Amphetamine

Identification

Summary

Amphetamine is a CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic agent indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Brand Names
Adderall, Adzenys, Dyanavel, Evekeo, Mydayis
Generic Name
Amphetamine
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00182
Background

Amphetamine, a compound discovered over 100 years ago, is one of the more restricted controlled drugs. It was previously used for a large variety of conditions and this changed until this point where its use is highly restricted. Amphetamine, with the chemical formula alpha-methylphenethylamine, was discovered in 1910 and first synthesized by 1927. After being proven to reduce drug-induced anesthesia and produce arousal and insomnia, amphetamine racemic mix was registered by Smith, Kline and French in 1935. Amphetamine structure presents one chiral center and it exists in the form of dextro- and levo-isomers.1 The first product of Smith, Kline and French was approved by the FDA on 1976.12

During World War II, amphetamine was used to promote wakefulness in the soldiers. This use derived into a large overproduction of amphetamine and all the surplus after the war finalized ended up in the black market, producing the initiation of the illicit abuse.1

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Illicit, Investigational
Structure
Weight
Average: 135.2062
Monoisotopic: 135.104799421
Chemical Formula
C9H13N
Synonyms
  • (+-)-alpha-Methylphenylethylamine
  • 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane
  • alpha-Methylbenzeneethaneamine
  • Amfetamina
  • Amfetamine
  • Amfetaminum
  • Amphetamine
  • beta-Aminopropylbenzene
  • beta-Phenylisopropylamin
  • Desoxynorephedrine
  • rac-(2R)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
  • rac-amphetamine
  • α-methylbenzeneethaneamine
  • α-methylphenethylamine
  • β-aminopropylbenzene
  • β-phenylisopropylamine

Pharmacology

Indication

Amphetamine is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) as well as for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as narcolepsy.1

ADHD is a complex disorder associated with the substantial heterogeneity in etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment outcome. ADHD comes from a complex interplay between interdependent genetic and non-genetic factors which cause complex mental disorders in children and teenagers.8

On the other hand, narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder typically resenting during adolescence and characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness.9

Amphetamine is also being used nowadays off-label for the treatment of obesity, depression and chronic pain.7,10

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Associated Conditions
Indication TypeIndicationCombined Product DetailsApproval LevelAge GroupPatient CharacteristicsDose Form
Used in combination to manageAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderCombination Product in combination with: Dextroamphetamine (DB01576)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Used in combination to manageAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderCombination Product in combination with: Dextroamphetamine (DB01576)•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Used in combination to manageAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderCombination Product in combination with: Dextroamphetamine (DB01576)••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••• •••••••
Used in combination to manageAttention deficit hyperactivity disorderCombination Product in combination with: Dextroamphetamine (DB01576)••••••••••••••••••••••
Management ofAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder•••••••••••••••••••••
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Pharmacodynamics

From its mechanism of action, it has been demonstrated that amphetamine augments the concentration of noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex and dopamine in the striatum on a dose and time-dependent manner. The indistinct release of neurotransmitters which include adrenaline is known to produce cardiovascular side effects.5

There are old reports of a cognitive enhancement related to the administration of amphetamine in which improvements in intelligence test scores were reported.2

In ADHD, amphetamine has been largely showed to produce remarkable improvements in school performance, behavior, and demeanor.1 The effect was shown to be produced through both racemic forms and to this date, the use of racemic forms 3:1 (D:L) is very common.3 The therapeutic effect of amphetamine on serotonin does not seem to have a significant clinical effect on ADHD as observed on comparative studies with amphetamine and fenfluramine, a powerful serotonin releasing factor. However, the indirect effect on serotonin might have an effect on the depression and anxiety profile of ADHD.6

Studies regarding the illicit use of amphetamine in which heavy consumers were studied proved the generation of a paranoid state which flagged this drug as a psychiatric danger compound.13 This observation was supported by the continuous reports of misuse in patients under depression.1

Mechanism of action

It is important to consider that amphetamine has a very similar structure to the catecholamine neurotransmitters mainly on the presence of a long planar conformation, the presence of an aromatic ring and nitrogen in the aryl side chain. Amphetamine, as well as other catecholamines, is taken into presynaptic nerve terminals by the association with two sodium ions and one chloride ion. The complex of the amphetamine with the ions is actively transported by monoamine reuptake transporters. As amphetamine acts competitively with the endogenous monoamines, the greater the number of amphetamines the more internalized amphetamine will be found.1

Once inside the presynaptic terminal, amphetamine displaces other monoamines to be stored by VMAT2 which produces the pumping of the neurotransmitters into the synapse by a process called retro-transport.4 This process of release of neurotransmitters is approximately fourfold more potent in the d-isomer for the release of dopamine.5

The mechanism of action of amphetamine is complemented by the inhibition of the reuptake and of monoamine oxidase which acts synergistically to produce a significant increase the monoamine concentration.1 This activity is not done as an inhibitor per se but more as a competitive substrate and thus, amphetamine is known to be a weak dopamine reuptake inhibitor, moderate noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor and very weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor. From this specific action, the l-isomer is known to be significantly less potent.5

Lastly, amphetamine is known to be an inhibitor of the mitochondrial-bound enzyme MAO which is the catalytic enzyme in charge of degrading all the excess of neurotransmitters. This mechanism of action is often overpassed as amphetamine is a weak MAO inhibitor but this mechanism cannot be dismissed.1

TargetActionsOrganism
ASynaptic vesicular amine transporter
inhibitor
Humans
ASodium-dependent dopamine transporter
negative modulator
Humans
ACocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein
agonist
Humans
ATrace amine-associated receptor 1
agonist
Humans
AMonoamine oxidase
inhibitor
Humans
USodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
agonist
substrate
Humans
UAlpha adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
UBeta adrenergic receptor
agonist
Humans
UDopamine D2 receptor
binder
Humans
UAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
inhibitor
Humans
USodium-dependent serotonin transporter
binder
Humans
Absorption

Amphetamine is well absorbed in the gut and as it is a weak base hence the more basic the environment the more of the drug is found in a lipid-soluble form and the absorption through lipid-rich cell membranes is highly favored.11 The peak response of amphetamine occurs 1-3 hours after oral administration and approximately 15 minutes after injection and it presents a bioavailability of over 75%.14 Complete amphetamine absorption is usually done after 4-6 hours.15

Volume of distribution

Amphetamine is reported to have a high volume of distribution of 4 L/kg.11

Protein binding

The reported protein binding of amphetamine is relatively low and register to be of 20%.11

Metabolism

Amphetamine is known to be metabolized by the liver under the action of the CYP2D6. The metabolic pathway of amphetamine is mainly defined by aromatic hydroxylation, aliphatic hydroxylation, and n-dealkylation.16 The formed metabolites in this pathway are 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, hippuric acid, benzoic acid, benzyl methyl ketone, and p-hydroxyamphetamine which is known to be a potent hallucinogen.14 However, a significant part of the original compound remains unchanged.11

Hover over products below to view reaction partners

Route of elimination

The elimination of amphetamine is mainly via the urine from which about 40% of the excreted dose is found as unchanged amphetamine. About 90% of the administered amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after oral administration.11 The rate of elimination of amphetamine highly depends on the urine pH in which acidic pH will produce a higher excretion of amphetamine and basic pH produces a lower excretion.14

Half-life

The half-life of amphetamine highly depends on the isomer. For d-amphetamine, the reported half-life is of approximately 9-11 hours while for l-amphetamine the half-life is reported to be of 11-14 hours. The urine pH can modify this pharmacokinetic parameter which can vary from 7 hours in acid urine to 34 hours for alkaline urine.11

Clearance

The reported normal clearance rate is of 0.7 L.h/kg. This clearance has been shown to get significantly reduced in patients with renal impairment reaching a value of 0.4 L.h/kg.18

Adverse Effects
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Toxicity

The mean lethal serum concentration is reported to be of 6.4 mg/l. Acute amphetamine overdose can lead to hyperthermia, respiratory depression, seizures, metabolic acidosis, renal failure, hepatic injury, and coma. Some of the neurologic effects have been shown to be agitation, aggressive behavior, irritability, headache, and hallucinations. In the cardiovascular site, there have been reports of arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Lastly, in the GI tract, there are reports if abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, anorexia and GI hemorrhage. A dose of 1-2 g of amphetamine is known to cause severe intoxication but some chronic abusers can report usage of even 5-15 g per day.16

In animal studies, there is no evidence of carcinogenic potential, not clastogenic or to affect fertility or early embryonic development.Label

Pathways
Not Available
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available

Interactions

Drug Interactions
This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
DrugInteraction
AbacavirAmphetamine may decrease the excretion rate of Abacavir which could result in a higher serum level.
AbataceptThe metabolism of Amphetamine can be increased when combined with Abatacept.
AbirateroneThe metabolism of Amphetamine can be decreased when combined with Abiraterone.
AcebutololThe therapeutic efficacy of Acebutolol can be decreased when used in combination with Amphetamine.
AceclofenacThe risk or severity of hypertension can be increased when Amphetamine is combined with Aceclofenac.
Food Interactions
  • Take with or without food.

Products

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Product Ingredients
IngredientUNIICASInChI Key
Amphetamine adipateZ58RH02W4M64770-51-0OFCJKOOVFDGTLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Amphetamine aspartateH527KAP6L525333-81-7OJNSNSZTGUACNI-VAGRMJETSA-N
Amphetamine aspartate monohydrateO1ZPV620O4851591-76-9DAWXRFCLWKUCNS-MNTSKLTCSA-N
Amphetamine sulfate6DPV8NK46S60-13-9PYHRZPFZZDCOPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Product Images
Brand Name Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Adderall XRCapsule, extended release5 mgOralTakeda2004-01-30Not applicableCanada flag
Adderall XRCapsule, extended release6.25 mgOralTakeda2004-01-30Not applicableCanada flag
Adderall XRCapsule, extended release10 mgOralTakeda2004-01-30Not applicableCanada flag
Adderall XRCapsule, extended release30 mgOralTakeda2004-01-30Not applicableCanada flag
Adderall XRCapsule, extended release20 mgOralTakeda2004-01-30Not applicableCanada flag
Generic Prescription Products
NameDosageStrengthRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral SuspensionSuspension, extended release1.25 mg/1mLOralPrasco Laboratories2020-09-30Not applicableUS flag
Amphetamine SulfateTablet10 mg/1OralHavix Group Inc d-b-a Aavis Pharmaceuticals2020-10-22Not applicableUS flag
Amphetamine SulfateTablet5 mg/1OralIngenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC2020-08-24Not applicableUS flag
Amphetamine SulfateTablet5 mg/1Oralbryant ranch prepack2020-04-02Not applicableUS flag
Amphetamine sulfateTablet5 mg/1OralDr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc2020-03-01Not applicableUS flag
Mixture Products
NameIngredientsDosageRouteLabellerMarketing StartMarketing EndRegionImage
AdderallAmphetamine aspartate (5 mg/1) + Amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine saccharate (5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine sulfate (5 mg/1)TabletOralbryant ranch prepack1996-02-13Not applicableUS flag
AdderallAmphetamine aspartate (5 mg/1) + Amphetamine sulfate (5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine saccharate (5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine sulfate (5 mg/1)TabletOralbryant ranch prepack1996-02-13Not applicableUS flag
AdderallAmphetamine aspartate (2.5 mg/1) + Amphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine saccharate (2.5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/1)TabletOralbryant ranch prepack1996-02-13Not applicableUS flag
AdderallAmphetamine aspartate (2.5 mg/1) + Amphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine saccharate (2.5 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/1)TabletOralbryant ranch prepack1996-02-13Not applicableUS flag
AdderallAmphetamine aspartate (1.25 mg/1) + Amphetamine sulfate (1.25 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine saccharate (1.25 mg/1) + Dextroamphetamine sulfate (1.25 mg/1)TabletOralPhysicians Total Care, Inc.1997-10-022011-07-31US flag

Categories

ATC Codes
N06BA01 — Amfetamine
Drug Categories
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as amphetamines and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing or derived from 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Benzenoids
Class
Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class
Phenethylamines
Direct Parent
Amphetamines and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Phenylpropanes / Aralkylamines / Organopnictogen compounds / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents
Amine / Amphetamine or derivatives / Aralkylamine / Aromatic homomonocyclic compound / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound / Phenylpropane / Primary aliphatic amine
Molecular Framework
Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
amphetamines (CHEBI:2679)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals

Chemical Identifiers

UNII
CK833KGX7E
CAS number
300-62-9
InChI Key
KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3
IUPAC Name
1-phenylpropan-2-amine
SMILES
CC(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1

References

Synthesis Reference

Guohong Wang, "Composition and methods for synthesis of novel tracers for detecting amphetamine and methamphetamine in samples." U.S. Patent US20020090661, issued July 11, 2002.

US20020090661
General References
  1. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ: Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;27(6):479-96. doi: 10.1177/0269881113482532. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]
  2. Guttmann E, Sargant W: Observations on Benzedrine. Br Med J. 1937 May 15;1(3984):1013-5. [Article]
  3. Arnold LE, Wender PH, McCloskey K, Snyder SH: Levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine: comparative efficacy in the hyperkinetic syndrome. Assessment by target symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972 Dec;27(6):816-22. [Article]
  4. Robertson SD, Matthies HJ, Galli A: A closer look at amphetamine-induced reverse transport and trafficking of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. Mol Neurobiol. 2009 Apr;39(2):73-80. doi: 10.1007/s12035-009-8053-4. Epub 2009 Feb 6. [Article]
  5. Easton N, Steward C, Marshall F, Fone K, Marsden C: Effects of amphetamine isomers, methylphenidate and atomoxetine on synaptosomal and synaptic vesicle accumulation and release of dopamine and noradrenaline in vitro in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Feb;52(2):405-14. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.07.035. Epub 2006 Oct 3. [Article]
  6. Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Dersch CM, Brockington A, Rice KC, Rothman RB: Effects of phentermine and fenfluramine on extracellular dopamine and serotonin in rat nucleus accumbens: therapeutic implications. Synapse. 2000 May;36(2):102-13. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(200005)36:2<102::AID-SYN3>3.0.CO;2-#. [Article]
  7. BETT WR: Benzedrine sulphate in clinical medicine; a survey of the literature. Postgrad Med J. 1946 Aug;22:205-18. [Article]
  8. Tarver J, Daley D, Sayal K: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an updated review of the essential facts. Child Care Health Dev. 2014 Nov;40(6):762-74. doi: 10.1111/cch.12139. Epub 2014 Apr 14. [Article]
  9. Kornum BR, Knudsen S, Ollila HM, Pizza F, Jennum PJ, Dauvilliers Y, Overeem S: Narcolepsy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Feb 9;3:16100. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.100. [Article]
  10. Ricca V, Castellini G, Mannucci E, Monami M, Ravaldi C, Gorini Amedei S, Lo Sauro C, Rotella CM, Faravelli C: Amphetamine derivatives and obesity. Appetite. 2009 Apr;52(2):405-9. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.013. Epub 2008 Dec 3. [Article]
  11. de la Torre R, Farre M, Navarro M, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Pichini S: Clinical pharmacokinetics of amfetamine and related substances: monitoring in conventional and non-conventional matrices. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(3):157-85. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200443030-00002. [Article]
  12. FDA approvals [Link]
  13. JAMA network [Link]
  14. Australian Health Department [Link]
  15. Inchem [Link]
  16. D-amphetamine sulfate information [Link]
  17. FDA Approved Drug Products: DYANAVEL XR (amphetamine) extended-release suspension and tablets [Link]
  18. EZETROL (amphetamine) Canadian label [File]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0014328
KEGG Drug
D07445
KEGG Compound
C07514
PubChem Compound
3007
PubChem Substance
46506414
ChemSpider
13852819
BindingDB
50005246
RxNav
725
ChEBI
132233
ChEMBL
CHEMBL405
Therapeutic Targets Database
DAP001146
PharmGKB
PA448408
Guide to Pharmacology
GtP Drug Page
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Amphetamine
FDA label
Download (282 KB)
MSDS
Download (145 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers
  • Lannett co inc
  • Akorn inc
  • Teva pharmaceuticals usa inc
Packagers
  • Barr Pharmaceuticals
  • Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc.
  • DSM Corp.
  • Eon Labs
  • GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
  • Lundbeck Inc.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Shire Inc.
Dosage Forms
FormRouteStrength
Capsule, extended releaseOral6.25 mg
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral12.5 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral15.7 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral18.8 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral3.1 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral6.3 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral9.4 mg/1
Suspension, extended releaseOral1.25 mg/1mL
CapsuleOral
Capsule, extended releaseOral
TabletOral
Suspension, extended releaseOral2.5 mg/1mL
Tablet, extended releaseOral10 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral15 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral20 mg/1
Tablet, extended releaseOral5 mg/1
TabletOral10 mg/1
TabletOral5 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral10 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral15 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral2.5 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral20 mg/1
Tablet, orally disintegratingOral5 mg/1
Capsule, extended releaseOral10 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral15 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral20 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral25 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral30 mg
Capsule, extended releaseOral5 mg
Prices
Unit descriptionCostUnit
Desoxyn 5 mg tablet5.1USD tablet
Dexedrine 15 mg 24 Hour Capsule4.22USD capsule
Dexedrine 10 mg 24 Hour Capsule3.23USD capsule
Dexedrine 5 mg 24 Hour Capsule3.0USD capsule
Dexedrine spansule 15 mg2.45USD each
Dexedrine spansule 10 mg1.91USD each
Dexedrine spansule 5 mg1.91USD each
Amphetamine salts 12.5 mg tablet1.43USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 15 mg tablet1.43USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 7.5 mg tablet1.43USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 10 mg tablet1.37USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 20 mg tablet1.37USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 30 mg tablet1.37USD tablet
Amphetamine salts 5 mg tablet1.37USD tablet
Amphetamine Salt Combo 7.5 mg tablet1.3USD tablet
DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.
Patents
Patent NumberPediatric ExtensionApprovedExpires (estimated)Region
US6384020Yes2002-05-072021-01-06US flag
USRE42096Yes2011-02-012019-04-21US flag
US6605300Yes2003-08-122019-04-21US flag
US6322819Yes2001-11-272019-04-21US flag
USRE41148Yes2010-02-232019-04-21US flag
US8062667No2011-11-222029-03-29US flag
US8840924No2014-09-232026-06-05US flag
US9017731No2015-04-282032-06-28US flag
US8709491No2014-04-292032-06-28US flag
US9265737No2016-02-232032-06-28US flag
US8747902No2014-06-102027-03-15US flag
US8597684No2013-12-032027-03-15US flag
US8883217No2014-11-112027-03-15US flag
US9675703No2017-06-132027-03-15US flag
US9173857No2015-11-032026-05-12US flag
US6913768No2005-07-052023-05-24US flag
US8846100No2014-09-302029-08-24US flag
US10086087No2018-10-022027-03-15US flag
US10130580No2018-11-202024-04-19US flag
US10441554No2019-10-152037-03-10US flag
US8337890No2012-12-252027-04-17US flag
US9675704No2017-06-132027-03-15US flag
US11160772No2021-11-022037-03-10US flag
US11590081No2018-09-242038-09-24US flag
US11590228No2016-09-072036-09-07US flag

Properties

State
Liquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueSource
melting point (°C)-98 ºC'MSDS'
boiling point (°C)64.7 ºC at 760 mm Hg'MSDS'
water solubilityModerate solubility 'MSDS'
logP1.76Hooser S., and Khan S. (2018). Elsevier.
pKa9.9ADDERALL XR (amphetamine) FDA label
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility1.74 mg/mLALOGPS
logP1.85ALOGPS
logP1.8Chemaxon
logS-1.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.01Chemaxon
Physiological Charge1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count1Chemaxon
Hydrogen Donor Count1Chemaxon
Polar Surface Area26.02 Å2Chemaxon
Rotatable Bond Count2Chemaxon
Refractivity43.71 m3·mol-1Chemaxon
Polarizability16.17 Å3Chemaxon
Number of Rings1Chemaxon
Bioavailability1Chemaxon
Rule of FiveYesChemaxon
Ghose FilterNoChemaxon
Veber's RuleYesChemaxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemaxon
Predicted ADMET Features
PropertyValueProbability
Human Intestinal Absorption+0.9972
Blood Brain Barrier+0.9565
Caco-2 permeable+0.8395
P-glycoprotein substrateNon-substrate0.7379
P-glycoprotein inhibitor INon-inhibitor0.9519
P-glycoprotein inhibitor IINon-inhibitor0.9859
Renal organic cation transporterNon-inhibitor0.8002
CYP450 2C9 substrateNon-substrate0.8114
CYP450 2D6 substrateSubstrate0.8919
CYP450 3A4 substrateNon-substrate0.795
CYP450 1A2 substrateNon-inhibitor0.5697
CYP450 2C9 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.9313
CYP450 2D6 inhibitorInhibitor0.657
CYP450 2C19 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8445
CYP450 3A4 inhibitorNon-inhibitor0.8709
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuityLow CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity0.8732
Ames testNon AMES toxic0.93
CarcinogenicityNon-carcinogens0.6869
BiodegradationNot ready biodegradable0.6575
Rat acute toxicity3.2491 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)Weak inhibitor0.9452
hERG inhibition (predictor II)Non-inhibitor0.9231
ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (7.59 KB)
Spectra
SpectrumSpectrum TypeSplash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MSPredicted GC-MSsplash10-0006-9200000000-232318ebc6787ee59036
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-98cd0a725199f943d6cf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014r-0900000000-8c26eef755113726e527
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-0900000000-8cb9815fcd67a6b46f05
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-3900000000-5ec7b13e93ed8e0dc0b5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014u-3900000000-bbb73c900841d90c0ba1
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9400000000-074f0f58bee23b3ea45a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9100000000-96e214b1c073232acc7e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-b6e1299382e4b38f6c4f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-2ed560c4c86538c3e790
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-6ddaf7d40e83a5c70c37
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014u-3900000000-5a23e52436daebe58716
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9500000000-f28704987cc3eacc8917
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9100000000-421879391d3453649aad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-f8b71db6439096bac2b0
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-270039c50b5f89d9c4ad
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-e84756122a0b431eee74
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positiveLC-MS/MSsplash10-014i-3900000000-20cdadf7c5b742c53087
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00kf-9500000000-5b99f81fa83e55e904bc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9400000000-6052d3a0dac0780497c5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-015c-2900000000-6b67a9199ff61ba7506b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-037fb8f36c878115fcc5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9300000000-44c12c2637a4565bf91a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-c70e8a43d2a9c0d44a49
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-00kf-9500000000-5b99f81fa83e55e904bc
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-015c-2900000000-6b67a9199ff61ba7506b
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9400000000-6052d3a0dac0780497c5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9300000000-44c12c2637a4565bf91a
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-037fb8f36c878115fcc5
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)Predicted LC-MS/MSsplash10-0006-9000000000-c70e8a43d2a9c0d44a49
Predicted 1H NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Predicted 13C NMR Spectrum1D NMRNot Applicable
Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
AdductCCS Value (Å2)Source typeSource
[M-H]-130.787961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-128.00558
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M-H]-130.787961
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M-H]-128.00558
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+131.851161
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+131.3176
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+H]+131.851161
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+H]+131.3176
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+131.120561
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+140.34662
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
[M+Na]+131.120561
predicted
DarkChem Lite v0.1.0
[M+Na]+140.34662
predicted
DeepCCS 1.0 (2019)

Targets

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Involved in the ATP-dependent vesicular transport of biogenic amine neurotransmitters. Pumps cytosolic monoamines including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine into synaptic vesicles...
Gene Name
SLC18A2
Uniprot ID
Q05940
Uniprot Name
Synaptic vesicular amine transporter
Molecular Weight
55712.075 Da
References
  1. Sulzer D, Sonders MS, Poulsen NW, Galli A: Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog Neurobiol. 2005 Apr;75(6):406-33. [Article]
  2. Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A: Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J Neurosci. 1995 May;15(5 Pt 2):4102-8. [Article]
  3. Teng L, Crooks PA, Dwoskin LP: Lobeline displaces [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine binding and releases [3H]dopamine from rat striatal synaptic vesicles: comparison with d-amphetamine. J Neurochem. 1998 Jul;71(1):258-65. [Article]
  4. Eiden LE, Weihe E: VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Jan;1216:86-98. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Negative modulator
General Function
Monoamine transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of dopamine by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A3
Uniprot ID
Q01959
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter
Molecular Weight
68494.255 Da
References
  1. Lott DC, Kim SJ, Cook EH Jr, de Wit H: Dopamine transporter gene associated with diminished subjective response to amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005 Mar;30(3):602-9. [Article]
  2. Fone KC, Nutt DJ: Stimulants: use and abuse in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;5(1):87-93. [Article]
  3. Miller GM, Verrico CD, Jassen A, Konar M, Yang H, Panas H, Bahn M, Johnson R, Madras BK: Primate trace amine receptor 1 modulation by the dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jun;313(3):983-94. Epub 2005 Mar 11. [Article]
  4. Garcia BG, Wei Y, Moron JA, Lin RZ, Javitch JA, Galli A: Akt is essential for insulin modulation of amphetamine-induced human dopamine transporter cell-surface redistribution. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;68(1):102-9. Epub 2005 Mar 28. [Article]
  5. Madras BK, Miller GM, Fischman AJ: The dopamine transporter and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1;57(11):1397-409. Epub 2005 Jan 5. [Article]
  6. Kahlig KM, Binda F, Khoshbouei H, Blakely RD, McMahon DG, Javitch JA, Galli A: Amphetamine induces dopamine efflux through a dopamine transporter channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3495-500. Epub 2005 Feb 22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Not Available
Specific Function
Satiety factor closely associated with the actions of leptin and neuropeptide y; this anorectic peptide inhibits both normal and starvation-induced feeding and completely blocks the feeding respons...
Gene Name
CARTPT
Uniprot ID
Q16568
Uniprot Name
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein
Molecular Weight
12828.975 Da
References
  1. Loos RJ, Rankinen T, Tremblay A, Perusse L, Chagnon Y, Bouchard C: Melanocortin-4 receptor gene and physical activity in the Quebec Family Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005 Apr;29(4):420-8. [Article]
  2. McAlister ED, Van Vugt DA: Effect of leptin administration versus re-feeding on hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression in fasted male rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;82(12):1128-34. [Article]
  3. Muhlhausler BS, Adam CL, Marrocco EM, Findlay PA, Roberts CT, McFarlane JR, Kauter KG, McMillen IC: Impact of glucose infusion on the structural and functional characteristics of adipose tissue and on hypothalamic gene expression for appetite regulatory neuropeptides in the sheep fetus during late gestation. J Physiol. 2005 May 15;565(Pt 1):185-95. Epub 2005 Jan 20. [Article]
  4. Scruggs P, Lai CC, Scruggs JE, Dun NJ: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide potentiates spinal glutamatergic sympathoexcitation in anesthetized rats. Regul Pept. 2005 Apr 15;127(1-3):79-85. [Article]
  5. Oliveira VX Jr, Fazio MA, Miranda MT, da Silva JM, Bittencourt JC, Elias CF, Miranda A: Leptin fragments induce Fos immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamus. Regul Pept. 2005 Apr 15;127(1-3):123-32. [Article]
  6. Vicentic A, Lakatos A, Jones D: The CART receptors: background and recent advances. Peptides. 2006 Aug;27(8):1934-7. Epub 2006 May 19. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Trace-amine receptor activity
Specific Function
Receptor for trace amines, including beta-phenylethylamine (b-PEA), p-tyramine (p-TYR), octopamine and tryptamine, with highest affinity for b-PEA and p-TYR. Unresponsive to classical biogenic amin...
Gene Name
TAAR1
Uniprot ID
Q96RJ0
Uniprot Name
Trace amine-associated receptor 1
Molecular Weight
39091.34 Da
References
  1. Reese EA, Bunzow JR, Arttamangkul S, Sonders MS, Grandy DK: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 displays species-dependent stereoselectivity for isomers of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and para-hydroxyamphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Apr;321(1):178-86. Epub 2007 Jan 11. [Article]
  2. Xie Z, Westmoreland SV, Bahn ME, Chen GL, Yang H, Vallender EJ, Yao WD, Madras BK, Miller GM: Rhesus monkey trace amine-associated receptor 1 signaling: enhancement by monoamine transporters and attenuation by the D2 autoreceptor in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Apr;321(1):116-27. Epub 2007 Jan 18. [Article]
  3. Wolinsky TD, Swanson CJ, Smith KE, Zhong H, Borowsky B, Seeman P, Branchek T, Gerald CP: The Trace Amine 1 receptor knockout mouse: an animal model with relevance to schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav. 2007 Oct;6(7):628-39. Epub 2006 Dec 21. [Article]
  4. Xie Z, Miller GM: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a modulator of the dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Apr;321(1):128-36. Epub 2007 Jan 18. [Article]
  5. Miller GM, Verrico CD, Jassen A, Konar M, Yang H, Panas H, Bahn M, Johnson R, Madras BK: Primate trace amine receptor 1 modulation by the dopamine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jun;313(3):983-94. Epub 2005 Mar 11. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Yes
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Serotonin binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...

Components:
References
  1. Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ: Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective. J Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;27(6):479-96. doi: 10.1177/0269881113482532. Epub 2013 Mar 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
Substrate
General Function
Norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Amine transporter. Terminates the action of noradrenaline by its high affinity sodium-dependent reuptake into presynaptic terminals.
Gene Name
SLC6A2
Uniprot ID
P23975
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter
Molecular Weight
69331.42 Da
References
  1. Rothman RB, Vu N, Partilla JS, Roth BL, Hufeisen SJ, Compton-Toth BA, Birkes J, Young R, Glennon RA: In vitro characterization of ephedrine-related stereoisomers at biogenic amine transporters and the receptorome reveals selective actions as norepinephrine transporter substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Oct;307(1):138-45. Epub 2003 Sep 3. [Article]
  2. Wall SC, Gu H, Rudnick G: Biogenic amine flux mediated by cloned transporters stably expressed in cultured cell lines: amphetamine specificity for inhibition and efflux. Mol Pharmacol. 1995 Mar;47(3):544-50. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function
This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...

Components:
References
  1. Leibowitz SF: Reciprocal hunger-regulating circuits involving alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors located, respectively, in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Oct;67(2):1063-70. [Article]
  2. Reisine TD, U'Prichard DC, Wiech NL, Ursillo RC, Yamamura HI: Effects of combined administration of amphetamine and iprindole on brain adrenergic receptors. Brain Res. 1980 Apr 28;188(2):587-92. [Article]
Kind
Protein group
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Agonist
General Function
Receptor signaling protein activity
Specific Function
Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately e...

Components:
References
  1. Leibowitz SF: Reciprocal hunger-regulating circuits involving alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors located, respectively, in the ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Oct;67(2):1063-70. [Article]
  2. Reisine TD, U'Prichard DC, Wiech NL, Ursillo RC, Yamamura HI: Effects of combined administration of amphetamine and iprindole on brain adrenergic receptors. Brain Res. 1980 Apr 28;188(2):587-92. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Potassium channel regulator activity
Specific Function
Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase.
Gene Name
DRD2
Uniprot ID
P14416
Uniprot Name
D(2) dopamine receptor
Molecular Weight
50618.91 Da
References
  1. Innis RB, Malison RT, al-Tikriti M, Hoffer PB, Sybirska EH, Seibyl JP, Zoghbi SS, Baldwin RM, Laruelle M, Smith EO, et al.: Amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release competes in vivo for [123I]IBZM binding to the D2 receptor in nonhuman primates. Synapse. 1992 Mar;10(3):177-84. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Primary amine oxidase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic and xenobiotic amines and has important functions in the metabolism of neuroactive and vasoactive amines in the central nervous system and peripheral...
Gene Name
MAOB
Uniprot ID
P27338
Uniprot Name
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B
Molecular Weight
58762.475 Da
References
  1. Clarke DE, Lyles GA, Callingham BA: A comparison of cardiac and vascular clorgyline-resistant amine oxidase and monoamine oxidase. Inhibition by amphetamine, mexiletine and other drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 1982 Jan 1;31(1):27-35. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Binder
General Function
Serotonin:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function
Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into t...
Gene Name
SLC6A4
Uniprot ID
P31645
Uniprot Name
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
Molecular Weight
70324.165 Da
References
  1. Fleckenstein AE, Volz TJ, Riddle EL, Gibb JW, Hanson GR: New insights into the mechanism of action of amphetamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;47:681-98. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Inhibitor
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Const...
Gene Name
CYP2A6
Uniprot ID
P11509
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2A6
Molecular Weight
56501.005 Da
References
  1. Siu EC, Tyndale RF: Selegiline is a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2A6 inhibiting nicotine metabolism in humans and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Mar;324(3):992-9. Epub 2007 Dec 7. [Article]
  2. de la Torre R, Yubero-Lahoz S, Pardo-Lozano R, Farre M: MDMA, methamphetamine, and CYP2D6 pharmacogenetics: what is clinically relevant? Front Genet. 2012 Nov 12;3:235. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00235. eCollection 2012. [Article]
  3. Rahnasto M, Raunio H, Poso A, Juvonen RO: More potent inhibition of human CYP2A6 than mouse CYP2A5 enzyme activities by derivatives of phenylethylamine and benzaldehyde. Xenobiotica. 2003 May;33(5):529-39. doi: 10.1080/0049825031000085979 . [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function
Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name
CYP2D6
Uniprot ID
P10635
Uniprot Name
Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight
55768.94 Da
References
  1. Wu D, Otton SV, Inaba T, Kalow W, Sellers EM: Interactions of amphetamine analogs with human liver CYP2D6. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Jun 1;53(11):1605-12. [Article]
  2. Bach MV, Coutts RT, Baker GB: Involvement of CYP2D6 in the in vitro metabolism of amphetamine, two N-alkylamphetamines and their 4-methoxylated derivatives. Xenobiotica. 1999 Jul;29(7):719-32. doi: 10.1080/004982599238344 . [Article]
  3. Flockhart Table of Drug Interactions [Link]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Toxin transporter activity
Specific Function
Mediates potential-dependent transport of a variety of organic cations. May play a significant role in the disposition of cationic neurotoxins and neurotransmitters in the brain.
Gene Name
SLC22A3
Uniprot ID
O75751
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 3
Molecular Weight
61279.485 Da
References
  1. Wu X, Kekuda R, Huang W, Fei YJ, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Identity of the organic cation transporter OCT3 as the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake2) and evidence for the expression of the transporter in the brain. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32776-86. [Article]
  2. Zhu HJ, Appel DI, Grundemann D, Markowitz JS: Interaction of organic cation transporter 3 (SLC22A3) and amphetamine. J Neurochem. 2010 Jul;114(1):142-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06738.x. Epub 2010 Apr 6. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action
Unknown
Actions
Substrate
General Function
Symporter activity
Specific Function
Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
Gene Name
SLC22A5
Uniprot ID
O76082
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 22 member 5
Molecular Weight
62751.08 Da
References
  1. Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 May 29;246(3):589-95. [Article]
  2. Wu X, Huang W, Prasad PD, Seth P, Rajan DP, Leibach FH, Chen J, Conway SJ, Ganapathy V: Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Sep;290(3):1482-92. [Article]
  3. Rytting E, Audus KL: Novel organic cation transporter 2-mediated carnitine uptake in placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):192-8. Epub 2004 Aug 17. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at March 18, 2024 16:48