Isoflurane - DrugBank

ID Pharmacology Interactions References Trials Economics Properties Spectra Taxonomy

Targets (8)Enzymes (3)Carriers (1)

Targets (8)Enzymes (3)Carriers (1)Biointeractions (13)

Identification

Name

Isoflurane

Accession Number

DB00753 (APRD00212)

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved, Vet Approved

Description

A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.

Structure

MOL SDF 3D-SDF PDB SMILES InChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether

Isoflurane

Isoflurano

Isofluranum

External IDs

Not Available

Product Ingredients

Not Available

Approved Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Forane	Inhalant	1 mL/mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Baxter Laboratories	1979-12-18	Not applicable	US
Forane	Liquid	100 %	Respiratory (inhalation)	Baxter Laboratories	1996-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Forane Liq Inh	Liquid	100 %	Respiratory (inhalation)	Ohmeda Pharmaceutical Products, Division Of Boc Canada Limited	1994-12-31	1996-09-26	Canada
Isoflurane USP	Liquid	99.9 %	Oral; Respiratory (inhalation)	Abbvie	1993-12-31	Not applicable	Canada
Isoflurane USP	Liquid	100 %	Respiratory (inhalation)	Technilab Pharma Inc.	1999-01-21	2008-08-05	Canada
Isoflurane USP	Liquid	99.9 %	Respiratory (inhalation)	Halocarbon Laboratories, A Division Of Halocarbon Products Corp.	2004-11-03	Not applicable	Canada
Isoflurane USP	Liquid	99.9 %	Respiratory (inhalation)	Fresenius Kabi	1997-11-14	Not applicable	Canada

Approved Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Isoflurane	Liquid	1 mL/mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Piramal Critical Care Inc	2013-11-13	Not applicable	US
Isoflurane	Liquid	1 mL/mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Piramal Critical Care Inc	2011-10-07	Not applicable	US
Terrell	Liquid	1 mL/mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Piramal Critical Care Inc	2010-01-01	Not applicable	US
Terrell	Liquid	1 mL/mL	Respiratory (inhalation)	Piramal Critical Care Inc	2012-03-21	Not applicable	US

Approved Over the Counter Products

Not Available

Unapproved/Other Products

Not Available

International Brands

Name	Company
Aerrane	Baxter
Forene	Abbott
Isocane	Lunan
Isorane	Abbott

Brand mixtures

Not Available

Categories

UNII

CYS9AKD70P

CAS number

26675-46-7

Weight

Average: 184.492
Monoisotopic: 183.971433418

Chemical Formula

C₃H₂ClF₅O

InChI Key

PIWKPBJCKXDKJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C3H2ClF5O/c4-1(3(7,8)9)10-2(5)6/h1-2H

IUPAC Name

2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

SMILES

FC(F)OC(Cl)C(F)(F)F

Pharmacology

Indication

For induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

Structured Indications

Not Available

Pharmacodynamics

Isoflurane is a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It induces muscle relaxation and reduces pains sensitivity by altering tissue excitability. It does so by decreasing the extent of gap junction mediated cell-cell coupling and altering the activity of the channels that underlie the action potential.

Mechanism of action

Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca²⁺ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor.

Target	Kind	Pharmacological action	Actions	Organism	UniProt ID
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Protein	yes	agonist	Human	P14867	details
Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1	Protein	yes	inhibitor	Human	P98194	details
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	Protein	yes	agonist	Human	P23415	details
Glutamate receptor 1	Protein	yes	antagonist	Human	P42261	details
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1	Protein	yes	inducer	Human	Q09470	details
ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial	Protein	unknown	unknown	Human	P30049	details
Calmodulin	Protein	unknown	other/unknown	Human	P0DP23	details
GABA-A receptor (anion channel)	Protein group	yes	positive allosteric modulator	Human	not applicable	details

Absorption

Not Available

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Minimal

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

LC50=15300 ppm/3 hrs (inhalation by rat)

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Not Available

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Interacting Gene/Enzyme	Allele name	Genotype(s)	Defining Change(s)	Type(s)	Description	Details
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	---	Not Available	c.3257G>A / c.520C>T	ADR Inferred	Malignant hyperthermia.	Details
Ryanodine receptor 1	---	Not Available	c.103T>C / c.487C>T … show all	ADR Inferred	Malignant hyperthermia.	Details

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Drug	Interaction	Drug group
7-Nitroindazole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with 7-Nitroindazole.	Experimental
Acebutolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Acebutolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Acepromazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Acepromazine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Aceprometazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Aceprometazine.	Approved
Acetazolamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Acetazolamide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Adipiplon	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with adipiplon.	Investigational
Agomelatine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Agomelatine.	Approved, Investigational
Aldesleukin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aldesleukin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Alfaxalone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Alfaxalone.	Vet Approved
Alfentanil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Alfentanil.	Approved, Illicit
Aliskiren	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Aliskiren is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Allopregnanolone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Sage 547.	Investigational
Alphacetylmethadol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Alphacetylmethadol.	Experimental, Illicit
Alprazolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Alprazolam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Amifostine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amifostine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Amiloride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amiloride is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Amiodarone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Amiodarone.	Approved, Investigational
Amisulpride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Amisulpride.	Approved, Investigational
Amitriptyline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Amitriptyline.	Approved
Amlodipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amlodipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Amobarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Amobarbital.	Approved, Illicit
Amoxapine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Amoxapine.	Approved
Amperozide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Amperozide.	Experimental
Amphotericin B	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amphotericin B is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Amyl Nitrite	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amyl Nitrite is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Anagrelide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Anagrelide.	Approved
Apomorphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Apomorphine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Apraclonidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Apraclonidine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Aripiprazole	Aripiprazole may increase the hypotensive activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Arotinolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Arotinolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Arsenic trioxide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Arsenic trioxide.	Approved, Investigational
Artemether	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Artemether.	Approved
Articaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Articaine.	Approved
Asenapine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Asenapine.	Approved
Atenolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Atenolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Atracurium besylate	Isoflurane may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Atracurium besylate.	Approved
Azaperone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Azaperone.	Vet Approved
Azelastine	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Azelastine.	Approved
Azelastine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Azelastine.	Approved
Azilsartan medoxomil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Azilsartan medoxomil is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Azithromycin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Azithromycin.	Approved
Baclofen	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Baclofen.	Approved
Barbexaclone	Barbexaclone may increase the hypotensive activities of Isoflurane.	Experimental
Barbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Barbital.	Illicit
Barnidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Barnidipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Bedaquiline	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Bedaquiline.	Approved
Benazepril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Benazepril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Bendroflumethiazide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bendroflumethiazide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Benperidol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Benperidol.	Investigational
Benzocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Benzocaine.	Approved
Benzyl alcohol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Benzyl alcohol.	Approved
Bepridil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bepridil is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Withdrawn
Betaxolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Betaxolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Bisoprolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bisoprolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Bortezomib	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bortezomib is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Bretylium	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bretylium is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Brexpiprazole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Brexpiprazole.	Approved
Brimonidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Brimonidine.	Approved
Brimonidine	Brimonidine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Bromazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Bromazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Bromocriptine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bromocriptine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Brompheniramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Brompheniramine.	Approved
Brotizolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Brotizolam.	Approved, Withdrawn
Bumetanide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bumetanide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Bupivacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Bupivacaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Buprenorphine	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Buprenorphine.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet Approved
Buspirone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Buspirone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Butabarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Butabarbital is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Butacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Butacaine.	Vet Approved
Butalbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Butalbital.	Approved, Illicit
Butamben	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Butamben.	Approved
Butethal	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Butethal.	Approved, Illicit
Butorphanol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Butorphanol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Vet Approved
Canagliflozin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Canagliflozin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Candesartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Candesartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Captopril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Captopril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Carbamazepine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Carbamazepine.	Approved, Investigational
Carbetocin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carbetocin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Carbinoxamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Carbinoxamine.	Approved
Carfentanil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Carfentanil.	Illicit, Vet Approved
Carisoprodol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Carisoprodol.	Approved
Carteolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carteolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Carvedilol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Carvedilol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Ceritinib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ceritinib.	Approved
Cetirizine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Cetirizine.	Approved
Chloral hydrate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chloral hydrate.	Approved, Illicit, Vet Approved
Chlordiazepoxide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlordiazepoxide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Chlormezanone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chlormezanone.	Approved, Withdrawn
Chloroprocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chloroprocaine.	Approved
Chloroquine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Chloroquine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Chlorothiazide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorothiazide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Chlorphenamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chlorphenamine.	Approved
Chlorpromazine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Chlorpromazine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Chlorprothixene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chlorprothixene.	Approved, Withdrawn
Chlorthalidone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorthalidone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Chlorzoxazone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Chlorzoxazone.	Approved
Cilazapril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cilazapril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Cilnidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cilnidipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Cinchocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cinchocaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Ciprofloxacin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ciprofloxacin.	Approved, Investigational
Cisapride	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Cisapride.	Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
Citalopram	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Citalopram.	Approved
Clarithromycin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Clarithromycin.	Approved
Clemastine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clemastine.	Approved
Clevidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clevidipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Clidinium	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clidinium.	Approved
Clobazam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clobazam.	Approved, Illicit
Clofarabine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clofarabine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
clomethiazole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with clomethiazole.	Investigational
Clomipramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clomipramine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Clonazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clonazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Clonidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Clonidine.	Approved
Clopidogrel	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Clopidogrel.	Approved, Nutraceutical
Clorazepate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Clorazepate is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Clotrimazole	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Clotrimazole.	Approved, Vet Approved
Clozapine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Clozapine.	Approved
Cocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Cocaine.	Approved, Illicit
Codeine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Codeine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Conivaptan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Conivaptan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Crizotinib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Crizotinib.	Approved
Cyclizine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Cyclizine.	Approved
Cyclobenzaprine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Cyclobenzaprine.	Approved
Cyproheptadine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Cyproheptadine.	Approved
Cyproterone acetate	The serum concentration of Isoflurane can be decreased when it is combined with Cyproterone acetate.	Approved, Investigational
Dabrafenib	The serum concentration of Isoflurane can be decreased when it is combined with Dabrafenib.	Approved
Dantrolene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dantrolene.	Approved
Dapagliflozin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dapagliflozin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Dapiprazole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dapiprazole is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Dapoxetine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dapoxetine.	Investigational
Deramciclane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with deramciclane.	Investigational
Desflurane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Desflurane.	Approved
Desipramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Desipramine.	Approved
Desloratadine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Desloratadine.	Approved, Investigational
Desvenlafaxine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Desvenlafaxine.	Approved
Detomidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Detomidine.	Vet Approved
Dexbrompheniramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dexbrompheniramine.	Approved
Dexmedetomidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dexmedetomidine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Dextromoramide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dextromoramide.	Experimental, Illicit
Dextropropoxyphene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dextropropoxyphene is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Withdrawn
Dezocine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dezocine.	Approved
Diazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Diazepam.	Approved, Illicit, Vet Approved
Diclofenamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diclofenamide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Difenoxin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Difenoxin.	Approved, Illicit
Dihydrocodeine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dihydrocodeine.	Approved, Illicit
Dihydroetorphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dihydroetorphine.	Experimental, Illicit
Dihydromorphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dihydromorphine.	Experimental, Illicit
Diltiazem	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diltiazem is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Dimenhydrinate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Dimenhydrinate.	Approved
Dinutuximab	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dinutuximab is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Diphenhydramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Diphenhydramine.	Approved
Diphenoxylate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Diphenoxylate.	Approved, Illicit
Dipyridamole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dipyridamole is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Disopyramide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Disopyramide.	Approved
Disulfiram	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Disulfiram.	Approved
Dofetilide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Dofetilide.	Approved
Dolasetron	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Dolasetron.	Approved
Domperidone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Domperidone.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Dopamine	Isoflurane may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Dopamine.	Approved
Doramectin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Doramectin.	Vet Approved
Doxazosin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Doxazosin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Doxepin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Doxepin.	Approved
Doxorubicin	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Doxorubicin.	Approved, Investigational
Doxylamine	Doxylamine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
DPDPE	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with DPDPE.	Investigational
Dronabinol	Dronabinol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Dronedarone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Dronedarone.	Approved
Droperidol	Droperidol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Drotebanol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Drotebanol.	Experimental, Illicit
Duloxetine	Isoflurane may increase the orthostatic hypotensive activities of Duloxetine.	Approved
Dyclonine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Dyclonine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Ecgonine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ecgonine.	Experimental, Illicit
Ecopipam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ecopipam.	Investigational
Efavirenz	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Efavirenz.	Approved, Investigational
Efonidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Efonidipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Eliglustat	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Eliglustat.	Approved
Eltanolone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pregnanolone.	Investigational
Empagliflozin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Empagliflozin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Enalapril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Enalapril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Enalaprilat	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Enalaprilat is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Enflurane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Enflurane is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Entacapone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Entacapone.	Approved, Investigational
Ephedra	Ephedra may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Nutraceutical, Withdrawn
Ephedrine	Ephedrine may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Epinephrine	Isoflurane may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Epinephrine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Eplerenone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Eplerenone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Epoprostenol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Epoprostenol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Eprosartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Eprosartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Erythromycin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Erythromycin.	Approved, Vet Approved
Escitalopram	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Escitalopram.	Approved, Investigational
Esmolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Esmolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Estazolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Estazolam.	Approved, Illicit
Eszopiclone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Eszopiclone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Etacrynic acid	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Etacrynic acid is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Ethanol	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Ethanol.	Approved
Ethchlorvynol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ethchlorvynol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Withdrawn
Ethosuximide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ethosuximide.	Approved
Ethotoin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ethotoin.	Approved
Ethyl carbamate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ethyl carbamate.	Withdrawn
Ethyl loflazepate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ethyl loflazepate.	Approved, Illicit
Ethylmorphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ethylmorphine.	Approved, Illicit
Etidocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etidocaine.	Approved
Etifoxine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etifoxine.	Withdrawn
Etizolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etizolam.	Approved
Etomidate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Etomidate is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Etoperidone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etoperidone.	Approved
Etorphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Etorphine.	Illicit, Vet Approved
Ezogabine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ezogabine.	Approved
Felbamate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Felbamate.	Approved
Felodipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Felodipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Fencamfamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fencamfamine.	Approved, Illicit, Withdrawn
Fenoldopam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fenoldopam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Fentanyl	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fentanyl.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet Approved
Fexofenadine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fexofenadine.	Approved
Fimasartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fimasartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Flecainide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Flecainide.	Approved, Withdrawn
Flibanserin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Flibanserin.	Approved
Fludiazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fludiazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Flunarizine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Flunarizine.	Approved
Flunitrazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Flunitrazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Fluoxetine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Fluoxetine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Flupentixol	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Flupentixol.	Approved, Withdrawn
Fluphenazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fluphenazine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Flurazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Flurazepam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Fluspirilene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fluspirilene.	Approved
Fluticasone propionate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fluticasone Propionate.	Approved
Fluvoxamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fluvoxamine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Formoterol	Isoflurane may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Formoterol.	Approved, Investigational
Fosinopril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fosinopril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Fosphenytoin	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Fosphenytoin.	Approved
Fospropofol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Fospropofol.	Approved, Illicit
Furosemide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Furosemide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Gabapentin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Gabapentin.	Approved, Investigational
Gabapentin Enacarbil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with gabapentin enacarbil.	Approved
Gadobenic acid	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Gadobenic acid.	Approved
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid.	Approved, Illicit
Gemifloxacin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Gemifloxacin.	Approved, Investigational
Gepirone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Gepirone.	Investigational
Glutethimide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Glutethimide.	Approved, Illicit
Goserelin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Goserelin.	Approved
Granisetron	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Granisetron.	Approved, Investigational
Guanfacine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Guanfacine.	Approved, Investigational
Halazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Halazepam.	Approved, Illicit, Withdrawn
Haloperidol	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Haloperidol.	Approved
Halothane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Halothane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Heroin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Heroin.	Approved, Illicit
Hexobarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Hexobarbital.	Approved
Hydralazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydralazine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Hydrochlorothiazide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydrochlorothiazide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Hydrocodone	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Hydrocodone.	Approved, Illicit
Hydroflumethiazide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydroflumethiazide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Hydromorphone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydromorphone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Hydroxyzine	Hydroxyzine may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Ibutilide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ibutilide.	Approved
Iloperidone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Iloperidone.	Approved
Iloprost	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Iloprost is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Imidapril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Imidapril is combined with Isoflurane.	Investigational
Imipramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Imipramine.	Approved
Indalpine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Indalpine.	Investigational, Withdrawn
Indapamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Indapamide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Indoramin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Indoramin is combined with Isoflurane.	Withdrawn
Irbesartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Irbesartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Isocarboxazid	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isocarboxazid is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Isoniazid	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Isoniazid.	Approved
Isoprenaline	Isoflurane may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Isoprenaline.	Approved
Isosorbide Dinitrate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isosorbide Dinitrate is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Isosorbide Mononitrate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isosorbide Mononitrate is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Isoxsuprine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoxsuprine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Withdrawn
Isradipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isradipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Ketamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ketamine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Ketazolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ketazolam.	Approved
Ketobemidone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ketobemidone.	Approved
Labetalol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Labetalol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Lacidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lacidipine.	Approved
Lamotrigine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lamotrigine.	Approved, Investigational
Lenvatinib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Lenvatinib.	Approved
Lercanidipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lercanidipine.	Approved, Investigational
Leuprolide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Leuprolide.	Approved, Investigational
Levetiracetam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levetiracetam.	Approved, Investigational
Levobunolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Levobunolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Levobupivacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levobupivacaine.	Approved
Levocabastine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levocabastine.	Approved
Levocetirizine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levocetirizine.	Approved
Levodopa	Isoflurane may increase the orthostatic hypotensive activities of Levodopa.	Approved
Levofloxacin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Levofloxacin.	Approved, Investigational
Levomethadyl Acetate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levomethadyl Acetate.	Approved
Levomilnacipran	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levomilnacipran.	Approved
Levorphanol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levorphanol.	Approved
Levosimendan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Levosimendan.	Approved, Investigational
Lidocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lidocaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Lisinopril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lisinopril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Lithium	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lithium.	Approved
Lofentanil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lofentanil.	Illicit
Lofexidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lofexidine.	Approved, Investigational
Lopinavir	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Lopinavir.	Approved
Loratadine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Loratadine.	Approved
Lorazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lorazepam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Losartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Losartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Loxapine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Loxapine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Lumacaftor	The serum concentration of Isoflurane can be decreased when it is combined with Lumacaftor.	Approved
Lumefantrine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Lumefantrine.	Approved
Lurasidone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Lurasidone.	Approved
Magnesium Sulfate	Magnesium Sulfate may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Mannitol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mannitol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Maprotiline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Maprotiline.	Approved
Mecamylamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Mecamylamine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Meclizine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Meclizine.	Approved
Medetomidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Medetomidine.	Vet Approved
Melatonin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Melatonin.	Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet Approved
Melperone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Melperone.	Approved
Mepivacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Mepivacaine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Meprobamate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Meprobamate is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Mesoridazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Mesoridazine.	Approved
Metaxalone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Metaxalone.	Approved
Methadone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Methadone.	Approved
Methadyl Acetate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methadyl Acetate.	Approved, Illicit
Methapyrilene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methapyrilene.	Withdrawn
Methaqualone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methaqualone.	Illicit, Withdrawn
Methazolamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methazolamide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Methocarbamol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methocarbamol.	Approved, Vet Approved
Methohexital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methohexital is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Methotrimeprazine	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Methotrimeprazine.	Approved
Methoxyflurane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methoxyflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Methsuximide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methsuximide.	Approved
Methyclothiazide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methyclothiazide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Methyldopa	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Methyldopa is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Methylecgonine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with ECGONINE METHYL ESTER.	Experimental
Methylphenidate	Methylphenidate may increase the hypertensive activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Methylphenobarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Methylphenobarbital.	Approved
Metipranolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metipranolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Metolazone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metolazone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Metoprolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metoprolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Metyrosine	Isoflurane may increase the sedative activities of Metyrosine.	Approved
Midazolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Midazolam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit
Mifepristone	Mifepristone may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Milnacipran	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Milnacipran.	Approved
Minocycline	Minocycline may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Minoxidil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Minoxidil is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Mirtazapine	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Mirtazapine.	Approved
Mivacurium	Isoflurane may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Mivacurium.	Approved
Moexipril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Moexipril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Molindone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Molindone.	Approved
Morphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Morphine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Moxifloxacin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Moxifloxacin.	Approved, Investigational
Moxonidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Moxonidine.	Approved
Nabilone	Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Nadolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nadolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nalbuphine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nalbuphine.	Approved
Nebivolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nebivolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Nefazodone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nefazodone.	Approved, Withdrawn
Nesiritide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nesiritide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Nevirapine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Nevirapine.	Approved
Nicardipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nicardipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nicorandil	Nicorandil may increase the hypotensive activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Nicotine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Nicotine.	Approved
Nifedipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nifedipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nilotinib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Nilotinib.	Approved, Investigational
Nilvadipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nilvadipine.	Approved
Nimodipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nimodipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nisoldipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nisoldipine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nitrazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nitrazepam.	Approved
Nitrendipine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nitrendipine.	Approved
Nitric Oxide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nitric Oxide.	Approved
Nitroglycerin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nitroglycerin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Nitroprusside	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nitroprusside is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Nitrous oxide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nitrous oxide.	Approved, Vet Approved
Norepinephrine	Isoflurane may increase the arrhythmogenic activities of Norepinephrine.	Approved
Norflurane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with 1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane.	Investigational
Normethadone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Normethadone.	Approved, Illicit
Nortriptyline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Nortriptyline.	Approved
Obinutuzumab	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Obinutuzumab.	Approved
Ofloxacin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ofloxacin.	Approved
Olanzapine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Olanzapine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Olmesartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Olmesartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Olopatadine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Olopatadine.	Approved
Ondansetron	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ondansetron.	Approved
Opium	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Opium.	Approved, Illicit
Orphenadrine	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Orphenadrine.	Approved
Osanetant	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Osanetant.	Investigational
Oxazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Oxazepam.	Approved
Oxethazaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Oxetacaine.	Investigational
Oxprenolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Oxprenolol.	Approved
Oxybuprocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Oxybuprocaine.	Approved
Oxycodone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Oxycodone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Oxymorphone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Oxymorphone.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Paclitaxel	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Paclitaxel.	Approved, Vet Approved
Paliperidone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Paliperidone.	Approved
Panobinostat	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Panobinostat.	Approved, Investigational
Papaverine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Papaverine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Paraldehyde	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Paraldehyde.	Approved
Paroxetine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Paroxetine.	Approved, Investigational
Pazopanib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Pazopanib.	Approved
Penbutolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Penbutolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Pentamidine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Pentamidine.	Approved
Pentazocine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pentazocine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Pentobarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pentobarbital is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Perampanel	Perampanel may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Perazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Perazine.	Investigational
Perflutren	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Perflutren.	Approved
Perindopril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Perindopril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Perospirone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Perospirone.	Approved
Perphenazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Perphenazine.	Approved
Pethidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pethidine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Phenelzine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Phenelzine.	Approved
Phenobarbital	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Phenobarbital.	Approved
Phenoxybenzamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Phenoxybenzamine.	Approved
Phenoxyethanol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Phenoxyethanol.	Approved
Phentolamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Phentolamine.	Approved
Phenytoin	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Phenytoin.	Approved, Vet Approved
Pimozide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Pimozide.	Approved
Pindolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pindolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Pipamperone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pipamperone.	Approved
Pipotiazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pipotiazine.	Approved
Piritramide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Piritramide.	Investigational
Pizotifen	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pizotifen.	Approved
Pomalidomide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pomalidomide.	Approved
Pramipexole	Isoflurane may increase the sedative activities of Pramipexole.	Approved, Investigational
Pramocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Pramocaine.	Approved
Prazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Prazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Prazosin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Prazosin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Pregabalin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Pregabalin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Prilocaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Prilocaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Primaquine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Primaquine.	Approved
Primidone	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Primidone.	Approved, Vet Approved
Procainamide	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Procainamide.	Approved
Procaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Procaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Prochlorperazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Prochlorperazine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Promazine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Promazine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Promethazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Promethazine.	Approved
Propafenone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Propafenone.	Approved
Proparacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Proparacaine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Propofol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Propofol.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Propoxycaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Propoxycaine.	Approved
Propranolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Propranolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Protriptyline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Protriptyline.	Approved
PSD502	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with PSD502.	Investigational
Quazepam	The serum concentration of Isoflurane can be increased when it is combined with Quazepam.	Approved, Illicit
Quetiapine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Quetiapine.	Approved
Quinapril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Quinapril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Quinidine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Quinidine.	Approved
Quinine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Quinine.	Approved
Raclopride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Raclopride.	Investigational
Ramelteon	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ramelteon.	Approved, Investigational
Ramipril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ramipril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Rapacuronium	Isoflurane may increase the neuromuscular blocking activities of Rapacuronium.	Withdrawn
Rasagiline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Rasagiline.	Approved
Remifentanil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Remifentanil.	Approved
Remoxipride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Remoxipride is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Withdrawn
Reserpine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Reserpine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Rifampicin	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be increased when combined with Rifampicin.	Approved
Riociguat	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Riociguat is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Risperidone	Isoflurane may increase the hypotensive activities of Risperidone.	Approved, Investigational
Ritanserin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ritanserin.	Investigational
Romifidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Romifidine.	Vet Approved
Ropinirole	Isoflurane may increase the sedative activities of Ropinirole.	Approved, Investigational
Ropivacaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ropivacaine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Rotigotine	Isoflurane may increase the sedative activities of Rotigotine.	Approved
Rufinamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rufinamide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Sacubitril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Sacubitril.	Approved
Saquinavir	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Saquinavir.	Approved, Investigational
Scopolamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Scopolamine.	Approved
Secobarbital	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Secobarbital is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Selegiline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Selegiline.	Approved, Investigational, Vet Approved
Sepranolone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Uc1010.	Investigational
Sertindole	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Sertindole.	Approved, Withdrawn
Sertraline	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Sertraline.	Approved
Sevoflurane	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Sevoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Sodium Nitrite	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Sodium Nitrite.	Approved
Sodium oxybate	Sodium oxybate may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Sorafenib	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Sorafenib.	Approved, Investigational
Sotalol	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Sotalol.	Approved
Spironolactone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Spironolactone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Stiripentol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Stiripentol.	Approved
Streptokinase	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Streptokinase.	Approved
Sufentanil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sufentanil is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Sulfisoxazole	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Sulfisoxazole.	Approved, Vet Approved
Sulpiride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Sulpiride is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Suvorexant	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Suvorexant.	Approved
Tamsulosin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tamsulosin.	Approved, Investigational
Tandospirone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tandospirone.	Investigational
Tapentadol	Tapentadol may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Isoflurane.	Approved
Tasimelteon	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tasimelteon.	Approved
Telavancin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Telavancin.	Approved
Telithromycin	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Telithromycin.	Approved
Telmisartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Telmisartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Temazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Temazepam is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Terazosin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Terazosin is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Tetrabenazine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Tetrabenazine.	Approved
Tetracaine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tetracaine.	Approved, Vet Approved
Tetrodotoxin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tetrodotoxin.	Investigational
Thalidomide	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Thalidomide.	Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn
Thiamylal	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Thiamylal.	Approved, Vet Approved
Thiopental	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Thiopental is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Thioridazine	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Thioridazine.	Withdrawn
Thiotepa	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Thiotepa.	Approved
Thiothixene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Thiothixene.	Approved
Tiagabine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tiagabine.	Approved
Tiapride	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tiapride.	Approved, Investigational
Ticlopidine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Ticlopidine.	Approved
Tiletamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tiletamine.	Vet Approved
Timolol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Timolol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Tizanidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tizanidine.	Approved
Tolazoline	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tolazoline.	Approved, Vet Approved
Tolcapone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tolcapone.	Approved, Withdrawn
Topiramate	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Topiramate.	Approved
Torasemide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Torasemide is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Toremifene	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Toremifene.	Approved, Investigational
Tramadol	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tramadol is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Trandolapril	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trandolapril is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine.	Experimental
Tranylcypromine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Tranylcypromine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Trazodone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Trazodone is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Tretinoin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Tretinoin.	Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
Triamterene	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Triamterene is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Triazolam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Triazolam.	Approved
Trifluoperazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Trifluoperazine.	Approved
Triflupromazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Triflupromazine is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Vet Approved
Trimipramine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Trimipramine.	Approved
Triprolidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Triprolidine.	Approved
Valproic Acid	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Valproic Acid is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Valsartan	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Valsartan is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved, Investigational
Vandetanib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Vandetanib.	Approved
Vemurafenib	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Vemurafenib.	Approved
Venlafaxine	The metabolism of Isoflurane can be decreased when combined with Venlafaxine.	Approved
Verapamil	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Verapamil is combined with Isoflurane.	Approved
Vigabatrin	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Vigabatrin.	Approved
Vortioxetine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Vortioxetine.	Approved
Xylazine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Xylazine.	Vet Approved
Zaleplon	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zaleplon.	Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Ziconotide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Ziconotide.	Approved
Zimelidine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zimelidine.	Withdrawn
Ziprasidone	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ziprasidone.	Approved
Zolazepam	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zolazepam.	Vet Approved
Zolpidem	Isoflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant (CNS depressant) activities of Zolpidem.	Approved
Zonisamide	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zonisamide.	Approved, Investigational
Zopiclone	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zopiclone.	Approved
Zotepine	The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Isoflurane is combined with Zotepine.	Approved
Zuclopenthixol	Isoflurane may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Zuclopenthixol.	Approved, Investigational

Food Interactions

Not Available

References

Synthesis Reference

Leonid A. Rozov, Fernando Quiroz, Gerald G. Vernice, "Preparation of isoflurane." U.S. Patent US5416244, issued March, 1973.

US5416244

General References

Not Available

External Links

Resource	Link
Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)	HMDB14891
KEGG Drug	D00545
KEGG Compound	C07518
PubChem Compound	3763
PubChem Substance	46505880
ChemSpider	3631
ChEBI	6015
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1256
Therapeutic Targets Database	DAP001033
PharmGKB	PA450106
HET	ICF
Drug Product Database	2019
RxList	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/isoflurane.htm
Wikipedia	Isoflurane

ATC Codes

N01AB06 — Isoflurane

AHFS Codes

28:04.00
28:04.92

PDB Entries

Not Available

FDA label

Download (99.6 KB)

MSDS

Download (37 KB)

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
1	Completed	Diagnostic	Adjunct to general anesthesia therapy	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Opioid-Related Disorders / Substance-Related Disorders	2
3	Completed	Treatment	Renal Function After Partial Nephrectomy	1
3	Enrolling by Invitation	Prevention	Hydrocephaly / Toxicity	1
3	Enrolling by Invitation	Treatment	Inguinal Hernias	1
4	Completed	Diagnostic	Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)	1
4	Completed	Supportive Care	DNA Damage / Patients in Good Health / Types of General Anesthesia	1
4	Completed	Supportive Care	Patients in Good Health	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Myocardial Reperfusion Injury	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Neoplasms, Breast	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Strokes / Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	1
4	Enrolling by Invitation	Treatment	Anesthesia Complication / Hemodynamics Instability / Ileus paralytic / Nausea / Postoperative pain / Vomiting	1
4	Recruiting	Diagnostic	Postoperative Delirium	1
4	Recruiting	Supportive Care	Acute Subdural Hematoma	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Advanced Chronic Rhinosinusitis	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Triple Vessel	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Coronary Artery Bypass Graft / Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) Surgery / Surgery, Cardiac	1
4	Terminated	Diagnostic	Ventricular Dysfunction / Young Healthy Adults	1
4	Terminated	Prevention	Delirium on Emergence	1
4	Terminated	Treatment	Arterial Hypotension	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Disorder; Heart, Functional, Postoperative, Cardiac Surgery / Heart; Dysfunction Postoperative, Cardiac Surgery	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Perioperative Blood Glucose and Insulin	1
4	Withdrawn	Treatment	Sleep	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Anaesthesia	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft	1
Not Available	Completed	Basic Science	Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics	1
Not Available	Completed	Health Services Research	Delayed Recovery From Anaesthesia	1
Not Available	Completed	Prevention	Surgery, Cardiac	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Postoperative pain	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Adjunct to general anesthesia therapy	1
Not Available	Not Yet Recruiting	Treatment	Colonic Neoplasms	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Prevention	Arterial Hypotension	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Prevention	Prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Intubated Requiring Sedation for Greater Than 48 Hours	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Sepsis	1
Not Available	Terminated	Not Available	Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAA) / Open Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair / Thoracoabdominal Aneursym Repair With Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Thoracoabdominal Aneursym Stent / Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair With Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Stent	1
Not Available	Terminated	Diagnostic	Parkinson's Disease (PD)	1
Not Available	Terminated	Treatment	Liver Diseases	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Health Services Research	Duration of Hospitalization	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Supportive Care	Adjunct to general anesthesia therapy	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Baxter healthcare corp anesthesia critical care
Halocarbon products corp
Hospira inc
Marsam pharmaceuticals llc
Piramal critical care inc
Rhodia ltd

Packagers

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Inhalant	Respiratory (inhalation)	1 mL/mL
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	100 %
Liquid	Oral; Respiratory (inhalation)	99.9 %
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	99.9 %
Liquid	Respiratory (inhalation)	1 mL/mL

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Forane liquid	0.24USD	ml

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Not Available

Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	48-48.5	U.S. Patent 3,535,388.
boiling point (°C)	48.5 °C	PhysProp
water solubility	4470 mg/L (at 37 °C)	YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
logP	2.06	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	3.56 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	2.3	ALOGPS
logP	2.84	ChemAxon
logS	-1.7	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	-4.7	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	9.23 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	3	ChemAxon
Refractivity	23.04 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	9.73 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	1.0
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.994
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.6125
P-glycoprotein substrate	Non-substrate	0.8919
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Non-inhibitor	0.9553
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Non-inhibitor	0.9297
Renal organic cation transporter	Non-inhibitor	0.9293
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8407
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Non-substrate	0.7179
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.5701
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.8112
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9408
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.5794
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9604
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.8702
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.9132
Carcinogenicity	Carcinogens	0.7574
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	0.9642
Rat acute toxicity	1.3804 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.9576
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Non-inhibitor	0.9032

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397 )

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Download (7.33 KB)

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	Not Available
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	Not Available
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0udi-9300000000-c134e176400bbe7073c2	View in MoNA

Taxonomy

Description

This compound belongs to the class of chemical entities known as organofluorides. These are compounds containing a chemical bond between a carbon atom and a fluorine atom.

Kingdom

Chemical entities

Super Class

Organic compounds

Class

Organohalogen compounds

Sub Class

Organofluorides

Direct Parent

Organofluorides

Alternative Parents

Organooxygen compounds / Organochlorides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Alkyl fluorides / Alkyl chlorides

Substituents

Organic oxygen compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organooxygen compound / Organofluoride / Organochloride / Alkyl halide / Alkyl fluoride / Alkyl chloride / Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

organofluorine compound (CHEBI:6015 )

Targets

Details

1. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

General Function:: Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By si...
Gene Name:: GABRA1
Uniprot ID:: P14867
Uniprot Name:: Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight:: 51801.395 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
McCracken ML, Borghese CM, Trudell JR, Harris RA: A transmembrane amino acid in the GABAA receptor beta2 subunit critical for the actions of alcohols and anesthetics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 Dec;335(3):600-6. doi: 10.1124/jpet.110.170472. Epub 2010 Sep 8. [PubMed:20826568 ]
Seo K, Seino H, Yoshikawa H, Petrenko AB, Baba H, Fujiwara N, Someya G, Kawano Y, Maeda T, Matsuda M, Kanematsu T, Hirata M: Genetic reduction of GABA(A) receptor gamma2 subunit expression potentiates the immobilizing action of isoflurane. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Mar 12;472(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.01.031. Epub 2010 Jan 25. [PubMed:20097266 ]

Details

2. Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inhibitor

General Function:: Signal transducer activity
Specific Function:: This magnesium-dependent enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of the calcium.
Gene Name:: ATP2C1
Uniprot ID:: P98194
Uniprot Name:: Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1
Molecular Weight:: 100576.42 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Kosk-Kosicka D, Roszczynska G: Inhibition of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase activity by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1993 Oct;79(4):774-80. [PubMed:8214757 ]

Details

3. Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: agonist

General Function:: Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
Gene Name:: GLRA1
Uniprot ID:: P23415
Uniprot Name:: Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight:: 52623.35 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Grasshoff C, Antkowiak B: Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats. Br J Anaesth. 2006 Nov;97(5):687-94. Epub 2006 Sep 13. [PubMed:16973644 ]

Details

4. Glutamate receptor 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: antagonist

General Function:: Pdz domain binding
Specific Function:: Ionotropic glutamate receptor. L-glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter at many synapses in the central nervous system. Binding of the excitatory neurotransmitter L-glutamate induces a conformation change, leading to the opening of the cation channel, and thereby converts the chemical signal to an electrical impulse. The receptor then desensitizes rapidly and enters a transient inacti...
Gene Name:: GRIA1
Uniprot ID:: P42261
Uniprot Name:: Glutamate receptor 1
Molecular Weight:: 101505.245 Da

References

Guo L, Wang Y: Glutamate stimulates glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system to regulate surface expression of GluR2. Neuroscience. 2007 Mar 2;145(1):100-9. Epub 2007 Jan 3. [PubMed:17207582 ]
Dildy-Mayfield JE, Eger EI 2nd, Harris RA: Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996 Mar;276(3):1058-65. [PubMed:8786535 ]

Details

5. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: inducer

General Function:: Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Specific Function:: Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain and the central nervous system, but also in the kidney (PubMed:19903818). Contributes to the regulation of the membrane potential and nerve signaling, and prevents neuronal hyperexcitability (PubMed:17156368). Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which ...
Gene Name:: KCNA1
Uniprot ID:: Q09470
Uniprot Name:: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1
Molecular Weight:: 56465.01 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Matchett GA, Allard MW, Martin RD, Zhang JH: Neuroprotective effect of volatile anesthetic agents: molecular mechanisms. Neurol Res. 2009 Mar;31(2):128-34. doi: 10.1179/174313209X393546. [PubMed:19298752 ]

Details

6. ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: unknown

General Function:: Transporter activity
Specific Function:: Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. F-type ATPases consist of two structural domains, F(1) - containing the extramembraneous catalytic core, and F(0) - containing the membrane proton channel, linked toget...
Gene Name:: ATP5D
Uniprot ID:: P30049
Uniprot Name:: ATP synthase subunit delta, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight:: 17489.755 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]

Details

7. Calmodulin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: other/unknown

General Function:: Titin binding
Specific Function:: Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins by Ca(2+). Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-Ca(2+) complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis.
Gene Name:: CALM1
Uniprot ID:: P0DP23
Uniprot Name:: Calmodulin
Molecular Weight:: 16837.47 Da

References

Fan RS, Jacamo RO, Jiang X, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E: G protein-coupled receptor activation rapidly stimulates focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation at Ser-843. Mediation by Ca2+, calmodulin, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II. J Biol Chem. 2005 Jun 24;280(25):24212-20. Epub 2005 Apr 21. [PubMed:15845548 ]
Bickler PE, Zhan X, Fahlman CS: Isoflurane preconditions hippocampal neurons against oxygen-glucose deprivation: role of intracellular Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Anesthesiology. 2005 Sep;103(3):532-9. [PubMed:16129978 ]
Sazonova OV, Blishchenko EY, Tolmazova AG, Khachin DP, Leontiev KV, Karelin AA, Ivanov VT: Stimulation of fibroblast proliferation by neokyotorphin requires Ca influx and activation of PKA, CaMK II and MAPK/ERK. FEBS J. 2007 Jan;274(2):474-84. [PubMed:17229152 ]

Details

8. GABA-A receptor (anion channel) (Protein Group)

Kind: Protein group
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: yes
Actions: positive allosteric modulator

General Function:: Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
Specific Function:: Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine. Functions as receptor for diazepines and various anesthetics, such as pentobarbital; these are bound at a separate allosteric effector binding site. Functions as ligand-gated chloride channel (By similarity).

Components:

Name	UniProt ID	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	P14867	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	P47869	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	P34903	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	P48169	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	P31644	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Q16445	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	P18505	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	P47870	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	P28472	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	O14764	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	P78334	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Q8N1C3	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	P18507	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Q99928	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	O00591	Details
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Q9UN88	Details

References

ChEMBL Compound Report Card [Link]

Enzymes

Details

1. Cytochrome P450 2E1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: substrate

General Function:: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:: Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:: CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:: P05181
Uniprot Name:: Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight:: 56848.42 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]

Details

2. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: substrateinhibitorinducer

General Function:: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function:: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase.
Gene Name:: CYP2B6
Uniprot ID:: P20813
Uniprot Name:: Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight:: 56277.81 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]

Details

3. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: inhibitor

General Function:: Nadh dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity
Specific Function:: Core subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly required for catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone (By similarity).
Gene Name:: MT-ND1
Uniprot ID:: P03886
Uniprot Name:: NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1
Molecular Weight:: 35660.055 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
Hanley PJ, Ray J, Brandt U, Daut J: Halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of cardiac mitochondria. J Physiol. 2002 Nov 1;544(Pt 3):687-93. [PubMed:12411515 ]

Carriers

Details

1. Serum albumin

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: unknown

General Function:: Toxic substance binding
Specific Function:: Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc.
Gene Name:: ALB
Uniprot ID:: P02768
Uniprot Name:: Serum albumin
Molecular Weight:: 69365.94 Da

References

Liu R, Eckenhoff RG: Weak polar interactions confer albumin binding site selectivity for haloether anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 2005 Apr;102(4):799-805. [PubMed:15791110 ]
Sawas AH, Pentyala SN, Rebecchi MJ: Binding of volatile anesthetics to serum albumin: measurements of enthalpy and solvent contributions. Biochemistry. 2004 Oct 5;43(39):12675-85. [PubMed:15449957 ]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on September 01, 2017 10:31

Structure for DB00753 (Isoflurane)

Targets

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Components:

References

Enzymes

References

References

References

Carriers

References