon. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988 Aug 2;152(3):217-25. [PubMed:2851449]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Curator comments
- Inverse agonist at the canonical form of the receptor. Likely an antagonist at isoform 3 of the receptor.
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- Binds and transactivates the retinoic acid response elements that control expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genes. Transactivates both the phenobarbital re...
- Gene Name
- NR1I3
- Uniprot ID
- Q14994
- Uniprot Name
- Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3
- Molecular Weight
- 39942.145 Da
References
- Dring AM, Anderson LE, Qamar S, Stoner MA: Rational quantitative structure-activity relationship (RQSAR) screen for PXR and CAR isoform-specific nuclear receptor ligands. Chem Biol Interact. 2010 Dec 5;188(3):512-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.018. Epub 2010 Oct 20. [PubMed:20869355]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- SubstrateInhibitor
- General Function
- Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Baker DE: Loperamide: a pharmacological review. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7 Suppl 3:S11-8. [PubMed:18192961]
- Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH, Park JY: Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;60(8):575-81. Epub 2004 Sep 8. [PubMed:15365656]
- Marechal JD, Yu J, Brown S, Kapelioukh I, Rankin EM, Wolf CR, Roberts GC, Paine MJ, Sutcliffe MJ: In silico and in vitro screening for inhibition of cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 by comedications commonly used by patients with cancer. Drug Metab Dispos. 2006 Apr;34(4):534-8. doi: 10.1124/dmd.105.007625. Epub 2006 Jan 13. [PubMed:16415122]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2C8
- Uniprot ID
- P10632
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2C8
- Molecular Weight
- 55824.275 Da
References
- Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH, Park JY: Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;60(8):575-81. Epub 2004 Sep 8. [PubMed:15365656]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP2B6
- Uniprot ID
- P20813
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2B6
- Molecular Weight
- 56277.81 Da
References
- Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH, Park JY: Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;60(8):575-81. Epub 2004 Sep 8. [PubMed:15365656]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Steroid hydroxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
- Gene Name
- CYP2D6
- Uniprot ID
- P10635
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2D6
- Molecular Weight
- 55768.94 Da
References
- Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH, Park JY: Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Oct;60(8):575-81. Epub 2004 Sep 8. [PubMed:15365656]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Human
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
- Specific Function
- Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
- Gene Name
- ABCB1
- Uniprot ID
- P08183
- Uniprot Name
- Multidrug resistance protein 1
- Molecular Weight
- 141477.255 Da
References
- Wandel C, Kim R, Wood M, Wood A: Interaction of morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, and loperamide with the efflux drug transporter P-glycoprotein. Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):913-20. [PubMed:11964599]
- Adachi Y, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8. [PubMed:11785684]
- Schinkel AH, Wagenaar E, Mol CA, van Deemter L: P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier of mice influences the brain penetration and pharmacological activity of many drugs. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jun 1;97(11):2517-24. [PubMed:8647944]
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 22, 2018 22:27