Disulfiram

Identification

Summary

Disulfiram is a carbamate derivative used to treat alcohol addiction.

Brand Names
Antabuse
Generic Name
Disulfiram
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00822
Background

A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved
Structure
Weight
Average: 296.539
Monoisotopic: 296.05093141
Chemical Formula
C10H20N2S4
Synonyms
  • 1,1'-dithiobis(N,N-diethylthioformamide)
  • bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide
  • Disulfiram
  • N,N,N',N'-tetraethylthiuram disulfide
  • Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic diamide
  • Tetraethylthiuram disulfide
  • Tetraethylthiuram disulphide
External IDs
  • Dupon 4472
  • Dupont Fungicide 4472
  • ORA-102
  • ORA102
  • USAF B-33

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment and management of chronic alcoholism

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Management ofChronic alcoholism••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

Disulfiram produces a sensitivity to alcohol which results in a highly unpleasant reaction when the patient under treatment ingests even small amounts of alcohol. Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake, the concentration of acetaldehyde occurring in the blood may be 5 to 10 times higher than that found during metabolism of the same amount of alcohol alone. Accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood produces a complex of highly unpleasant symptoms referred to hereinafter as the disulfiram-alcohol reaction. This reaction, which is proportional to the dosage of both disulfiram and alcohol, will persist as long as alcohol is being metabolized. Disulfiram does not appear to influence the rate of alcohol elimination from the body. Prolonged administration of disulfiram does not produce tolerance; the longer a patient remains on therapy, the more exquisitely sensitive he becomes to alcohol.

Mechanism of action

Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol at the acetaldehyde stage during alcohol metabolism following disulfiram intake causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood producing highly unpleasant symptoms. Disulfiram blocks the oxidation of alcohol through its irreversible inactivation of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which acts in the second step of ethanol utilization. In addition, disulfiram competitively binds and inhibits the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, which may indicate some value in the treatment of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, however this activity has not been extensively studied.

TargetActionsOrganism
ADopamine beta-hydroxylase
inhibitor
Humans
AAldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
inhibitor
Humans
Absorption

Disulfiram is absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract (80 to 90% of oral dose).

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

Not Available

Metabolism

Hepatic.

Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

Not Available

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

LD50=8.6g/kg (orally in rats). Symptoms of overdose include irritation, slight drowsiness, unpleasant taste, mild GI disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension.

Pathways
PathwayCategory
Disulfiram Action PathwayDrug action
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbametapirThe serum concentration of Disulfiram can be increased when it is combined with Abametapir.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Disulfiram can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AcalabrutinibThe metabolism of Disulfiram can be decreased when combined with Acalabrutinib.
AcenocoumarolDisulfiram may increase the anticoagulant activities of Acenocoumarol.
AcetaminophenDisulfiram may increase the hepatotoxic activities of Acetaminophen.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid alcohol. Avoid alcohol for up to 14 days after discontinuation.
  • Take with or without food. The absorption is unaffected by food.

Products

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Product Images
International/Other Brands
Antabus (Actavis) / Antaethyl (Sanofi) / Antalcol (Sintofarm) / Anticol (Polfa Warszawa) / Antietanol (Sanofi) / Chronol (Charoon Bhesaj) / Esperal (Sanofi)
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Antabuse Tab 0.25gmTablet250 mg / tabOralAyerst Laboratories1966-12-311996-09-10Canada flag
Antabuse Tab 250mgTablet250 mg / tabOralWyeth Ayerst Canada Inc.1994-12-312001-05-07Canada flag
Antabuse Tab 500mgTablet500 mg / tabOralWyeth Ayerst Canada Inc.1994-12-312001-05-07Canada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AntabuseTablet500 mg/1OralTeva Women's Health, Inc.2006-02-012021-09-30US flag
AntabuseTablet250 mg/1OralTeva Women's Health, Inc.2000-12-012021-11-30US flag
AntabuseTablet250 mg/1OralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.2004-03-30Not applicableUS flag
DisulfiramTablet250 mg/1OralAlvogen Inc.2013-08-09Not applicableUS flag
DisulfiramTablet500 mg/1OralRising Pharmaceuticals2011-04-08Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
T.R.U.E. Test Thin-Layer Rapid Use Patch TestDisulfiram (5.5 ug/48h) + 2,2'-Dibenzothiazyl disulfide (20 ug/48h) + 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (61 ug/48h) + 4-(Isopropylamino)diphenylamine (10 ug/48h) + Bacitracin (486 ug/48h) + Balsam of Peru (648 ug/48h) + Benzocaine (378 ug/48h) + Benzylparaben (162 ug/48h) + Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (32 ug/48h) + Bromothalonil (4 ug/48h) + Bronopol (203 ug/48h) + Budesonide (0.8 ug/48h) + Butylparaben (162 ug/48h) + Chlorquinaldol (77 ug/48h) + Cinchocaine hydrochloride (66 ug/48h) + Cinnamaldehyde (41 ug/48h) + Cinnamyl alcohol (63 ug/48h) + Clioquinol (77 ug/48h) + Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (4 ug/48h) + Diazolidinylurea (446 ug/48h) + Potassium dichromate (15.7 ug/48h) + Dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide (5.5 ug/48h) + Diphenylguanidine (68 ug/48h) + Disperse Blue 106 (41 ug/48h) + Ditiocarb zinc (68 ug/48h) + Ethyl hydroxybenzoate (162 ug/48h) + Ethylenediamine (18 ug/48h) + Eugenol (41 ug/48h) + Evernia prunastri (81 ug/48h) + Formaldehyde (146 ug/48h) + Geraniol (81 ug/48h) + Hydrocortisone butyrate (16 ug/48h) + Hydroxycitronellal (63 ug/48h) + Imidurea (486 ug/48h) + Isoeugenol (17 ug/48h) + Lanolin alcohols (810 ug/48h) + Methylchloroisothiazolinone (3 ug/48h) + Methylparaben (162 ug/48h) + Morpholinylmercaptobenzothiazole (20 ug/48h) + N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (25 ug/48h) + N-Cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (25 ug/48h) + Neomycin sulfate (486 ug/48h) + Nickel sulfate hexahydrate (36 ug/48h) + Parthenolide (2 ug/48h) + Propylparaben (162 ug/48h) + Quaternium-15 (81 ug/48h) + Rosin (972 ug/48h) + Sodium aurotiosulfate (23 ug/48h) + Tetracaine hydrochloride (66 ug/48h) + Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (5.5 ug/48h) + Thimerosal (6 ug/48h) + Thiohexam (20 ug/48h) + Thiram (5.5 ug/48h) + Tixocortol pivalate (2 ug/48h) + Zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate (68 ug/48h) + alpha-Amyl cinnamaldehyde (17 ug/48h) + p-Phenylenediamine (65 ug/48h) + p-tert-Butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (low molecular weight) (36 ug/48h)KitCutaneousSmartPractice Denmark ApS2012-03-01Not applicableUS flag

Categories

ATC Codes
P03AA04 — DisulfiramP03AA54 — Disulfiram, combinationsN07BB01 — Disulfiram
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as thiuram disulfides. These are organic disulfides that have the general structural formula RN(R')C(=S)SSC(=S)N(R\")R\"', where R-R\"'=alkyl groups.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organic nitrogen compounds
Class
Organonitrogen compounds
Sub Class
Amines
Direct Parent
Thiuram disulfides
Alternative Parents
Organic disulfides / Sulfenyl compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Aliphatic acyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic disulfide / Organopnictogen compound / Organosulfur compound / Sulfenyl compound / Thiuram disulfide
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
tertiary amino compound, organic disulfide (CHEBI:4659) / a small molecule (DISULFIRAM)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
TR3MLJ1UAI
CAS number
97-77-8
InChI Key
AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H3
IUPAC Name
N,N-diethyl[(diethylcarbamothioyl)disulfanyl]carbothioamide
SMILES
CCN(CC)C(=S)SSC(=S)N(CC)CC

References

Synthesis Reference

Adams, H.S. and Meuser, L.; US.Patent 1,782,111; November 18,1930; assigned to The Naugatuck Chemical Company. Bailey, G.C.; U.S.Patent 1,796,977; March 17,1931; assigned to The Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company.

General References
  1. Nash T, Rice WG: Efficacies of zinc-finger-active drugs against Giardia lamblia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Jun;42(6):1488-92. [Article]
  2. Bouma MJ, Snowdon D, Fairlamb AH, Ackers JP: Activity of disulfiram (bis(diethylthiocarbamoyl)disulphide) and ditiocarb (diethyldithiocarbamate) against metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998 Dec;42(6):817-20. [Article]
  3. Gaval-Cruz M, Weinshenker D: mechanisms of disulfiram-induced cocaine abstinence: antabuse and cocaine relapse. Mol Interv. 2009 Aug;9(4):175-87. doi: 10.1124/mi.9.4.6. [Article]
  4. DailyMed: disulfiram tablets [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014960
KEGG Drug
D00131
KEGG Compound
C01692
PubChem Compound
3117
PubChem Substance
46506008
ChemSpider
3005
BindingDB
50058655
RxNav
3554
ChEBI
4659
ChEMBL
CHEMBL964
ZINC
ZINC000001529266
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP000012
PharmGKB
PA449376
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia
Disulfiram
MSDS
Download (50.6 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials
PhaseStatusPurposeConditionsCount
4CompletedBasic ScienceAlcohol Use Disorders (AUD)1
4CompletedTreatmentAlcohol Dependency1
4CompletedTreatmentAlcohol Dependency / Anxiety Disorders1
4Unknown StatusTreatmentAlcohol Dependency1
4WithdrawnTreatmentDependence, Cocaine1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Odyssey pharmaceuticals inc
  • Par pharmaceutical inc
  • Watson laboratories inc
Packagers
  • Dispensing Solutions
  • Duramed
  • Major Pharmaceuticals
  • Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
  • Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
  • Pharmacy Service Center
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Pliva Inc.
  • Qualitest
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Tablet, solubleOral
TabletOral250 mg/1
TabletOral400 MG
Tablet, effervescentOral400 MG
TabletOral250 mg / tab
TabletOral500 mg / tab
TabletOral500 mg/1
TabletOral250.000 mg
TabletOral200 MG
KitCutaneous
TabletOral500 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Antabuse 500 mg tablet6.65USD tablet
Antabuse 250 mg tablet4.24USD tablet
Disulfiram powder1.92USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Not Available

Properties

State
Solid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)71.5 °CPhysProp
boiling point (°C)117 °C at 1.70E+01 mm HgPhysProp
water solubility4.09 mg/L (at 25 °C)YALKOWSKY,SH & HE,Y (2003)
logP3.88HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
logS-4.86ADME Research, USCD
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.0126 mg/mLALOGPS
logP3.88ALOGPS
logP4.16Chemaxon
logS-4.4ALOGPS
Physiological Charge0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count0Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area6.48 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count7Chemaxon
Refractivity88.24 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability31.6 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings0Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterYesChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9808
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9668
Caco-2 permeable+0.548
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.71
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.8236
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9884
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8379
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8497
CYP450 2D6 substrateNon-substrate0.9116
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.7558
CYP450 1A2 substrateInhibitor0.9106
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorInhibitor0.8948
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorInhibitor0.8994
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorInhibitor0.796
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityHigh CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.5397
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.9132
CarcinogenicityCarcinogens 0.6989
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.9767
Rat acute toxicity2.7419 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.8617
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.8823
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.65 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-016r-8930000000-ff4b800eacdb52d66d80
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-014r-9510000000-2e18f478f9c0f9a2958a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-274003127d4c34f9abcc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-002b-1910000000-0371815b89a4378bec81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0950000000-ca28d8dfdf780c201716
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-004i-0950000000-ca28d8dfdf780c201716
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , PositiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0a4i-5910000000-7dd7b7fbb29b6ae08f4c
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00xr-0904000000-2d29367629d096da4708
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00xr-1914000000-0022574151f222c8050f
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-0900000000-07fd862cac7fb47fa007
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00di-0903000000-bb7b2b338b8981b249ac
MS/MS Spectrum - , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-00kb-3910100000-263484085094fbdd45da
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-0920000000-0046e5cd5cfc872e0523
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-08fs-9640000000-c53dd6c8d98b55acbfdd
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-02ai-9400000000-ae9a945b7b8d71a063ed
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-014j-2910000000-5aed2a5d7371c75d6453
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-000i-9000000000-04869f9d4eb04c8dab44
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-03di-9000000000-27d2ac32b423fd8fb664
1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-179.5888404
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-179.7245404
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-179.5314404
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-179.3324404
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-157.55748
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+159.9155
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+166.51343
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function
Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline.
Gene Name
DBH
Uniprot ID
P09172
Uniprot Name
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Molecular Weight
69064.45 Da
References
  1. Gaval-Cruz M, Weinshenker D: mechanisms of disulfiram-induced cocaine abstinence: antabuse and cocaine relapse. Mol Interv. 2009 Aug;9(4):175-87. doi: 10.1124/mi.9.4.6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Electron carrier activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
ALDH2
Uniprot ID
P05091
Uniprot Name
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
56380.93 Da
References
  1. Mackenzie IS, Maki-Petaja KM, McEniery CM, Bao YP, Wallace SM, Cheriyan J, Monteith S, Brown MJ, Wilkinson IB: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 plays a role in the bioactivation of nitroglycerin in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Sep;25(9):1891-5. Epub 2005 Jul 28. [Article]
  2. Ho MP, Yo CH, Liu CM, Chen CL, Lee CC: Refractive hypotension in a patient with disulfiram-ethanol reaction. Am J Med Sci. 2007 Jan;333(1):53-5. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name
CYP3A4
Uniprot ID
P08684
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight
57342.67 Da
References
  1. McCance-Katz EF, Gruber VA, Beatty G, Lum P, Ma Q, DiFrancesco R, Hochreiter J, Wallace PK, Faiman MD, Morse GD: Interaction of disulfiram with antiretroviral medications: efavirenz increases while atazanavir decreases disulfiram effect on enzymes of alcohol metabolism. Am J Addict. 2014 Mar-Apr;23(2):137-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12081.x. Epub 2013 Oct 11. [Article]
  2. Madan A, Parkinson A, Faiman MD: Identification of the human P-450 enzymes responsible for the sulfoxidation and thiono-oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester: role of P-450 enzymes in disulfiram bioactivation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998 Sep;22(6):1212-9. [Article]
  3. Madan A, Parkinson A, Faiman MD: Identification of the human and rat P450 enzymes responsible for the sulfoxidation of S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-ME). The terminal step in the bioactivation of disulfiram. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Oct;23(10):1153-62. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Oxygen binding
Specific Function
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name
CYP3A5
Uniprot ID
P20815
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight
57108.065 Da
References
  1. Madan A, Parkinson A, Faiman MD: Identification of the human P-450 enzymes responsible for the sulfoxidation and thiono-oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate methyl ester: role of P-450 enzymes in disulfiram bioactivation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998 Sep;22(6):1212-9. [Article]
  2. Madan A, Parkinson A, Faiman MD: Identification of the human and rat P450 enzymes responsible for the sulfoxidation of S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-ME). The terminal step in the bioactivation of disulfiram. Drug Metab Dispos. 1995 Oct;23(10):1153-62. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic ...
Gene Name
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID
P05181
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2E1
Molecular Weight
56848.42 Da
References
  1. Kharasch ED, Thummel KE, Mhyre J, Lillibridge JH: Single-dose disulfiram inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism: a clinical probe for P450 2E1. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Jun;53(6):643-50. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1993.85. [Article]
  2. Emery MG, Jubert C, Thummel KE, Kharasch ED: Duration of cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) inhibition and estimation of functional CYP2E1 enzyme half-life after single-dose disulfiram administration in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):213-9. [Article]
  3. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
No
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name
ABCB11
Uniprot ID
O95342
Uniprot Name
Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight
146405.83 Da
References
  1. Pedersen JM, Matsson P, Bergstrom CA, Hoogstraate J, Noren A, LeCluyse EL, Artursson P: Early identification of clinically relevant drug interactions with the human bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11). Toxicol Sci. 2013 Dec;136(2):328-43. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kft197. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 02, 2024 22:44