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targets (144) enzymes (9)
for drugs
Identification
Name NADH
Accession Number DB00157 (NUTR00041)
Type small molecule
Groups approved, nutraceutical
Description

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, and NAD+ is the oxidized form of NADH, A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5’-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5’-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). It forms NADP with the addition of a phosphate group to the 2’ position of the adenosyl nucleotide through an ester linkage.(Dorland, 27th ed)
Structure Thumb
Download: MOL | SDF | SMILES | InChI
Display: 2D Structure | 3D Structure
Synonyms
beta-DPNH
beta-NADH
Coenzyme I, reduced
Cozymase I, reduced
dihydrodiphosphopyridine nucleotide
dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide
diphosphopyridine nucleotide reduced
DPN
DPN+
DPNH
NAD-reduced
NAD+
NADH+H+
NADH2
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced
Nicotinaminde-Adenine-Dinucleotide
First Prev Next Last
Salts Not Available
Brand names
Name Company
Nadide
Brand mixtures Not Available
Categories
  • Dietary supplement
  • Micronutrient
CAS number 606-68-8
Weight Average: 665.441
Monoisotopic: 665.124771695
Chemical Formula C21H29N7O14P2
InChI Key InChIKey=BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H29N7O14P2/c22-17-12-19(25-7-24-17)28(8-26-12)21-16(32)14(30)11(41-21)6-39-44(36,37)42-43(34,35)38-5-10-13(29)15(31)20(40-10)27-3-1-2-9(4-27)18(23)33/h1,3-4,7-8,10-11,13-16,20-21,29-32H,2,5-6H2,(H2,23,33)(H,34,35)(H,36,37)(H2,22,24,25)/t10-,11-,13-,14-,15-,16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
Plain Text
IUPAC Name
{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(3-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]phosphinic acid
SMILES
NC(=O)C1=CN(C=CC1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)OC[C@H]2O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)N2C=NC3=C(N)N=CN=C23)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
Plain Text
Mass Spec Not Available
Taxonomy
Kingdom Organic
Classes
  • Purines and Purine Derivatives
  • Phosphoric Acids and Derivatives
  • Carbohydrates
Substructures
  • Glycerol and Derivatives
  • Hydroxy Compounds
  • Phosphonic Acids and Derivatives
  • Amino Ketones
  • Organophosphate Esters
  • Aliphatic and Aryl Amines
  • Ethers
  • Aminals and Derivatives
  • Carbamates and Derivatives
  • Enamines
  • Pyrimidines and Derivatives
  • Alcohols and Polyols
  • Imidazoles
  • Heterocyclic compounds
  • Aromatic compounds
  • Purines and Purine Derivatives
  • Carboxamides and Derivatives
  • Phosphinic Acids and Derivatives
  • Furans
  • Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
  • Phosphoric Acids and Derivatives
  • Cyanamides
  • Carbohydrates
Pharmacology
Indication Some evidence suggests that NADH might be useful in treating Parkinson's disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.
Pharmacodynamics A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). The action of supplemental NADH is unclear. Oral NADH supplementation has been used to combat simple fatigue as well as such mysterious and energy-sapping disorders as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Researchers are also studying the value of NADH supplements for improving mental function in people with Alzheimer's disease, and minimizing physical disability and relieving depression in people with Parkinson's disease. Some healthy individuals also take NADH supplements orally to improve concentration and memory capacity, as well as to increase athletic endurance. However, to date there have been no published studies to indicate that using NADH is in any way effective or safe for these purposes.
Mechanism of action NADH is synthesized by the body and thus is not an essential nutrient. It does require the essential nutrient nicotinamide for its synthesis, and its role in energy production is certainly an essential one. In addition to its role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, NADH is produced in the cytosol. The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH, and this permeability barrier effectively separates the cytoplasmic from the mitochondrial NADH pools. However, cytoplasmic NADH can be used for biologic energy production. This occurs when the malate-aspartate shuttle introduces reducing equivalents from NADH in the cytosol to the electron transport chain of the mitochondria. This shuttle mainly occurs in the liver and heart.
Absorption Unclear how much of an administered dose is absorbed.
Volume of distribution Not Available
Protein binding Not Available
Metabolism Not Available
Route of elimination Not Available
Half life Not Available
Clearance Not Available
Toxicity No reports of overdose, however, high doses of NADH (10 mg a day or more) may cause jitteriness, anxiety, and insomnia.
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
Pathways Not Available
Pharmacoeconomics
Manufacturers Not Available
Packagers
Dosage forms
Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Nicotinamide adenine powder 154.53 USD g
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents Not Available
Properties
State solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point 140.0-142.0 °C Not Available
logP -5.1 Not Available
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
water solubility 2.95e+00 g/l ALOGPS
logP -1.4 ALOGPS
logP -6.5 ChemAxon
logS -2.4 ALOGPS
pKa (strongest acidic) -7 ChemAxon
pKa (strongest basic) 5 ChemAxon
physiological charge -2 ChemAxon
hydrogen acceptor count 16 ChemAxon
hydrogen donor count 8 ChemAxon
polar surface area 317.62 ChemAxon
rotatable bond count 11 ChemAxon
refractivity 143 ChemAxon
polarizability 57.65 ChemAxon
References
Synthesis Reference Not Available
General Reference
  1. Link
  2. Belenky P, Bogan KL, Brenner C: NAD+ metabolism in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 2007 Jan;32(1):12-9. Epub 2006 Dec 11. Pubmed
  3. Pollak N, Dolle C, Ziegler M: The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotides—small molecules with a multitude of functions. Biochem J. 2007 Mar 1;402(2):205-18. Pubmed
  4. Khan JA, Forouhar F, Tao X, Tong L: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism as an attractive target for drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2007 May;11(5):695-705. Pubmed
  5. Lin SJ, Guarente L: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of transcription, longevity and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2003 Apr;15(2):241-6. Pubmed
  6. Biellmann JF, Lapinte C, Haid E, Weimann G: Structure of lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor generated from coenzyme. Biochemistry. 1979 Apr 3;18(7):1212-7. Pubmed
External Links
Resource Link
KEGG Compound C00004 Link_out
PubChem Compound 439153 Link_out
PubChem Substance 46504879 Link_out
ChemSpider 388299 Link_out
ChEBI 16908 Link_out
ChEMBL 16908 Link_out
Therapeutic Targets Database DAP001291 Link_out
PharmGKB PA164755085 Link_out
HET NAI Link_out
PDRhealth http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/nad_0179.shtml Link_out
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide Link_out
ATC Codes Not Available
AHFS Codes Not Available
PDB Entries
FDA label Not Available
MSDS show (136 KB)
Interactions
Drug Interactions Not Available
Food Interactions Not Available
Targets

1. UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O60701 Link_out
Gene: UGDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Castellani AA, De Luca G, Rindi S, Salvini R, Tira ME: Regulatory mechanisms of UDP-glucuronic acid biosynthesis in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Ital J Biochem. 1986 Sep-Oct;35(5):296-303. Pubmed
  4. Alary J, Cravedi JP, Baradat M, Carrera G: Mechanism of cadmium-decreased glucuronidation in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Dec 1;44(11):2139-47. Pubmed

2. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07327 Link_out
Gene: ADH1A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Bieganowski P, Seidle HF, Wojcik M, Brenner C: Synthetic lethal and biochemical analyses of NAD and NADH kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae establish separation of cellular functions. J Biol Chem. 2006 Aug 11;281(32):22439-45. Epub 2006 Jun 7. Pubmed
  2. Manriquez D, El-Sharkawy I, Flores FB, El-Yahyaoui F, Regad F, Bouzayen M, Latche A, Pech JC: Two highly divergent alcohol dehydrogenases of melon exhibit fruit ripening-specific expression and distinct biochemical characteristics. Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;61(4-5):675-85. Pubmed

3. Sorbitol dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q00796 Link_out
Gene: SORD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ido Y: Pyridine nucleotide redox abnormalities in diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Jul;9(7):931-42. Pubmed
  2. Klimacek M, Hellmer H, Nidetzky B: Catalytic mechanism of Zn2+-dependent polyol dehydrogenases: kinetic comparison of sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase with wild-type and Glu154—>Cys forms of yeast xylitol dehydrogenase. Biochem J. 2007 Jun 15;404(3):421-9. Pubmed

4. Alcohol dehydrogenase 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08319 Link_out
Gene: ADH4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Thielen J, Ciriacy M: Biochemical basis of mitochondrial acetaldehyde dismutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1991 Nov;173(21):7012-7. Pubmed
  4. Plapp BV, Mitchell JL, Berst KB: Mouse alcohol dehydrogenase 4: kinetic mechanism, substrate specificity and simulation of effects of ethanol on retinoid metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2001 Jan 30;130-132(1-3):445-56. Pubmed
  5. Widenius TV: Ethanol-induced inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis in vitro: lack of acetaldehyde effect. Alcohol Alcohol. 1987;22(1):17-22. Pubmed

5. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00326 Link_out
Gene: ADH1C Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Plapp BV, Berst KB: Specificity of human alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*2 (gamma2gamma2) for steroids and simulation of the uncompetitive inhibition of ethanol metabolism. Chem Biol Interact. 2003 Feb 1;143-144:183-93. Pubmed

6. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00325 Link_out
Gene: ADH1B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Manriquez D, El-Sharkawy I, Flores FB, El-Yahyaoui F, Regad F, Bouzayen M, Latche A, Pech JC: Two highly divergent alcohol dehydrogenases of melon exhibit fruit ripening-specific expression and distinct biochemical characteristics. Plant Mol Biol. 2006 Jul;61(4-5):675-85. Pubmed

7. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain

Pharmacological action: unknown

Could function in retinol oxidation for the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P40394 Link_out
Gene: ADH7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Dalfo D, Marques N, Albalat R: Analysis of the NADH-dependent retinaldehyde reductase activity of amphioxus retinol dehydrogenase enzymes enhances our understanding of the evolution of the retinol dehydrogenase family. FEBS J. 2007 Jul;274(14):3739-52. Epub 2007 Jul 2. Pubmed
  4. Suzuki Y, Ishiguro S, Tamai M: Identification and immunohistochemistry of retinol dehydrogenase from bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 May 13;1163(2):201-8. Pubmed
  5. Kim DS, Lee CB, Park YS, Ahn YH, Kim TW, Kee CS, Kang JS, Om AS: Effect of thyroid hormone on the alcohol dehydrogenase activities in rat tissues. J Korean Med Sci. 2001 Jun;16(3):313-6. Pubmed

8. Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+], cytoplasmic

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P21695 Link_out
Gene: GPD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Fonvielle M, Therisod H, Hemery M, Therisod M: New competitive inhibitors of cytosolic (NADH-dependent) rabbit muscle glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Jan 15;17(2):410-3. Epub 2006 Oct 17. Pubmed

9. L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6A

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q6ZMR3 Link_out
Gene: LDHAL6A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

10. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P11766 Link_out
Gene: ADH5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Schirwitz K, Schmidt A, Lamzin VS: High-resolution structures of formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. Protein Sci. 2007 Jun;16(6):1146-56. Pubmed
  2. Baumchen C, Roth AH, Biedendieck R, Malten M, Follmann M, Sahm H, Bringer-Meyer S, Jahn D: D-Mannitol production by resting state whole cell biotransformation of D-fructose by heterologous mannitol and formate dehydrogenase gene expression in Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol J. 2007 Jul 9;. Pubmed
  3. Okochi M, Nakagawa I, Kobayashi T, Hayashi S, Furusaki S, Honda H: Enhanced activity of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by addition of the co-solvent 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (L)-lactate in aqueous phase of biphasic systems for reductive production of steroids. J Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 1;128(2):376-82. Epub 2006 Oct 12. Pubmed
  4. Baron R, Lioubashevski O, Katz E, Niazov T, Willner I: Logic gates and elementary computing by enzymes. J Phys Chem A. 2006 Jul 13;110(27):8548-53. Pubmed

11. Aldose reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P15121 Link_out
Gene: AKR1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Ido Y: Pyridine nucleotide redox abnormalities in diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Jul;9(7):931-42. Pubmed
  2. Linster CL, Van Schaftingen E: Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, recycling and degradation in mammals. FEBS J. 2007 Jan;274(1):1-22. Pubmed

12. 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Binds intracellular amyloid-beta. By interacting with amyloid-beta, it may contribute to the neuronal dysfunction associated with Alzheimer disease (AD)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q99714 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

13. Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P40926 Link_out
Gene: MDH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Baumchen C, Roth AH, Biedendieck R, Malten M, Follmann M, Sahm H, Bringer-Meyer S, Jahn D: D-Mannitol production by resting state whole cell biotransformation of D-fructose by heterologous mannitol and formate dehydrogenase gene expression in Bacillus megaterium. Biotechnol J. 2007 Jul 9;. Pubmed
  2. Gallarta F, Sainz FJ, Saenz C: Fluorescent sensing layer for the determination of L-malic acid in wine. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007 Mar;387(6):2297-305. Epub 2007 Jan 4. Pubmed
  3. Markova EV, Zotova NV, Savchenko AA, Titova NM, Slepov EV, Cherdantsev DV, Konovalenko AN: [Lymphocyte metabolism in patients with acute pancreatitis with different genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes] Biomed Khim. 2006 May-Jun;52(3):317-26. Pubmed
  4. Yennaco LJ, Hu Y, Holden JF: Characterization of malate dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum islandicum. Extremophiles. 2007 Sep;11(5):741-6. Epub 2007 May 9. Pubmed
  5. Rzem R, Vincent MF, Van Schaftingen E, Veiga-da-Cunha M: L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a defect of metabolite repair. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Jun 21;. Pubmed

14. L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00338 Link_out
Gene: LDHA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Semenza GL: Oxygen-dependent regulation of mitochondrial respiration by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Biochem J. 2007 Jul 1;405(1):1-9. Pubmed
  2. Draghia AC: Histochemical and histopathological study of the gastric mucosa in the portal hypertensive gastropathy. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2006;47(3):259-62. Pubmed
  3. O’Brien J, Kla KM, Hopkins IB, Malecki EA, McKenna MC: Kinetic parameters and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme activities support possible lactate utilization by neurons. Neurochem Res. 2007 Apr-May;32(4-5):597-607. Epub 2006 Sep 28. Pubmed

15. NAD-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P23368 Link_out
Gene: ME2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

16. Peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Bifunctional enzyme acting on the peroxisomal beta- oxidation pathway for fatty acids. Catalyzes the formation of 3- ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl- branched-chain fatty acids

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51659 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Haapalainen AM, Koski MK, Qin YM, Hiltunen JK, Glumoff T: Binary structure of the two-domain (3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase from rat peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 at 2.38 A resolution. Structure. 2003 Jan;11(1):87-97. Pubmed

17. L-lactate dehydrogenase A-like 6B

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9BYZ2 Link_out
Gene: LDHAL6B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

18. L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07864 Link_out
Gene: LDHC Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Spielmann H, Eibs HG, Mentzel C: Rapid purification of lactate dehydrogenase X from mouse testes by two steps of affinity chromatography on oxamate-sepharose. Experientia. 1976 Aug 15;32(8):1085-6. Pubmed
  4. Morris ID, Higgins C, Matlin SA: Inhibition of testicular LDH-X from laboratory animals and man by gossypol and its isomers. J Reprod Fertil. 1986 Jul;77(2):607-12. Pubmed
  5. Gu Y, Davis DR, Lin YC: Developmental changes in lactate dehydrogenase-X activity in young jaundiced male rats. Arch Androl. 1989;22(2):131-6. Pubmed

19. L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P07195 Link_out
Gene: LDHB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Razeto A, Kochhar S, Hottinger H, Dauter M, Wilson KS, Lamzin VS: Domain closure, substrate specificity and catalysis of D-lactate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus bulgaricus. J Mol Biol. 2002 Apr 19;318(1):109-19. Pubmed
  4. Mdluli K, Booth MP, Brady RL, Rumsby G: A preliminary account of the properties of recombinant human Glyoxylate reductase (GRHPR), LDHA and LDHB with glyoxylate, and their potential roles in its metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Dec 1;1753(2):209-16. Epub 2005 Aug 22. Pubmed
  5. Clausen J: Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes of sperm cells and tests. Biochem J. 1969 Jan;111(2):207-18. Pubmed

20. Peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q08426 Link_out
Gene: EHHADH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

21. Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Plays an essential role in the mitochondrial beta- oxidation of short chain fatty acids. Exerts it highest activity toward 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16836 Link_out
Gene: HADH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Norman JP, Perry SW, Kasischke KA, Volsky DJ, Gelbard HA: HIV-1 trans activator of transcription protein elicits mitochondrial hyperpolarization and respiratory deficit, with dysregulation of complex IV and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide homeostasis in cortical neurons. J Immunol. 2007 Jan 15;178(2):869-76. Pubmed

22. NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16798 Link_out
Gene: ME3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Luo C, Wang X, Long J, Liu J: An NADH-tetrazolium-coupled sensitive assay for malate dehydrogenase in mitochondria and crude tissue homogenates. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 2006 Aug 31;68(2):101-11. Epub 2006 Apr 26. Pubmed
  2. Wei H, Dhanaraj AL, Arora R, Rowland LJ, Fu Y, Sun L: Identification of cold acclimation-responsive Rhododendron genes for lipid metabolism, membrane transport and lignin biosynthesis: importance of moderately abundant ESTs in genomic studies. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Apr;29(4):558-70. Pubmed
  3. Rzem R, Vincent MF, Van Schaftingen E, Veiga-da-Cunha M: L: -2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, a defect of metabolite repair. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007 Jun 21;. Pubmed

23. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02338 Link_out
Gene: BDH1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Tabata M, Totani M: A chemiluminescence-flow injection analysis of serum 3-hydroxybutyrate using a bioreactor consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase. Anal Biochem. 1995 Jul 20;229(1):133-8. Pubmed
  4. Rudy B, Dubois H, Mink R, Trommer WE, McIntyre JO, Fleischer S: Coenzyme binding by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a lipid-requiring enzyme: lecithin acts as an allosteric modulator to enhance the affinity for coenzyme. Biochemistry. 1989 Jun 27;28(13):5354-66. Pubmed
  5. Smith CM, Plaut GW: Activities of NAD-specific and NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenases in rat-liver mitochondria. Studies with D-threo-alpha-methylisocitrate. Eur J Biochem. 1979 Jun;97(1):283-95. Pubmed

24. Malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P40925 Link_out
Gene: MDH1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Drew DP, Lunde C, Lahnstein J, Fincher GB: Heterologous expression of cDNAs encoding monodehydroascorbate reductases from the moss, Physcomitrella patens and characterization of the expressed enzymes. Planta. 2007 Mar;225(4):945-54. Pubmed

25. 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P31937 Link_out
Gene: HIBADH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

26. Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Favors the reduction of androstenedione to testosterone. Uses NADPH while the two other EDH17B enzymes use NADH

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P37058 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Inano H, Tamaoki B: Relationship between steroids and pyridine nucleotides in the oxido-reduction catalyzed by the 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase purified from the porcine testicular microsomal fraction. Eur J Biochem. 1975 May 6;53(2):319-26. Pubmed

27. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

This transmembrane glycoprotein is involved in the control of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is the rate-limiting enzyme of sterol biosynthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P04035 Link_out
Gene: HMGCR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Huber R, Riepe MW: Improved posthypoxic recovery in vitro on treatment with drugs used for secondary stroke prevention. Neuropharmacology. 2005 Mar;48(4):558-65. Pubmed
  4. Hedl M, Rodwell VW: Inhibition of the class II HMG-CoA reductase of Pseudomonas mevalonii. Protein Sci. 2004 Jun;13(6):1693-7. Pubmed
  5. Li S, Wagner CA, Friesen JA, Borst DW: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in the lobster mandibular organ: regulation by the eyestalk. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2003 Nov;134(2):147-55. Pubmed

28. NADP-dependent malic enzyme

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48163 Link_out
Gene: ME1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. McKinlay JB, Shachar-Hill Y, Zeikus JG, Vieille C: Determining Actinobacillus succinogenes metabolic pathways and fluxes by NMR and GC-MS analyses of 13C-labeled metabolic product isotopomers. Metab Eng. 2007 Mar;9(2):177-92. Epub 2006 Nov 17. Pubmed

29. D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43175 Link_out
Gene: PHGDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Grant GA: A new family of 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Dec 29;165(3):1371-4. Pubmed
  4. Goldsmith LA, O’Barr T: Serine biosynthesis in human hair follicles by the phosphorylated pathway: follicular 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. J Invest Dermatol. 1976 Jun;66(6):360-6. Pubmed
  5. Grant GA, Hu Z, Xu XL: Cofactor binding to Escherichia coli D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase induces multiple conformations which alter effector binding. J Biol Chem. 2002 Oct 18;277(42):39548-53. Epub 2002 Aug 14. Pubmed

30. 3-keto-steroid reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Responsible for the reduction of the keto group on the C-3 of sterols

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P56937 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

31. Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit gamma, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51553 Link_out
Gene: IDH3G Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Stein AM, Stein JH, Kirkman SK: Diphosphopyridine nucleotide specific isocitric dehydrogenase of mammalian mitochondria. I. On the roles of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and the isocitric dehydrogenases in the respiration of mitochondria of normal and neoplastic tissues. Biochemistry. 1967 May;6(5):1370-9. Pubmed
  4. SANWAL BD, ZINK MW, STACHOW CS: NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-SPECIFIC ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE. A POSSIBLE REGULATORY PROTEIN. J Biol Chem. 1964 May;239:1597-603. Pubmed
  5. Rose ZB: The stereochemistry of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase reaction. J Biol Chem. 1966 May 25;241(10):2311-3. Pubmed

32. Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit beta, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43837 Link_out
Gene: IDH3B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Stein AM, Stein JH, Kirkman SK: Diphosphopyridine nucleotide specific isocitric dehydrogenase of mammalian mitochondria. I. On the roles of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and the isocitric dehydrogenases in the respiration of mitochondria of normal and neoplastic tissues. Biochemistry. 1967 May;6(5):1370-9. Pubmed
  4. SANWAL BD, ZINK MW, STACHOW CS: NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-SPECIFIC ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE. A POSSIBLE REGULATORY PROTEIN. J Biol Chem. 1964 May;239:1597-603. Pubmed
  5. Rose ZB: The stereochemistry of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase reaction. J Biol Chem. 1966 May 25;241(10):2311-3. Pubmed

33. Isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD] subunit alpha, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P50213 Link_out
Gene: IDH3A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. PLAUT GW, SUNG SC: Diphosphopyridine nucleotide isocitric dehydrogenase from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1954 Mar;207(1):305-14. Pubmed
  4. Stein AM, Stein JH, Kirkman SK: Diphosphopyridine nucleotide specific isocitric dehydrogenase of mammalian mitochondria. I. On the roles of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and the isocitric dehydrogenases in the respiration of mitochondria of normal and neoplastic tissues. Biochemistry. 1967 May;6(5):1370-9. Pubmed
  5. Rose ZB: The stereochemistry of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase reaction. J Biol Chem. 1966 May 25;241(10):2311-3. Pubmed

34. Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14061 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Pineda JA, Murdock GL, Watson RJ, Warren JC: Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer by bovine testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Dec;33(6):1223-8. Pubmed
  4. Fukuda T, Hirato K, Yanaihara T, Nakayama T: Microsomal 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity for progesterone in human placenta. Endocrinol Jpn. 1986 Jun;33(3):361-8. Pubmed
  5. Rimsay RL, Murphy GW, Martin CJ, Orr JC: The 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of Streptomyces hydrogenans. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Jun 1;174(2):437-42. Pubmed

35. Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Capable of catalyzing the interconversion of testosterone and androstenedione, as well as estradiol and estrone. Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses NADH while EDH17B3 uses NADPH

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P37059 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Fukuda T, Hirato K, Yanaihara T, Nakayama T: Microsomal 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity for progesterone in human placenta. Endocrinol Jpn. 1986 Jun;33(3):361-8. Pubmed
  4. Pineda JA, Murdock GL, Watson RJ, Warren JC: Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer by bovine testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Dec;33(6):1223-8. Pubmed
  5. Wintergalen N, Thole HH, Galla HJ, Schlegel W: Prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase from corpus luteum of pseudopregnant rabbit is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily featuring 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Eur J Biochem. 1995 Nov 15;234(1):264-70. Pubmed

36. 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Stereospecific 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of 11-cis retinaldehyde, the universal chromophore of visual pigments. Active in the presence of NAD as cofactor but not in the presence of NADP

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q92781 Link_out
Gene: RDH5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Dalfo D, Marques N, Albalat R: Analysis of the NADH-dependent retinaldehyde reductase activity of amphioxus retinol dehydrogenase enzymes enhances our understanding of the evolution of the retinol dehydrogenase family. FEBS J. 2007 Jul;274(14):3739-52. Epub 2007 Jul 2. Pubmed

37. GDH/6PGL endoplasmic bifunctional protein [Includes: Glucose 1-dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Oxidizes glucose-6-phosphate and glucose, as well as other hexose-6-phosphates

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95479 Link_out
Gene: H6PD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Siu E, Won K, Park CB: Electrochemical Regeneration of NADH Using Conductive Vanadia-Silica Xerogels. Biotechnol Prog. 2007 Feb 2;23(1):293-296. Pubmed
  2. Lu Y, Mei L: Co-expression of P450 BM3 and glucose dehydrogenase by recombinant Escherichia coli and its application in an NADPH-dependent indigo production system. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Mar;34(3):247-53. Epub 2006 Dec 14. Pubmed
  3. Takenaka M, Verbitskiy D, van der Merwe JA, Zehrmann A, Plessmann U, Urlaub H, Brennicke A: In vitro RNA editing in plant mitochondria does not require added energy. FEBS Lett. 2007 Jun 12;581(14):2743-7. Epub 2007 May 21. Pubmed
  4. Markova EV, Zotova NV, Savchenko AA, Titova NM, Slepov EV, Cherdantsev DV, Konovalenko AN: [Lymphocyte metabolism in patients with acute pancreatitis with different genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes] Biomed Khim. 2006 May-Jun;52(3):317-26. Pubmed
  5. Zhang M, Mullens C, Gorski W: Coimmobilization of dehydrogenases and their cofactors in electrochemical biosensors. Anal Chem. 2007 Mar 15;79(6):2446-50. Epub 2007 Feb 14. Pubmed

38. Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 8

Pharmacological action: unknown

Uses estradiol as its preferred substrate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q92506 Link_out
Gene: HSD17B8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

39. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the transformation of the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) into the less active form, 5-alpha- androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol (3-alpha-diol). Also has some 20- alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant reduction of its neurotoxicity since bile is the major excretory route

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P17516 Link_out
Gene: AKR1C4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Atalla A, Breyer-Pfaff U, Maser E: Purification and characterization of oxidoreductases-catalyzing carbonyl reduction of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human liver cytosol. Xenobiotica. 2000 Aug;30(8):755-69. Pubmed

40. Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides and therefore is involved in the regulation of cell growth. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P12268 Link_out
Gene: IMPDH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang J, Zeevi A, Webber S, Girnita DM, Addonizio L, Selby R, Hutchinson IV, Burckart GJ: A novel variant L263F in human inosine 5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 is associated with diminished enzyme activity. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2007 Apr;17(4):283-90. Pubmed

41. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols. Catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ) and the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta- PGF2 to PGD2. Functions as a bi-directional 3alpha-, 17beta- and 20alpha HSD. Can interconvert active androgens, estrogens and progestins with their cognate inactive metabolites. Preferentially transforms androstenedione (4-dione) to testosterone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P42330 Link_out
Gene: AKR1C3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Pineda JA, Murdock GL, Watson RJ, Warren JC: Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer by bovine testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Dec;33(6):1223-8. Pubmed
  4. Pineda JA, Murdock GL, Watson RJ, Warren JC: Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer between progesterone and cofactor by human placental estradiol-17 beta dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1990 Sep;37(1):65-70. Pubmed
  5. Nicolas JC, Boussioux AM, Boularan AM, Descomps B, Crastes de Paulet A: Bioluminescent assay of femtomole levels of estrone and estradiol. Anal Biochem. 1983 Nov;135(1):141-5. Pubmed

42. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD+]

Pharmacological action: unknown

Inactivation of prostaglandins

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P15428 Link_out
Gene: HPGD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gao L, He P, Sha J, Liu C, Dai L, Hui N, Ni X: Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 and type 2 mediate differential effects on 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase expression in cultured human chorion trophoblasts. Endocrinology. 2007 Aug;148(8):3645-54. Epub 2007 Apr 26. Pubmed

43. GDP-L-fucose synthetase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Two step NADP-dependent conversion of GDP-4-dehydro-6- deoxy-D-mannose to GDP-fucose, involving an epimerase and a reductase reaction

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13630 Link_out
Gene: TSTA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

44. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts progesterone to its inactive form, 20alpha- dihydroxyprogesterone (20alpha-OHP). In the liver and intestine, may have a role in the transport of bile. May have a role in monitoring the intrahepatic bile acid concentration. May play a role in myelin formation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q04828 Link_out
Gene: AKR1C1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Pineda JA, Murdock GL, Watson RJ, Warren JC: Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer by bovine testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem. 1989 Dec;33(6):1223-8. Pubmed
  4. Fukuda T, Hirato K, Yanaihara T, Nakayama T: Microsomal 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity for progesterone in human placenta. Endocrinol Jpn. 1986 Jun;33(3):361-8. Pubmed
  5. Burczynski ME, Sridhar GR, Palackal NT, Penning TM: The reactive oxygen species—and Michael acceptor-inducible human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C1 reduces the alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 26;276(4):2890-7. Epub 2000 Nov 1. Pubmed

45. Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Catalyzes reversibly the conversion of 7-ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol. In intact cells, the reaction runs only in one direction, from 7- ketocholesterol to 7-beta-hydroxycholesterol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28845 Link_out
Gene: HSD11B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Diederich S, Hanke B, Oelkers W, Bahr V: Metabolism of dexamethasone in the human kidney: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent 11beta-reduction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 May;82(5):1598-602. Pubmed
  4. Hermans JJ, Steckel B, Thijssen HH, Janssen BJ, Netter KJ, Maser E: Comparison of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Steroids. 1995 Nov;60(11):773-9. Pubmed

46. 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type II

Pharmacological action: unknown

3beta-HSD is a bifunctional enzyme, that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. The 3beta-HSD enzymatic system plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P26439 Link_out
Gene: HSD3B2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Widenius TV, Orava MM, Vihko RK, Ylikahri RH, Eriksson CJ: Inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by ethanol: multiple sites and mechanisms in dispersed Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 Aug;28(2):185-8. Pubmed
  4. Fan DF, Troen P: Studies of the human testis. VII. Conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1975 Sep;41(3):563-74. Pubmed
  5. Thomas JL, Myers RP, Strickler RC: Analysis of coenzyme binding by human placental 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5——4-ene-isomerase using 5’-[p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine, an affinity labeling cofactor analog. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991 Oct;39(4A):471-7. Pubmed

47. 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta 5-->4-isomerase type I

Pharmacological action: unknown

3beta-HSD is a bifunctional enzyme, that catalyzes the oxidative conversion of delta(5)-ene-3-beta-hydroxy steroid, and the oxidative conversion of ketosteroids. The 3beta-HSD enzymatic system plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14060 Link_out
Gene: HSD3B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Widenius TV, Orava MM, Vihko RK, Ylikahri RH, Eriksson CJ: Inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by ethanol: multiple sites and mechanisms in dispersed Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem. 1987 Aug;28(2):185-8. Pubmed
  4. Thomas JL, Myers RP, Rosik LO, Strickler RC: Affinity alkylation of human placental 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5——4-ene-isomerase by 2 alpha-bromoacetoxyprogesterone: evidence for separate dehydrogenase and isomerase sites on one protein. J Steroid Biochem. 1990 Jun;36(1-2):117-23. Pubmed
  5. Ishii-Ohba H, Inano H, Tamaoki B: Testicular and adrenal 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and 5-ene-4-ene isomerase. J Steroid Biochem. 1987;27(4-6):775-9. Pubmed

48. Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides and therefore is involved in the regulation of cell growth. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P20839 Link_out
Gene: IMPDH1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Mortimer SE, Hedstrom L, Zhu J, Spellicy CJ, Gire AI, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Birch DG, Lewis RA, Heckenlively JR, Daiger SP: Spectrum and frequency of mutations in IMPDH1 associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and leber congenital amaurosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006 Jan;47(1):34-42. Pubmed

49. Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Bifunctional subunit

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P40939 Link_out
Gene: HADHA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

50. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P05091 Link_out
Gene: ALDH2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Quintanilla ME, Tampier L, Sapag A, Gerdtzen Z, Israel Y: Sex differences, alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde burst, and aversion to ethanol in the rat: a systems perspective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug;293(2):E531-7. Epub 2007 May 8. Pubmed
  2. Quintanilla ME, Israel Y, Sapag A, Tampier L: The UChA and UChB rat lines: metabolic and genetic differences influencing ethanol intake. Addict Biol. 2006 Sep;11(3-4):310-23. Pubmed

51. Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Modulates intracellular glucocorticoid levels, thus protecting the nonselective mineralocorticoid receptor from occupation by glucocorticoids

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P80365 Link_out
Gene: HSD11B2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Mercer WR, Krozowski ZS: Localization of an 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity to the distal nephron. Evidence for the existence of two species of dehydrogenase in the rat kidney. Endocrinology. 1992 Jan;130(1):540-3. Pubmed
  4. Hermans JJ, Steckel B, Thijssen HH, Janssen BJ, Netter KJ, Maser E: Comparison of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Steroids. 1995 Nov;60(11):773-9. Pubmed

52. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Works in concert with the 5alpha/5beta-steroid reductases to convert steroid hormones into the 3alpha/5alpha and 3alpha/5beta-tetrahydrosteroids. Catalyzes the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) to 5-alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3-alpha-diol)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P52895 Link_out
Gene: AKR1C2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Rizner TL, Lin HK, Peehl DM, Steckelbroeck S, Bauman DR, Penning TM: Human type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (aldo-keto reductase 1C2) and androgen metabolism in prostate cells. Endocrinology. 2003 Jul;144(7):2922-32. Pubmed
  4. Trauger JW, Jiang A, Stearns BA, LoGrasso PV: Kinetics of allopregnanolone formation catalyzed by human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type III (AKR1C2). Biochemistry. 2002 Nov 12;41(45):13451-9. Pubmed

53. Sterol-4-alpha-carboxylate 3-dehydrogenase, decarboxylating

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q15738 Link_out
Gene: NSDHL Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Cunningham D, Swartzlander D, Liyanarachchi S, Davuluri RV, Herman GE: Changes in gene expression associated with loss of function of the NSDHL sterol dehydrogenase in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. J Lipid Res. 2005 Jun;46(6):1150-62. Epub 2005 Apr 1. Pubmed

54. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48448 Link_out
Gene: ALDH3B2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

55. Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02252 Link_out
Gene: ALDH6A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Kedishvili NY, Popov KM, Harris RA: The effect of ligand binding on the proteolytic pattern of methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Oct;290(1):21-6. Pubmed

56. Aldehyde dehydrogenase, dimeric NADP-preferring

Pharmacological action: unknown

ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation. This protein preferentially oxidizes aromatic aldehyde substrates. It may play a role in the oxidation of toxic aldehydes

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30838 Link_out
Gene: ALDH3A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Wroczynski P, Nowak M, Wierzchowski J, Szubert A, Polanski J: Activities of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in colon cancer: determination using selective, fluorimetric assays. Acta Pol Pharm. 2005 Nov-Dec;62(6):427-33. Pubmed

57. Retinal dehydrogenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein- bound retinal. Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00352 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Wroczynski P, Nowak M, Wierzchowski J, Szubert A, Polanski J: Activities of cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes in colon cancer: determination using selective, fluorimetric assays. Acta Pol Pharm. 2005 Nov-Dec;62(6):427-33. Pubmed
  4. Russo J, Barnes A, Berger K, Desgrosellier J, Henderson J, Kanters A, Merkov L: 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde inhibits the oxidation of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinoic acid by ALDH1A1, but not the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to all-trans retinal. BMC Pharmacol. 2002;2:4. Epub 2002 Feb 12. Pubmed

58. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific

Pharmacological action: unknown

May play an important role in regulating the switch between different pathways for energy production during spermiogenesis and in the spermatozoon. Required for sperm motility and male fertility

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14556 Link_out
Gene: GAPDHS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Maeda K, Nagata H, Nonaka A, Kataoka K, Tanaka M, Shizukuishi S: Oral streptococcal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mediates interaction with Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. Microbes Infect. 2004 Nov;6(13):1163-70. Pubmed
  4. Graciet E, Lebreton S, Camadro JM, Gontero B: Characterization of native and recombinant A4 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Kinetic evidence for confromation changes upon association with the small protein CP12. Eur J Biochem. 2003 Jan;270(1):129-36. Pubmed
  5. Ismail SA, Park HW: Structural analysis of human liver glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2005 Nov;61(Pt 11):1508-13. Epub 2005 Oct 19. Pubmed

59. 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Converts gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde into gamma- butyrobetaine. Catalyzes the irreversible oxidation of a broad range of aldehydes to the corresponding acids in an NAD-dependent reaction

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P49189 Link_out
Gene: ALDH9A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Prieto MI, Martin J, Balana-Fouce R, Garrido-Pertierra A: Properties of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. Biochimie. 1987 Nov-Dec;69(11-12):1161-8. Pubmed
  4. Testore G, Colombatto S, Silvagno F, Bedino S: Purification and kinetic characterization of gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1995 Nov;27(11):1201-10. Pubmed

60. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Seems to be the key enzyme in the formation of an RA gradient along the dorso-ventral axis during the early eye development and also in the development of the olfactory system

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P47895 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Graham CE, Brocklehurst K, Pickersgill RW, Warren MJ: Characterization of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 3. Biochem J. 2006 Feb 15;394(Pt 1):67-75. Pubmed

61. Aldehyde dehydrogenase X, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

ALDHs play a major role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde. They are involved in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and lipid peroxidation

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30837 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

62. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3B1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P43353 Link_out
Gene: ALDH3B1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

63. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P04406 Link_out
Gene: GAPDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Markova EV, Zotova NV, Savchenko AA, Titova NM, Slepov EV, Cherdantsev DV, Konovalenko AN: [Lymphocyte metabolism in patients with acute pancreatitis with different genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes] Biomed Khim. 2006 May-Jun;52(3):317-26. Pubmed
  2. Ido Y: Pyridine nucleotide redox abnormalities in diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Jul;9(7):931-42. Pubmed
  3. Trost P, Fermani S, Marri L, Zaffagnini M, Falini G, Scagliarini S, Pupillo P, Sparla F: Thioredoxin-dependent regulation of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: autonomous vs. CP12-dependent mechanisms. Photosynth Res. 2006 Sep;89(2-3):263-75. Epub 2006 Sep 22. Pubmed
  4. Swearengin TA, Fibuch EE, Seidler NW: Sevoflurane modulates the activity of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2006 Oct;21(5):575-9. Pubmed

64. Retinal dehydrogenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal. Does metabolize octanal and decanal but does not metabolize citral, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal efficiently

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O94788 Link_out
Gene: ALDH1A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Lamb AL, Newcomer ME: The structure of retinal dehydrogenase type II at 2.7 A resolution: implications for retinal specificity. Biochemistry. 1999 May 11;38(19):6003-11. Pubmed
  4. Russo J, Barnes A, Berger K, Desgrosellier J, Henderson J, Kanters A, Merkov L: 4-(N,N-dipropylamino)benzaldehyde inhibits the oxidation of all-trans retinal to all-trans retinoic acid by ALDH1A1, but not the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells exposed to all-trans retinal. BMC Pharmacol. 2002;2:4. Epub 2002 Feb 12. Pubmed

65. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain aliphatic aldehydes to fatty acids. Active on a variety of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes between 6 and 24 carbons in length

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51648 Link_out
Gene: ALDH3A2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Bognar A, Meighen E: Mechanism of a long-chain fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase induced during the development of bioluminescence in Beneckea harveyi. Can J Biochem Cell Biol. 1983 May;61(5):301-6. Pubmed

66. Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51649 Link_out
Gene: ALDH5A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

67. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P49419 Link_out
Gene: ALDH7A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. de La Fuente JL, Rumbero A, Martin JF, Liras P: Delta-1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase, a new enzyme that forms alpha-aminoadipate in Streptomyces clavuligerus and other cephamycin C-producing actinomycetes. Biochem J. 1997 Oct 1;327 ( Pt 1):59-64. Pubmed

68. Flavin reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes electron transfer from reduced pyridine nucleotides to flavins as well as methylene blue, pyrroloquinoline quinone, riboflavin, or methemoglobin. Possible role in protecting cells from oxidative damage or in regulating iron metabolism. In the liver, converts biliverdin to bilirubin

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30043 Link_out
Gene: BLVRB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Deng D, Li X, Fang X, Sun G: Characterization of two components of the 2-naphthoate monooxygenase system from Burkholderia sp. strain JT1500. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2007 Aug;273(1):22-7. Epub 2007 Jun 7. Pubmed

69. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q96C36 Link_out
Gene: PYCR2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Murahama M, Yoshida T, Hayashi F, Ichino T, Sanada Y, Wada K: Purification and characterization of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoenzymes, indicating differential distribution in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Plant Cell Physiol. 2001 Jul;42(7):742-50. Pubmed

70. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P32322 Link_out
Gene: PYCR1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Wang ZQ, Yuan YZ, Ou JQ, Lin QH, Zhang CF: Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity. J Plant Physiol. 2007 Jun;164(6):695-701. Epub 2006 Jun 14. Pubmed
  2. Forlani G, Giberti S, Berlicki L, Petrollino D, Kafarski P: Plant P5C reductase as a new target for aminomethylenebisphosphonates. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 May 30;55(11):4340-7. Epub 2007 May 3. Pubmed

71. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

May be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00367 Link_out
Gene: GLUD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

72. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components:pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P11177 Link_out
Gene: PDHB Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Taylor SI, Mukherjee C, Jungas RL: Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Effects of octanoate, oxidation-reduction state, and adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate ratio. J Biol Chem. 1975 Mar 25;250(6):2028-35. Pubmed

73. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, testis-specific form, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components:pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P29803 Link_out
Gene: PDHA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

74. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component alpha subunit, somatic form, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components:pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P08559 Link_out
Gene: PDHA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

75. Biliverdin reductase A

Pharmacological action: unknown

Reduces the gamma-methene bridge of the open tetrapyrrole, biliverdin IX alpha, to bilirubin with the concomitant oxidation of a NADH or NADPH cofactor

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P53004 Link_out
Gene: BLVRA Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Franklin E, Browne S, Hayes J, Boland C, Dunne A, Elliot G, Mantle TJ: Activation of biliverdin-IXalpha reductase by inorganic phosphate and related anions. Biochem J. 2007 Jul 1;405(1):61-7. Pubmed

76. Short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16219 Link_out
Gene: ACADS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

77. Dihydrofolate reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00374 Link_out
Gene: DHFR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Argyrou A, Jin L, Siconilfi-Baez L, Angeletti RH, Blanchard JS: Proteome-wide profiling of isoniazid targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry. 2006 Nov 28;45(47):13947-53. Pubmed
  2. Vickers TJ, Orsomando G, de la Garza RD, Scott DA, Kang SO, Hanson AD, Beverley SM: Biochemical and genetic analysis of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in Leishmania metabolism and virulence. J Biol Chem. 2006 Dec 15;281(50):38150-8. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed

78. 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components:2- oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02218 Link_out
Gene: OGDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mailloux RJ, Beriault R, Lemire J, Singh R, Chenier DR, Hamel RD, Appanna VD: The tricarboxylic acid cycle, an ancient metabolic network with a novel twist. PLoS ONE. 2007 Aug 1;2(1):e690. Pubmed

79. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Important for recycling the chief excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, during neurotransmission

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P49448 Link_out
Gene: GLUD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

80. 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

Production of cholesterol by reduction of C7-C8 double bond of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UBM7 Link_out
Gene: DHCR7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

81. Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]

Pharmacological action: unknown

The enzyme apparently serves as a quinone reductase in connection with conjugation reactions of hydroquinones involved in detoxification pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in prothrombin synthesis

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P16083 Link_out
Gene: NQO2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jamieson D, Tung AT, Knox RJ, Boddy AV: Reduction of mitomycin C is catalysed by human recombinant NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as an electron donating co-factor. Br J Cancer. 2006 Nov 6;95(9):1229-33. Epub 2006 Oct 10. Pubmed
  2. Iskander K, Li J, Han S, Zheng B, Jaiswal AK: NQO1 and NQO2 regulation of humoral immunity and autoimmunity. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 13;281(41):30917-24. Epub 2006 Aug 10. Pubmed

82. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: binder
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03891 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Nikonova EV, Vijayasarathy C, Zhang L, Cater JR, Galante RJ, Ward SE, Avadhani NG, Pack AI: Differences in activity of cytochrome C oxidase in brain between sleep and wakefulness. Sleep. 2005 Jan 1;28(1):21-7. Pubmed
  4. Zhang HB, Chen SL, Liu JZ, Xiao B, Chen ZB, Wang HJ: [The changes of gene expression in multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide] Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2003 May;42(5):300-2. Pubmed
  5. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

83. Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in lysine degradation. The N-terminal and the C-terminal contain lysine-ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase activity, respectively

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UDR5 Link_out
Gene: AASS Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Xu H, West AH, Cook PF: Determinants of substrate specificity for saccharopine dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry. 2007 Jun 26;46(25):7625-36. Epub 2007 Jun 2. Pubmed
  2. Xu H, West AH, Cook PF: Overall kinetic mechanism of saccharopine dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry. 2006 Oct 3;45(39):12156-66. Pubmed
  3. Xu H, Alguindigue SS, West AH, Cook PF: A proposed proton shuttle mechanism for saccharopine dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry. 2007 Jan 23;46(3):871-82. Pubmed

84. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: binder
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03897 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

85. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75251 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Schuler F, Yano T, Di Bernardo S, Yagi T, Yankovskaya V, Singer TP, Casida JE: NADH-quinone oxidoreductase: PSST subunit couples electron transfer from iron-sulfur cluster N2 to quinone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 30;96(7):4149-53. Pubmed
  4. Hyslop SJ, Duncan AM, Pitkanen S, Robinson BH: Assignment of the PSST subunit gene of human mitochondrial complex I to chromosome 19p13. Genomics. 1996 Nov 1;37(3):375-80. Pubmed
  5. Albracht SP: Intimate relationships of the large and the small subunits of all nickel hydrogenases with two nuclear-encoded subunits of mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Sep 13;1144(2):221-4. Pubmed

86. C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P11586 Link_out
Gene: MTHFD1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

87. Bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P13995 Link_out
Gene: MTHFD2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

88. Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Irreversible conversion of delta-1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate (P5C), derived either from proline or ornithine, to glutamate. This is a necessary step in the pathway interconnecting the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The preferred substrate is glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, other substrates include succinic, glutaric and adipic semialdehydes

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30038 Link_out
Gene: ALDH4A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Inagaki E, Ohshima N, Takahashi H, Kuroishi C, Yokoyama S, Tahirov TH: Crystal structure of Thermus thermophilus Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. J Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 22;362(3):490-501. Epub 2006 Jul 29. Pubmed

89. NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00387 Link_out
Gene: CYB5R3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Roma GW, Crowley LJ, Barber MJ: Expression and characterization of a functional canine variant of cytochrome b5 reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2006 Aug 1;452(1):69-82. Epub 2006 May 24. Pubmed
  2. Nussenzveig RH, Lingam HB, Gaikwad A, Zhu Q, Jing N, Prchal JT: A novel mutation of the cytochrome-b5 reductase gene in an Indian patient: the molecular basis of type I methemoglobinemia. Haematologica. 2006 Nov;91(11):1542-5. Pubmed
  3. Kim S, Suga M, Ogasahara K, Ikegami T, Minami Y, Yubisui T, Tsukihara T: Structure of Physarum polycephalum cytochrome b5 reductase at 1.56 A resolution. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2007 Apr 1;63(Pt 4):274-9. Epub 2007 Mar 23. Pubmed
  4. Kurian JR, Chin NA, Longlais BJ, Hayes KL, Trepanier LA: Reductive detoxification of arylhydroxylamine carcinogens by human NADH cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5. Chem Res Toxicol. 2006 Oct;19(10):1366-73. Pubmed
  5. Ikegami T, Kameyama E, Yamamoto SY, Minami Y, Yubisui T: Structure and properties of the recombinant NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase of Physarum polycephalum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Mar;71(3):783-90. Epub 2007 Mar 7. Pubmed

90. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 11

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q86Y39 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

91. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03905 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Shen XY, Zacal N, Singh G, Rainbow AJ: Alterations in mitochondrial and apoptosis-regulating gene expression in photodynamic therapy-resistant variants of HT29 colon carcinoma cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2005 Mar-Apr;81(2):306-13. Pubmed
  4. Carper DA, Sun JK, Iwata T, Zigler JS Jr, Ibaraki N, Lin LR, Reddy V: Oxidative stress induces differential gene expression in a human lens epithelial cell line. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Feb;40(2):400-6. Pubmed
  5. Dzelzkalns VA, Obinger C, Regelsberger G, Niederhauser H, Kamensek M, Peschek GA, Bogorad L: Deletion of the structural gene for the NADH-dehydrogenase subunit 4 of Synechocystis 6803 alters respiratory properties. Plant Physiol. 1994 Dec;106(4):1435-42. Pubmed

92. Dihydropteridine reductase

Pharmacological action: unknown

The product of this enzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH-4), is an essential cofactor for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan hydroxylases

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09417 Link_out
Gene: QDPR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Nakanishi N, Ozawa K, Yamada S: Determination of NADPH-specific dihydropteridine reductase in extract from human, monkey, and bovine livers by single radial immunodiffusion: selective assay differentiating NADPH- and NADH-specific enzymes. J Biochem (Tokyo). 1986 May;99(5):1311-5. Pubmed
  4. van der Heiden C, Brink W: Spectral studies of the interaction of the substrate ‘quinonoid’ 6-methyl dihydropterine and the coenzyme NADH used as marker in the dihydropteridine reductase assay. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1982;5(3):132-6. Pubmed
  5. Lee PL, Halloran C, Cross AR, Beutler E: NADH-ferric reductase activity associated with dihydropteridine reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 May 19;271(3):788-95. Pubmed

93. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Actions: binder
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03886 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. Pubmed

94. NAD(P) transhydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP is coupled to respiration and ATP hydrolysis and functions as a proton pump across the membrane

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q13423 Link_out
Gene: NNT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kabus A, Georgi T, Wendisch VF, Bott M: Expression of the Escherichia coli pntAB genes encoding a membrane-bound transhydrogenase in Corynebacterium glutamicum improves L-lysine formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 May;75(1):47-53. Epub 2007 Jan 11. Pubmed

95. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16718 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Chen CL, Zhang L, Yeh A, Chen CA, Green-Church KB, Zweier JL, Chen YR: Site-specific S-glutathiolation of mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone reductase. Biochemistry. 2007 May 15;46(19):5754-65. Epub 2007 Apr 20. Pubmed
  2. Belevich G, Euro L, Wikstrom M, Verkhovskaya M: Role of the conserved arginine 274 and histidine 224 and 228 residues in the NuoCD subunit of complex I from Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 2007 Jan 16;46(2):526-33. Pubmed

96. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 9, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16795 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Barker CD, Reda T, Hirst J: The flavoprotein subcomplex of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) from bovine heart mitochondria: insights into the mechanisms of NADH oxidation and NAD+ reduction from protein film voltammetry. Biochemistry. 2007 Mar 20;46(11):3454-64. Epub 2007 Feb 27. Pubmed
  2. Balaban RS: Maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of the heart: developing a systems analysis approach. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Oct;1080:140-53. Pubmed
  3. Matsuzaki S, Szweda LI: Inhibition of complex I by Ca2+ reduces electron transport activity and the rate of superoxide anion production in cardiac submitochondrial particles. Biochemistry. 2007 Feb 6;46(5):1350-7. Pubmed
  4. Fisher N, Bray PG, Ward SA, Biagini GA: The malaria parasite type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase: an alternative enzyme for an alternative lifestyle. Trends Parasitol. 2007 Jul;23(7):305-10. Epub 2007 May 10. Pubmed
  5. Liu Y, Qiao DR, Zheng HB, Dai XL, Bai LH, Zeng J, Cao Y: Cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding 19-kD subunit of Complex I from Dunaliella salina. Mol Biol Rep. 2007 May 26;. Pubmed

97. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03901 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND4L Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

98. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95299 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

99. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 7

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95182 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

100. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O15239 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Au HC, Seo BB, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T, Scheffler IE: The NDUFA1 gene product (MWFE protein) is essential for activity of complex I in mammalian mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Apr 13;96(8):4354-9. Pubmed
  4. Raha S, Myint AT, Johnstone L, Robinson BH: Control of oxygen free radical formation from mitochondrial complex I: roles for protein kinase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Mar 1;32(5):421-30. Pubmed

101. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 6

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03923 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

102. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P03915 Link_out
Gene: MT-ND5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Johnson WE, O’Brien SJ: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Felidae using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes. J Mol Evol. 1997;44 Suppl 1:S98-116. Pubmed
  4. Bao HG, Zhao CJ, Li JY, Wu Ch: Association of MT-ND5 gene variation with mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and NADH dehydrogenase activity in Tibet chicken embryos. Anim Genet. 2007 Oct;38(5):514-6. Epub 2007 Jul 5. Pubmed

103. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O00483 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

104. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P56556 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

105. Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Carrier of the growing fatty acid chain in fatty acid biosynthesis in mitochondria

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O14561 Link_out
Gene: NDUFAB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

106. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43678 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

107. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P51970 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Triepels R, van den Heuvel L, Loeffen J, Smeets R, Trijbels F, Smeitink J: The nuclear-encoded human NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase NDUFA8 subunit: cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution, and mutation detection in complex-I-deficient patients. Hum Genet. 1998 Nov;103(5):557-63. Pubmed

108. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95167 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

109. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95169 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

110. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95298 Link_out
Gene: NDUFC2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Gyan S, Shiohira Y, Sato I, Takeuchi M, Sato T: Regulatory loop between redox sensing of the NADH/NAD ratio by Rex (YdiH) and oxidation of NADH by NADH dehydrogenase Ndh in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 2006 Oct;188(20):7062-71. Pubmed
  2. Quiles MJ: Stimulation of chlororespiration by heat and high light intensity in oat plants. Plant Cell Environ. 2006 Aug;29(8):1463-70. Pubmed
  3. Brooijmans RJ, Poolman B, Schuurman-Wolters GK, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J: Generation of a membrane potential by Lactococcus lactis through aerobic electron transport. J Bacteriol. 2007 Jul;189(14):5203-9. Epub 2007 May 11. Pubmed
  4. Bao HG, Zhao CJ, Li JY, Wu Ch: Association of MT-ND5 gene variation with mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and NADH dehydrogenase activity in Tibet chicken embryos. Anim Genet. 2007 Oct;38(5):514-6. Epub 2007 Jul 5. Pubmed
  5. Zhu X, Liu B, Zhou S, Chen YR, Deng Y, Zweier JL, He G: Ischemic preconditioning prevents in vivo hyperoxygenation in postischemic myocardium with preservation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007 Sep;293(3):H1442-50. Epub 2007 May 18. Pubmed

111. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75438 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

112. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

This is the largest subunit of complex I and it is a component of the iron-sulfur (IP) fragment of the enzyme. It may form part of the active site crevice where NADH is oxidized

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P28331 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

113. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O96000 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB10 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

114. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 4

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95168 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

115. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43676 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

116. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95178 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

117. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P17568 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Raha S, Myint AT, Johnstone L, Robinson BH: Control of oxygen free radical formation from mitochondrial complex I: roles for protein kinase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Mar 1;32(5):421-30. Pubmed

118. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9Y6M9 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB9 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

119. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75306 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

120. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43674 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

121. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43677 Link_out
Gene: NDUFC1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

122. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O95139 Link_out
Gene: NDUFB6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

123. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 3, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P56181 Link_out
Gene: NDUFV3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

124. Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09622 Link_out
Gene: DLD Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Yan LJ, Yang SH, Shu H, Prokai L, Forster MJ: Histochemical staining and quantification of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase diaphorase activity using blue native PAGE. Electrophoresis. 2007 Apr;28(7):1036-45. Pubmed
  2. Gutierrez-Correa J: Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase as target for phenothiazine cationic radicals. Effect of antioxidants. Curr Drug Targets. 2006 Sep;7(9):1155-79. Pubmed
  3. Islam MM, Wallin R, Wynn RM, Conway M, Fujii H, Mobley JA, Chuang DT, Hutson SM: A novel branched-chain amino acid metabolon. Protein-protein interactions in a supramolecular complex. J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 20;282(16):11893-903. Epub 2007 Feb 21. Pubmed

125. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 3, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75489 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS3 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

126. Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P00390 Link_out
Gene: GSR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Knapp KG, Swartz JR: Evidence for an additional disulfide reduction pathway in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng. 2007 Apr;103(4):373-6. Pubmed
  2. Aon MA, Cortassa S, Maack C, O’Rourke B: Sequential opening of mitochondrial ion channels as a function of glutathione redox thiol status. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 27;282(30):21889-900. Epub 2007 May 31. Pubmed
  3. Wan C, Li S, Wen L, Kong J, Wang K, Zhu Y: Damage of oxidative stress on mitochondria during microspores development in Honglian CMS line of rice. Plant Cell Rep. 2007 Mar;26(3):373-82. Epub 2006 Oct 12. Pubmed
  4. Cheng Z, Arscott LD, Ballou DP, Williams CH Jr: The relationship of the redox potentials of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase from Drosophila melanogaster to the enzymatic mechanism: reduced thioredoxin is the reductant of glutathione in Drosophila. Biochemistry. 2007 Jul 3;46(26):7875-85. Epub 2007 Jun 6. Pubmed
  5. Gazaryan IG, Krasinskaya IP, Kristal BS, Brown AM: Zinc irreversibly damages major enzymes of energy production and antioxidant defense prior to mitochondrial permeability transition. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 17;282(33):24373-80. Epub 2007 Jun 12. Pubmed

127. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9UI09 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA12 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

128. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 5

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43920 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Loeffen J, Smeets R, Smeitink J, Triepels R, Sengers R, Trijbels F, van den Heuvel L: The human NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase NDUFS5 (15 kDa) subunit: cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, tissue distribution and the absence of mutations in isolated complex I-deficient patients. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1999 Feb;22(1):19-28. Pubmed

129. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O43181 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Papa S, Sardanelli AM, Scacco S, Petruzzella V, Technikova-Dobrova Z, Vergari R, Signorile A: The NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) of the mammalian respiratory chain and the cAMP cascade. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2002 Feb;34(1):1-10. Pubmed
  4. Petruzzella V, Vergari R, Puzziferri I, Boffoli D, Lamantea E, Zeviani M, Papa S: A nonsense mutation in the NDUFS4 gene encoding the 18 kDa (AQDQ) subunit of complex I abolishes assembly and activity of the complex in a patient with Leigh-like syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Mar 1;10(5):529-35. Pubmed
  5. Raha S, Myint AT, Johnstone L, Robinson BH: Control of oxygen free radical formation from mitochondrial complex I: roles for protein kinase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Mar 1;32(5):421-30. Pubmed

130. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P49821 Link_out
Gene: NDUFV1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Schuelke M, Loeffen J, Mariman E, Smeitink J, van den Heuvel L: Cloning of the human mitochondrial 51 kDa subunit (NDUFV1) reveals a 100% antisense homology of its 3’UTR with the 5’UTR of the gamma-interferon inducible protein (IP-30) precursor: is this a link between mitochondrial myopathy and inflammation? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Apr 17;245(2):599-606. Pubmed
  4. Ali ST, Duncan AM, Schappert K, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Chow W, Robinson BH: Chromosomal localization of the human gene encoding the 51-kDa subunit of mitochondrial complex I (NDUFV1) to 11q13. Genomics. 1993 Nov;18(2):435-9. Pubmed
  5. Grad LI, Lemire BD: Mitochondrial complex I mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans produce cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, oxidative stress and vitamin-responsive lactic acidosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Feb 1;13(3):303-14. Epub 2003 Dec 8. Pubmed

131. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P19404 Link_out
Gene: NDUFV2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Paunesku T, Chang-Liu CM, Shearin-Jones P, Watson C, Milton J, Oryhon J, Salbego D, Milosavljevic A, Woloschak GE: Identification of genes regulated by UV/salicylic acid. Int J Radiat Biol. 2000 Feb;76(2):189-98. Pubmed

132. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 13

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Involved in the interferon/all-trans-retinoic acid (IFN/RA) induced cell death. This apoptotic activity is inhibited by interaction with viral IRF1. Prevents the transactivation of STAT3 target genes. May play a role in CARD15- mediated innate mucosal responses and serve to regulate intestinal epithelial cell responses to microbes

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9P0J0 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA13 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

133. Cysteine dioxygenase type 1

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q16878 Link_out
Gene: CDO1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

134. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O75380 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

135. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 4-like 2

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q9NRX3 Link_out
Gene: NDUFA4L2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

136. NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

May donate electrons to ubiquinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: O00217 Link_out
Gene: NDUFS8 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Albracht SP, Hedderich R: Learning from hydrogenases: location of a proton pump and of a second FMN in bovine NADH—ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I). FEBS Lett. 2000 Nov 17;485(1):1-6. Pubmed
  4. Loeffen J, Smeitink J, Triepels R, Smeets R, Schuelke M, Sengers R, Trijbels F, Hamel B, Mullaart R, van den Heuvel L: The first nuclear-encoded complex I mutation in a patient with Leigh syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Dec;63(6):1598-608. Pubmed
  5. Jose Quiles M, Cuello J: Association of ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase with the chloroplastic pyridine nucleotide dehydrogenase complex in barley leaves Plant Physiol. 1998 May;117(1):235-44. Pubmed

137. Cytochrome P450 4A11

Pharmacological action: unknown

Catalyzes the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of various fatty acids such as laurate, myristate and palmitate. Has little activity towards prostaglandins A1 and E1

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q02928 Link_out
Gene: CYP4A11 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Ngo S, Kong S, Kirlich A, McKinnon RA, Stupans I: Cytochrome P450 4A, peroxisomal enzymes and nicotinamide cofactors in koala liver. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000 Dec;127(3):327-34. Pubmed

138. Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components:pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3)

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P10515 Link_out
Gene: DLAT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Shi S, Ehrt S: Dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 2006 Jan;74(1):56-63. Pubmed

139. Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrial

Pharmacological action: unknown

The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P48728 Link_out
Gene: AMT Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

140. C-4 methylsterol oxidase

Pharmacological action: unknown
Organism class: human
UniProt ID: Q15800 Link_out
Gene: SC4MOL Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed

141. Heme oxygenase 1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P09601 Link_out
Gene: HMOX1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. Pubmed
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. Pubmed
  3. Calo LA, Pagnin E, Davis PA, Sartori M, Semplicini A: Oxidative stress-related factors in Bartter’s and Gitelman’s syndromes: relevance for angiotensin II signalling. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003 Aug;18(8):1518-25. Pubmed
  4. Auclair K, Huang HW, Moenne-Loccoz P, Ortiz de Montellano PR: Cloning and expression of a heme binding protein from the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein Expr Purif. 2003 Apr;28(2):340-9. Pubmed

142. Heme oxygenase 2

Pharmacological action: unknown

Heme oxygenase 2 could be implicated in the production of carbon monoxide in brain where it could act as a neurotransmitter

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P30519 Link_out
Gene: HMOX2 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Tanaka M, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S: DNA cleavage by UVA irradiation of NADH with dioxygen via radical chain processes. J Phys Chem A. 2006 Sep 28;110(38):11214-8. Pubmed
  2. Goldstone AB, Liochev SI, Fridovich I: Inactivation of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase by H2O2 : mechanism of protection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 Dec 15;41(12):1860-3. Epub 2006 Sep 19. Pubmed

143. Cytochrome P450 17A1

Pharmacological action: unknown

Conversion of pregnenolone and progesterone to their 17- alpha-hydroxylated products and subsequently to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. Catalyzes both the 17-alpha-hydroxylation and the 17,20-lyase reaction. Involved in sexual development during fetal life and at puberty

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P05093 Link_out
Gene: CYP17A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Pandey AV, Kempna P, Hofer G, Mullis PE, Fluck CE: Modulation of Human CYP19A1 Activity by Mutant NADPH P450 Oxidoreductase. Mol Endocrinol. 2007 Oct;21(10):2579-95. Epub 2007 Jun 26. Pubmed

144. Tyrosinase

Pharmacological action: unknown

This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the rate-limiting conversions of tyrosine to DOPA, DOPA to DOPA-quinone and possibly 5,6-dihydroxyindole to indole-5,6 quinone

Organism class: human
UniProt ID: P14679 Link_out
Gene: TYR Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Jadhav JP, Parshetti GK, Kalme SD, Govindwar SP: Decolourization of azo dye methyl red by Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 463. Chemosphere. 2007 Jun;68(2):394-400. Epub 2007 Feb 9. Pubmed
  2. Zafar KS, Siegel D, Ross D: A potential role for cyclized quinones derived from dopamine, DOPA, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in proteasomal inhibition. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Sep;70(3):1079-86. Epub 2006 Jun 21. Pubmed
Enzymes

1. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase

Actions: substrate

This enzyme can be converted from the dehydrogenase form (D) to the oxidase form (O) irreversibly by proteolysis or reversibly through the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups

UniProt ID: P47989 Link_out
Gene: XDH Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Kalimuthu P, Leimkuhler S, Bernhardt PV: Xanthine dehydrogenase electrocatalysis: autocatalysis and novel activity. J Phys Chem B. 2011 Mar 24;115(11):2655-62. Epub 2011 Mar 1. Pubmed
  2. Al-Gonaiah M, Smith RA, Stone TW: Xanthine oxidase-induced neuronal death via the oxidation of NADH: prevention by micromolar EDTA. Brain Res. 2009 Jul 14;1280:33-42. Epub 2009 May 18. Pubmed

2. Aldehyde oxidase

Actions: substrate

An aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = a carboxylic acid + H(2)O(2)

UniProt ID: Q06278 Link_out
Gene: AOX1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Mantle D, Preedy VR: Free radicals as mediators of alcohol toxicity. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 1999 Nov;18(4):235-52. Pubmed
  2. Li H, Kundu TK, Zweier JL: Characterization of the magnitude and mechanism of aldehyde oxidase-mediated nitric oxide production from nitrite. J Biol Chem. 2009 Dec 4;284(49):33850-8. Epub 2009 Sep 28. Pubmed

3. Alcohol dehydrogenase 6

Actions: substrate, activator

An alcohol + NAD(+) = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH

UniProt ID: P28332 Link_out
Gene: ADH6 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

4. Alcohol dehydrogenase [NADP+]

Actions: substrate

Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols. Catalyzes the reduction of mevaldate to mevalonic acid and of glyceraldehyde to glycerol. Has broad substrate specificity. In vitro substrates include succinic semialdehyde, 4- nitrobenzaldehyde, 1,2-naphthoquinone, methylglyoxal, and D- glucuronic acid. Plays a role in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs, including the anthracyclines doxorubicin (DOX) and daunorubicin (DAUN)

UniProt ID: P14550 Link_out
Gene: AKR1A1 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

5. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A

Actions: substrate
UniProt ID: P07327 Link_out
Gene: ADH1A Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

6. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B

Actions: substrate
UniProt ID: P00325 Link_out
Gene: ADH1B Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

7. Alcohol dehydrogenase 4

Actions: substrate
UniProt ID: P08319 Link_out
Gene: ADH4 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

8. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 3

Actions: substrate

Class-III ADH is remarkably ineffective in oxidizing ethanol, but it readily catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain primary alcohols and the oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl) glutathione

UniProt ID: P11766 Link_out
Gene: ADH5 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed

9. Alcohol dehydrogenase class 4 mu/sigma chain

Actions: substrate

Could function in retinol oxidation for the synthesis of retinoic acid, a hormone important for cellular differentiation. Medium-chain (octanol) and aromatic (m-nitrobenzaldehyde) compounds are the best substrates. Ethanol is not a good substrate but at the high ethanol concentrations reached in the digestive tract, it plays a role in the ethanol oxidation and contributes to the first pass ethanol metabolism

UniProt ID: P40394 Link_out
Gene: ADH7 Link_out
Protein Sequence: FASTA
Gene Sequence: FASTA
SNPs: SNPJam Report Link_out

References:
  1. Plapp BV: Conformational changes and catalysis by alcohol dehydrogenase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010 Jan 1;493(1):3-12. Epub 2009 Jul 5. Pubmed
Comments
Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on February 08, 2013 16:19