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Identification
Name L-Carnitine
Accession Number DB00583 (APRD01070)
Type small molecule
Groups approved
Description

Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [PubChem]
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
(-)-Carnitine
(-)-L-Carnitin
(S)-Carnitine
3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium
Carnitine
Vitamin BT
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Carnitor
Karnitin
Nicetile
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Vitamins (Vitamin B Complex)
  • Nootropic Agents
  • Metabolite
  • Nutraceutical
  • Vitamin B Complex
CAS number 541-15-1
Weight Average: 161.1989
Monoisotopic: 161.105193351
Chemical Formula C7H15NO3
InChI Key InChIKey=PHIQHXFUZVPYII-ZCFIWIBFSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C7H15NO3/c1-8(2,3)5-6(9)4-7(10)11/h6,9H,4-5H2,1-3H3/t6-/m1/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
(3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)C[C@H](O)CC([O-])=O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Substructures
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Anions
  • Acetates
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Quaternary Ammonium Salts
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Cations
Pharmacology
Indication For treatment of primary systemic carnitine deficiency, a genetic impairment of normal biosynthesis or utilization of levocarnitine from dietary sources, or for the treatment of secondary carnitine deficiency resulting from an inborn error of metabolism such as glutaric aciduria II, methyl malonic aciduria, propionic acidemia, and medium chain fatty acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. Parenteral levocarnitine is indicated for the prevention and treatment of carnitine deficiency in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Pharmacodynamics Levocarnitine is a carrier molecule in the transport of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It also exports acyl groups from subcellular organelles and from cells to urine before they accumulate to toxic concentrations. Lack of carnitine can lead to liver, heart, and muscle problems. Carnitine deficiency is defined biochemically as abnormally low plasma concentrations of free carnitine, less than 20 µmol/L at one week post term and may be associated with low tissue and/or urine concentrations. Further, this condition may be associated with a plasma concentration ratio of acylcarnitine/levocarnitine greater than 0.4 or abnormally elevated concentrations of acylcarnitine in the urine. Only the L isomer of carnitine (sometimes called vitamin BT) affects lipid metabolism. The "vitamin BT" form actually contains D,L-carnitine, which competitively inhibits levocarnitine and can cause deficiency. Levocarnitine can be used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.
Mechanism of action Levocarnitine can be synthesised within the body from the amino acids lysine or methionine. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is essential to the synthesis of carnitine. Levocarnitine is a carrier molecule in the transport of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It also exports acyl groups from subcellular organelles and from cells to urine before they accumulate to toxic concentrations. Only the L isomer of carnitine (sometimes called vitamin BT) affects lipid metabolism. Levocarnitine is handled by several proteins in different pathways including carnitine transporters, carnitine translocases, carnitine acetyltransferases and carnitine palmitoyltransferases.
Absorption Absolute bioavailability is 15% (tablets or solution).
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding None
Metabolism Major metabolites include trimethylamine N-oxide and [3H]-gamma-butyrobetaine.
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life 17.4 hours (elimination) following a single intravenous dose.
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity LD50 > 8g/kg (mouse, oral). Adverse effects include hypertension, fever, tachycardia and seizures.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers
  • Sigma tau pharmaceuticals inc
  • Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
  • Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
  • Teva parenteral medicines inc
  • Hi tech pharmacal co inc
  • Lyne laboratories inc
  • Corepharma llc
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Liquid Oral
Solution Intravenous
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Carnitor 90 330 mg tablet Bottle 90.44 USD bottle
Carnitor 1 gm/10ml Solution 118ml Bottle 39.99 USD bottle
Carnitor 1 gm/5 ml vial 7.68 USD ml
L-carnitine powder 4.28 USD g
Carnitor 330 mg tablet 0.97 USD tablet
L-carnitine 500 mg caplet 0.31 USD caplet
G-levocarnitine 100 mg/ml soln 0.15 USD ml
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Country Patent Number Approved Expires (estimated)
United States 6335369 2001-01-18 2021-01-18
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 197 dec °C PhysProp
water solubility 2500 mg/mL Not Available
pKa 3.8 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 5.33e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP -2.9 ALOGPS
logP -4.9 ChemAxon
logS -1.6 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) 4.2 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) -3.6 ChemAxon
physiological charge 0 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 3 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 1 ChemAxon
polar surface area 60.36 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 4 ChemAxon
refractivity 63.49 ChemAxon
polarizability 16.93 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Olpin SE: Fatty acid oxidation defects as a cause of neuromyopathic disease in infants and adults. Clin Lab. 2005;51(5-6):289-306. Pubmed
  2. Steiber A, Kerner J, Hoppel CL: Carnitine: a nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):455-73. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Drug D02176 Link_out
KEGG Compound C00318 Link_out
PubChem Compound 10917 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46505864 Link_out
ChemSpider 10455 Link_out
ChEBI 16347 Link_out
ChEMBL 16347 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP000958 Link_out
PharmGKB PA450154 Link_out
Drug Product Database 2144344 Link_out
RxList http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/carnitor.htm Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Carnitine Link_out
ATC Codes
  • A16AA01
AHFS Codes
  • 40:20.00
PDB Entries Not Available
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (72.7 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Searched, but no interactions found.
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kristufek D, Rudorfer W, Pifl C, Huck S: Organic cation transporter mRNA and function in the rat superior cervical ganglion. J Physiol. 2002 Aug 15;543(Pt 1):117-34. Pubmed
  2. Amat di San Filippo C, Wang Y, Longo N: Functional domains in the carnitine transporter OCTN2, defective in primary carnitine deficiency. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 28;278(48):47776-84. Epub 2003 Sep 23. Pubmed
  3. Lamhonwah AM, Ackerley C, Onizuka R, Tilups A, Lamhonwah D, Chung C, Tao KS, Tellier R, Tein I: Epitope shared by functional variant of organic cation/carnitine transporter, OCTN1, Campylobacter jejuni and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis may underlie susceptibility to Crohn’s disease at 5q31. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Dec 2;337(4):1165-75. Epub 2005 Oct 6. Pubmed
  4. Lash LH, Putt DA, Cai H: Membrane transport function in primary cultures of human proximal tubular cells. Toxicology. 2006 Dec 7;228(2-3):200-18. Epub 2006 Sep 1. Pubmed

2. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Lahjouji K, Elimrani I, Wu J, Mitchell GA, Qureshi IA: A heterozygote phenotype is present in the jvs +/- mutant mouse livers. Mol Genet Metab. 2002 May;76(1):76-80. Pubmed
  2. Kristufek D, Rudorfer W, Pifl C, Huck S: Organic cation transporter mRNA and function in the rat superior cervical ganglion. J Physiol. 2002 Aug 15;543(Pt 1):117-34. Pubmed
  3. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Inano A, Katsura M, Sai Y, Nezu J, Tsuji A: Studies on functional sites of organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 (SLC22A5) using a Ser467Cys mutant protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Sep;302(3):1286-94. Pubmed
  4. Hou JW: Primary systemic carnitine deficiency presenting as recurrent Reye-like syndrome and dilated cardiomyopathy. Chang Gung Med J. 2002 Dec;25(12):832-7. Pubmed
  5. Friedrich A, Prasad PD, Freyer D, Ganapathy V, Brust P: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the OCTN2 transporter at the RBE4 cells, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2003 Apr 4;968(1):69-79. Pubmed

3. Carnitine O-acetyltransferase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Carnitine acetylase is specific for short chain fatty acids. Carnitine acetylase seems to affect the flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. It may be involved as well in the transport of acetyl-CoA into mitochondria

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43155 Link_out
Gene: CRAT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jogl G, Tong L: Crystal structure of carnitine acetyltransferase and implications for the catalytic mechanism and fatty acid transport. Cell. 2003 Jan 10;112(1):113-22. Pubmed
  2. Wu D, Govindasamy L, Lian W, Gu Y, Kukar T, Agbandje-McKenna M, McKenna R: Structure of human carnitine acetyltransferase. Molecular basis for fatty acyl transfer. J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 11;278(15):13159-65. Epub 2003 Jan 31. Pubmed
  3. Vikramadithyan RK, Hiriyan J, Suresh J, Gershome C, Babu RK, Misra P, Rajagopalan R, Chakrabarti R: DRF 2655: a unique molecule that reduces body weight and ameliorates metabolic abnormalities. Obes Res. 2003 Feb;11(2):292-303. Pubmed
  4. Govindasamy L, Kukar T, Lian W, Pedersen B, Gu Y, Agbandje-McKenna M, Jin S, McKenna R, Wu D: Structural and mutational characterization of L-carnitine binding to human carnitine acetyltransferase. J Struct Biol. 2004 Jun;146(3):416-24. Pubmed
  5. Cordente AG, Lopez-Vinas E, Vazquez MI, Swiegers JH, Pretorius IS, Gomez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Asins G, Serra D: Redesign of carnitine acetyltransferase specificity by protein engineering. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32):33899-908. Epub 2004 May 21. Pubmed

4. Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein CACL

Pharmacological action: unknown

Has palmitoylcarnitine transporting activity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q8N8R3 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A29 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sekoguchi E, Sato N, Yasui A, Fukada S, Nimura Y, Aburatani H, Ikeda K, Matsuura A: A novel mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase induced by partial hepatectomy and fasting. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 3;278(40):38796-802. Epub 2003 Jul 25. Pubmed

5. Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein

Pharmacological action: unknown

Mediates the transport of acylcarnitines of different length across the mitochondrial inner membrane from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix for their oxidation by the mitochondrial fatty acid-oxidation pathway

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43772 Link_out
Gene: SLC25A20 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Sekoguchi E, Sato N, Yasui A, Fukada S, Nimura Y, Aburatani H, Ikeda K, Matsuura A: A novel mitochondrial carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase induced by partial hepatectomy and fasting. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 3;278(40):38796-802. Epub 2003 Jul 25. Pubmed
  2. Peluso G, Petillo O, Margarucci S, Grippo P, Melone MA, Tuccillo F, Calvani M: Differential carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase expression defines distinct metabolic signatures in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol. 2005 May;203(2):439-46. Pubmed
  3. Tonazzi A, Giangregorio N, Indiveri C, Palmieri F: Identification by site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification of three vicinal cysteine residues in rat mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine transporter. J Biol Chem. 2005 May 20;280(20):19607-12. Epub 2005 Mar 9. Pubmed

6. Peroxisomal carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The highest activity concerns the C6 to C10 chain length substrate. Converts the end product of pristanic acid beta oxidation, 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl- CoA, to its corresponding carnitine ester

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UKG9 Link_out
Gene: CROT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Cordente AG, Lopez-Vinas E, Vazquez MI, Swiegers JH, Pretorius IS, Gomez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Asins G, Serra D: Redesign of carnitine acetyltransferase specificity by protein engineering. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 6;279(32):33899-908. Epub 2004 May 21. Pubmed
  2. Cordente AG, Lopez-Vinas E, Vazquez MI, Gomez-Puertas P, Asins G, Serra D, Hegardt FG: Mutagenesis of specific amino acids converts carnitine acetyltransferase into carnitine palmitoyltransferase. Biochemistry. 2006 May 16;45(19):6133-41. Pubmed

7. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23786 Link_out
Gene: CPT2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Barrero MJ, Camarero N, Marrero PF, Haro D: Control of human carnitine palmitoyltransferase II gene transcription by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor through a partially conserved peroxisome proliferator-responsive element. Biochem J. 2003 Feb 1;369(Pt 3):721-9. Pubmed
  2. Kong JY, Rabkin SW: Lovastatin does not accentuate but is rather additive to palmitate-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002 Nov;67(5):293-302. Pubmed
  3. Rasmussen BB, Holmback UC, Volpi E, Morio-Liondore B, Paddon-Jones D, Wolfe RR: Malonyl coenzyme A and the regulation of functional carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity and fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest. 2002 Dec;110(11):1687-93. Pubmed
  4. Price NT, Jackson VN, van der Leij FR, Cameron JM, Travers MT, Bartelds B, Huijkman NC, Zammit VA: Cloning and expression of the liver and muscle isoforms of ovine carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1: residues within the N-terminus of the muscle isoform influence the kinetic properties of the enzyme. Biochem J. 2003 Jun 15;372(Pt 3):871-9. Pubmed
  5. Lehtihet M, Welsh N, Berggren PO, Cook GA, Sjoholm A: Glibenclamide inhibits islet carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, leading to PKC-dependent insulin exocytosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;285(2):E438-46. Epub 2003 Apr 8. Pubmed

8. Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase I, liver isoform

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: activator
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P50416 Link_out
Gene: CPT1A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Xu ZR, Wang MQ, Mao HX, Zhan XA, Hu CH: Effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass composition, and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Poult Sci. 2003 Mar;82(3):408-13. Pubmed
  2. Morillas M, Lopez-VVinas E, Valencia A, Serra D, Gomez-Puertas P, Hegardt FG, Asins G: Structural model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I based on the carnitine acetyltransferase crystal. Biochem J. 2004 May 1;379(Pt 3):777-84. Pubmed
  3. Tripodi G, Modica R, Stella A, Bigatti G, Bianchi G, Stella P: Haplotype analysis of carnitine transporters and left ventricular mass in human essential hypertension. J Ren Nutr. 2005 Jan;15(1):2-7. Pubmed
  4. Waldner R, Laschan C, Lohninger A, Gessner M, Tuchler H, Huemer M, Spiegel W, Karlic H: Effects of doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy and a combination with L-carnitine on oxidative metabolism in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;132(2):121-8. Epub 2005 Nov 8. Pubmed
  5. Shin ES, Cho SY, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Chang IS, Lee TR: Positive regulation of hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) activities by soy isoflavones and L-carnitine. Eur J Nutr. 2006 Mar;45(3):159-64. Epub 2005 Dec 20. Pubmed
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

9. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

Pharmacological action: unknown

This enzyme can be converted from the dehydrogenase form (D) to the oxidase form (O) irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47989 Link_out
Gene: XDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Di Giacomo C, Latteri F, Fichera C, Sorrenti V, Campisi A, Castorina C, Russo A, Pinturo R, Vanella A: Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase activity in rat skeletal muscle. Neurochem Res. 1993 Nov;18(11):1157-62. Pubmed

10. Liver carboxylesterase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. Hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, but has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl CoA ester

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23141 Link_out
Gene: CES1
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bell FP: Carnitine ester hydrolysis in arteries from normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits and the effects of carnitine esters on arterial microsomal ACAT. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1984;79(2):125-8. Pubmed

11. Myeloperoxidase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Part of the host defense system of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is responsible for microbicidal activity against a wide range of organisms. In the stimulated PMN, MPO catalyzes the production of hypohalous acids, primarily hypochlorous acid in physiologic situations, and other toxic intermediates that greatly enhance PMN microbicidal activity

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P05164 Link_out
Gene: MPO Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Derin N, Agac A, Bayram Z, Asar M, Izgut-Uysal VN: Effects of L-carnitine on neutrophil-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat stomach. Cell Biochem Funct. 2006 Sep-Oct;24(5):437-42. Pubmed
Transporters

1. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 1

Actions: substrate, inhibitor

Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 1.78. A key substrate of this transporter seems to be ergothioneine (ET)

UniProt ID: Q9H015 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. Pubmed
  2. Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu JI, Sai Y, Kobayashi D, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):40064-72. Pubmed

2. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

Actions: inhibitor

Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene C3, leukotriene E4, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. May play an important role in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver

UniProt ID: Q9Y6L6 Link_out
Gene: SLCO1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Nozawa T, Tamai I, Sai Y, Nezu J, Tsuji A: Contribution of organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-C to hepatic elimination of the opioid pentapeptide analogue [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2003 Jul;55(7):1013-20. Pubmed

3. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2

Actions: substrate

Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without the involvement of sodium. Also Relative uptake activity ratio of carnitine to TEA is 11.3

UniProt ID: O76082 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tamai I, China K, Sai Y, Kobayashi D, Nezu J, Kawahara E, Tsuji A: Na(+)-coupled transport of L-carnitine via high-affinity carnitine transporter OCTN2 and its subcellular localization in kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Jun 6;1512(2):273-84. Pubmed
  2. Friedrich A, Prasad PD, Freyer D, Ganapathy V, Brust P: Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the OCTN2 transporter at the RBE4 cells, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2003 Apr 4;968(1):69-79. Pubmed
  3. Elimrani I, Lahjouji K, Seidman E, Roy MJ, Mitchell GA, Qureshi I: Expression and localization of organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2 in Caco-2 cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2003 May;284(5):G863-71. Epub 2003 Jan 10. Pubmed
  4. Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. Pubmed
  5. Tamai I, Ohashi R, Nezu JI, Sai Y, Kobayashi D, Oku A, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and functional characterization of organic cation/carnitine transporter family in mice. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 22;275(51):40064-72. Pubmed
  6. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. Pubmed

4. Solute carrier family 22 member 16

Actions: substrate

High affinity carnitine transporter; the uptake is partially sodium-ion dependent. Thought to mediate the L-carnitine secretion mechanism from testis epididymal epithelium into the lumen which is involved in the maturation of spermatozoa. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) and doxorubicin. The uptake of TEA is inhibited by various organic cations. The uptake of doxorubicin is sodium-independent

UniProt ID: Q86VW1 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A16 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Enomoto A, Wempe MF, Tsuchida H, Shin HJ, Cha SH, Anzai N, Goto A, Sakamoto A, Niwa T, Kanai Y, Anders MW, Endou H: Molecular identification of a novel carnitine transporter specific to human testis. Insights into the mechanism of carnitine recognition. J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 27;277(39):36262-71. Epub 2002 Jun 27. Pubmed

5. Solute carrier family 22 member 8

Actions: substrate

Plays an important role in the excretion/detoxification of endogenous and exogenous organic anions, especially from the brain and kidney. Involved in the transport basolateral of steviol, fexofenadine. Transports benzylpenicillin (PCG), estrone- 3-sulfate (E1S), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), p-amino-hippurate (PAH), acyclovir (ACV) and ochratoxin (OTA)

UniProt ID: Q8TCC7 Link_out
Gene: SLC22A8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kobayashi Y, Ohshiro N, Tsuchiya A, Kohyama N, Ohbayashi M, Yamamoto T: Renal transport of organic compounds mediated by mouse organic anion transporter 3 (mOat3): further substrate specificity of mOat3. Drug Metab Dispos. 2004 May;32(5):479-83. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19