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References

Trials

Economics

Properties

Spectra

Taxonomy

Verapamil

Targets (19)Enzymes (10)Transporters (13)Biointeractions (47)

Identification

Name

Verapamil

Accession Number

DB00661 (APRD00335)

Type

Small Molecule

Groups

Approved

Description

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

Structure

Similar Structures

Synonyms

Iproveratril
Vérapamil
Verapamil
Verapamilo
Verapamilum

External IDs

CP-16,533-1 / D-365

Product Ingredients

Ingredient	UNII	CAS	InChI Key
Verapamil hydrochloride	V3888OEY5R	152-11-4	DOQPXTMNIUCOSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Product Images

Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Calan	Tablet, film coated	120 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1984-09-10	Not applicable
Calan	Tablet, film coated	40 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC	2006-06-01	2006-06-01
Calan	Tablet, film coated	120 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1994-07-05	2012-06-30
Calan	Tablet, film coated	80 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1984-09-10	Not applicable
Calan SR	Tablet, film coated, extended release	240 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1986-12-16	Not applicable
Calan SR	Tablet, film coated, extended release	120 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1994-07-25	2012-06-30
Calan SR	Tablet, film coated, extended release	180 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1989-12-15	Not applicable
Calan SR	Tablet, film coated, extended release	120 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1991-03-06	Not applicable
Calan SR	Tablet, film coated, extended release	180 mg/1	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	1992-11-17	2012-06-30
Covera-HS	Tablet, extended release	240 mg/1	Oral	G.D. Searle LLC Division of Pfizer Inc	1996-02-26	2012-02-29

Generic Prescription Products

Name	Dosage	Strength	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Alti-verapamil - 120mg	Tablet	120 mg	Oral	Altimed Pharma Inc.	1990-12-31	2004-08-03
Alti-verapamil - 80mg	Tablet	80 mg	Oral	Altimed Pharma Inc.	1990-12-31	2004-08-03
Apo-verap SR	Tablet, extended release	120 mg	Oral	Apotex Corporation	2003-04-24	Not applicable
Apo-verap SR	Tablet, extended release	240 mg	Oral	Apotex Corporation	2003-04-24	Not applicable
Apo-verap SR	Tablet, extended release	180 mg	Oral	Apotex Corporation	2003-04-24	Not applicable
Apo-verap Tab 80mg	Tablet	80 mg	Oral	Apotex Corporation	1989-12-31	Not applicable
Apo-verap Tablet 120mg	Tablet	120 mg	Oral	Apotex Corporation	1989-12-31	Not applicable
Dom-verapamil SR 240mg Tablets	Tablet, extended release	240 mg	Oral	Dominion Pharmacal	1999-12-16	Not applicable
Mylan-verapamil	Tablet	80 mg	Oral	Mylan Pharmaceuticals	1998-05-25	Not applicable
Mylan-verapamil	Tablet	120 mg	Oral	Mylan Pharmaceuticals	1998-05-11	Not applicable

Mixture Products

Name	Ingredients	Dosage	Route	Labeller	Marketing Start	Marketing End
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/1) + Trandolapril (1 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Abbvie	1996-10-22	2018-02-28
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg) + Trandolapril (2 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Bgp Pharma Ulc	2002-07-15	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg) + Trandolapril (4 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Bgp Pharma Ulc	2002-07-15	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/1) + Trandolapril (4 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Abbvie	1996-10-22	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/1) + Trandolapril (2 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2005-05-27	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (180 mg/1) + Trandolapril (2 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Abbvie	1996-10-22	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg) + Trandolapril (1 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Abbott	2002-07-15	2010-11-12
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (240 mg/1) + Trandolapril (2 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Abbvie	1996-10-22	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (180 mg/1) + Trandolapril (2 mg/1)	Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	Physicians Total Care, Inc.	2009-01-01	Not applicable
Tarka	Verapamil hydrochloride (180 mg) + Trandolapril (2 mg)	Tablet, extended release	Oral	Abbott	2002-07-15	2010-11-12

International/Other Brands

Bosoptin (Bosnalijek) / Isoptin (Abbott) / Verisop (Gerard) / Vermin (Ratiopharm) / Vermine (Pharmasant) / Verogalid (Ivax) / Verogalid ER (Ivax) / Verpamil (Mylan) / Vertab (Trinity-Chiesi) / Vetrimil (CCPC) / Zolvera (Rosemont)

Categories

UNII

CJ0O37KU29

CAS number

52-53-9

Weight

Average: 454.6016
Monoisotopic: 454.283157714

Chemical Formula

C₂₇H₃₈N₂O₄

InChI Key

SGTNSNPWRIOYBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C27H38N2O4/c1-20(2)27(19-28,22-10-12-24(31-5)26(18-22)33-7)14-8-15-29(3)16-13-21-9-11-23(30-4)25(17-21)32-6/h9-12,17-18,20H,8,13-16H2,1-7H3

IUPAC Name

2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile

SMILES

COC1=C(OC)C=C(CCN(C)CCCC(C#N)(C(C)C)C2=CC(OC)=C(OC)C=C2)C=C1

Pharmacology

Indication

For the treatment of hypertension, angina, and cluster headache prophylaxis.

Associated Conditions

Pharmacodynamics

Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker that also has antiarrythmic activity. The R-enantiomer is more effective at reducing blood pressure compared to the S-enantiomer. However, the S-enantiomer is 20 times more potent than the R-enantiomer at prolonging the PR interval in treating arrhythmias.

Mechanism of action

Verapamil inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels. Specifically, its effect on L-type calcium channels in the heart causes a reduction in ionotropy and chronotropy, thuis reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Verapamil's mechanism of effect in cluster headache is thought to be linked to its calcium-channel blocker effect, but which channel subtypes are involved is presently not known.

Target	Actions	Organism
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3	inhibitor	Human
AVoltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4	inhibitor	Human
UVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I	inhibitor	Human
UVoltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G	inhibitor	Human
UVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	inhibitor	Human
UVoltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A	inhibitor	Human
UPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	inhibitor	Human
USodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	other	Human
UATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11	inhibitor	Human
USodium-dependent serotonin transporter	other/unknown	Human
UAlpha-1A adrenergic receptor	antagonist	Human
UAlpha-1B adrenergic receptor	antagonist	Human
UAlpha-1D adrenergic receptor	antagonist	Human

Absorption

90%

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

90%

Metabolism

Route of elimination

Approximately 70% of an administered dose is excreted as metabolites in the urine and 16% or more in the feces within 5 days. About 3% to 4% is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.

Half life

2.8-7.4 hours

Clearance

Not Available

Toxicity

LD₅₀=8 mg/kg (i.v. in mice)

Affected organisms

Humans and other mammals

Pathways

Pathway	Category
Verapamil Action Pathway	Drug action

Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs

Interacting Gene/Enzyme	Allele name	Genotype(s)	Defining Change(s)	Type(s)	Description	Details
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor	---	(G;G) / (C;G)	G > C	Effect Directly Studied	Patients with this genotype require a lower dosage of verapamil to achieve a favourable rate-control response when treating atrial fibrillation.	Details

Interactions

Drug Interactions

Drug	Interaction
(R)-warfarin	The metabolism of (R)-warfarin can be decreased when combined with Verapamil.
(S)-Warfarin	The metabolism of (S)-Warfarin can be decreased when combined with Verapamil.
3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine	The serum concentration of 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine can be increased when it is combined with Verapamil.
3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid	The metabolism of 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid can be decreased when combined with Verapamil.
4-hydroxycoumarin	The metabolism of 4-hydroxycoumarin can be decreased when combined with Verapamil.
4-Methoxyamphetamine	The therapeutic efficacy of 4-Methoxyamphetamine can be decreased when used in combination with Verapamil.
5-androstenedione	The metabolism of 5-androstenedione can be decreased when combined with Verapamil.
6-Deoxyerythronolide B	The metabolism of Verapamil can be decreased when combined with 6-Deoxyerythronolide B.
6-O-benzylguanine	The serum concentration of 6-O-benzylguanine can be increased when it is combined with Verapamil.
7-Deazaguanine	The serum concentration of 7-Deazaguanine can be increased when it is combined with Verapamil.

Food Interactions

Avoid alcohol.
Avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (Caffeine).
Avoid natural licorice.
Avoid taking with grapefruit juice.
Take with food.

References

Synthesis Reference

Philippe Baudier, Arthur De Boeck, Jacques Fossion, "Novel galenic forms of verapamil, their preparation and medicines containing said novel galenic forms." U.S. Patent US4859469, issued April, 1987.

US4859469

General References

Bellamy WT: P-glycoproteins and multidrug resistance. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996;36:161-83. [PubMed:8725386]

External Links

Human Metabolome Database: HMDB0001850
KEGG Drug: D02356
KEGG Compound: C07188
PubChem Compound: 2520
PubChem Substance: 46508158
ChemSpider: 2425
BindingDB: 81939
ChEBI: 77733
ChEMBL: CHEMBL6966
Therapeutic Targets Database: DAP000040
PharmGKB: PA451868
IUPHAR: 2406
Guide to Pharmacology: GtP Drug Page
RxList: RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com: Drugs.com Drug Page
Wikipedia: Verapamil

ATC Codes

C08DA51 — Verapamil, combinations

C09BB10 — Trandolapril and verapamil

C08DA01 — Verapamil

AHFS Codes

24:28.92 — Miscellaneous Calcium-channel Blocking Agents

FDA label

Download (1.9 MB)

MSDS

Download (73.5 KB)

Clinical Trials

Clinical Trials

Phase	Status	Purpose	Conditions	Count
1	Completed	Not Available	Crohn's Disease (CD)	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Drug Dependence	1
1	Completed	Not Available	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Drug Drug Interactions / Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) / Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Healthy Volunteers / Pharmacokinetics of ASP015K	1
1	Completed	Basic Science	Pharmacokinetics	1
1	Completed	Diagnostic	Chronic Subjective Dizziness / Vestibular Migraine	1
1	Completed	Other	Drug-induced QT Interval Prolongation / Pharmacodynamics / Pharmacokinetics	1
1	Completed	Other	Healthy Volunteers	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Drug-induced Surface ECG Changes	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Healthy Volunteers	4
1	Completed	Treatment	Stroke, Ischemic	1
1	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
1	Recruiting	Basic Science	Cardiovascular System Disease / Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions	1
1	Recruiting	Treatment	CD30-Positive Neoplastic Cells Present / Recurrent Hodgkin Lymphoma / Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma	1
1	Recruiting	Treatment	Stroke, Ischemic	2
1	Withdrawn	Treatment	Stroke, Ischemic	1
1, 2	Completed	Health Services Research	Healthy Volunteers	1
1, 2	Recruiting	Treatment	Polyps, Nasal / Sinusitis	1
1, 2	Terminated	Treatment	Knee Osteoarthritis (Knee OA)	1
2	Active Not Recruiting	Treatment	Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Brain Cancer / Cancers / Meningiomas	1
2	Completed	Treatment	Dravet Syndrome	1
2, 3	Completed	Treatment	Cluster Headache	1
2, 3	Recruiting	Treatment	Ventricular Arrythmias	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Arrythmias / Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Heart Diseases / Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation	1
3	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Mania	1
3	Completed	Treatment	Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation	1
3	Terminated	Treatment	Heart Failure, Unspecified / Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation	1
4	Completed	Prevention	Renal Stones	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) / Percutaneous Coronary Intervention	1
4	Completed	Treatment	BMI >30 kg/m2 / General Surgery / Hypoglycemia	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Diabetes Mellitus (DM) / High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Proteinuria	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Heart Disease, Ischemic	1
4	Completed	Treatment	High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)	2
4	Completed	Treatment	High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) / Metabolic Syndromes	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Marfan Syndrome	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia	1
4	Completed	Treatment	Rapid Ventricular Response Atrial Fibrillation	1
4	Recruiting	Health Services Research	Cerebral Vasospasm	1
4	Recruiting	Treatment	Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome	1
4	Terminated	Prevention	Keloid Scars	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Congestive Cardiomyopathy	1
4	Unknown Status	Treatment	Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) / Myocardial Diseases / Prophylaxis of cardiomyopathy	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) / Verapamil Toxicity	1
Not Available	Completed	Not Available	Erectile Dysfunction (ED)	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Arrythmias / Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation	1
Not Available	Completed	Treatment	Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1
Not Available	Recruiting	Treatment	Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation	1
Not Available	Terminated	Treatment	Polyps, Nasal / Sinusitis	1
Not Available	Unknown Status	Treatment	Epilepsies / Seizures	1
Not Available	Withdrawn	Treatment	Catamenial Epilepsy	1

Pharmacoeconomics

Manufacturers

Mylan pharmaceuticals inc
Elan drug delivery inc
Gd searle llc
Fsc laboratories inc
Abraxis pharmaceutical products
Bedford laboratories div ben venue laboratories inc
Hospira inc
International medication system
Luitpold pharmaceuticals inc
Marsam pharmaceuticals llc
Smith and nephew solopak div smith and nephew
Solopak medical products inc
Ranbaxy laboratories inc
Glenmark generics ltd
Ivax pharmaceuticals inc sub teva pharmaceuticals usa
Par pharmaceutical inc
Pliva inc
Actavis elizabeth llc
Heritage pharmaceuticals inc
Mutual pharmaceutical co inc
Sandoz inc
Warner chilcott div warner lambert co
Watson laboratories inc

Packagers

Abbott Laboratories Ltd.
Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Inc.
Alza Corp.
Amerisource Health Services Corp.
Apotheca Inc.
A-S Medication Solutions LLC
Atlantic Biologicals Corporation
BASF Corp.
Cardinal Health
Caremark LLC
Comprehensive Consultant Services Inc.
Copley Chemical Co.
Dee Stevens and Son Feeder
Dept Health Central Pharmacy
Direct Dispensing Inc.
Dispensing Solutions
Diversified Healthcare Services Inc.
Duramed
Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
FSC Laboratories
GD Searle LLC
General Injectables and Vaccines Inc.
Glenmark Generics Ltd.
Golden State Medical Supply Inc.
Group Health Cooperative
H.J. Harkins Co. Inc.
Heartland Repack Services LLC
Hospira Inc.
Ivax Pharmaceuticals
Kaiser Foundation Hospital
Lake Erie Medical and Surgical Supply
Liberty Pharmaceuticals
Major Pharmaceuticals
Medisca Inc.
Murfreesboro Pharmaceutical Nursing Supply
Mylan
Nucare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Palmetto Pharmaceuticals Inc.
PD-Rx Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Pfizer Inc.
Pharmaceutical Utilization Management Program VA Inc.
Pharmacia Inc.
Pharmedix
Physicians Total Care Inc.
Preferred Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Prepackage Specialists
Prepak Systems Inc.
Prescript Pharmaceuticals
Ranbaxy Laboratories
Remedy Repack
Resource Optimization and Innovation LLC
Sandhills Packaging Inc.
Schwarz Pharma Inc.
Southwood Pharmaceuticals
Talbert Medical Management Corp.
Tya Pharmaceuticals
UDL Laboratories
United Research Laboratories Inc.
Vangard Labs Inc.
Watson Pharmaceuticals

Dosage forms

Form	Route	Strength
Tablet	Oral	80 mg
Tablet, extended release	Oral	180 mg
Tablet, coated	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet, coated	Oral	180 mg/1
Tablet, coated	Oral	240 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	120 mg
Tablet, extended release	Oral	120 mg
Tablet, extended release	Oral	240 mg
Tablet, extended release	Oral
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral
Injection	Intravenous	5 mg/1mL
Capsule, delayed release pellets	Oral	120 mg/1
Capsule, delayed release pellets	Oral	180 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	100 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	120 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	180 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	200 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	240 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	300 mg/1
Injection	Intravenous	2.5 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2.5 mg/1mL
Injection, solution	Intravenous	2.5 mg/1 mL
Tablet	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	240 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	40 mg/1
Tablet	Oral	80 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	180 mg/1
Tablet, extended release	Oral	240 mg/301
Tablet, extended release	Oral	240 mg/1
Tablet, film coated	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet, film coated	Oral	40 mg/1
Tablet, film coated	Oral	80 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	120 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	180 mg/1
Tablet, film coated, extended release	Oral	240 mg/1
Liquid	Intravenous	2.5 mg
Solution	Intravenous	2.5 mg
Capsule, delayed release pellets	Oral	240 mg/1
Capsule, delayed release pellets	Oral	360 mg/1
Capsule, extended release	Oral	120 mg
Capsule, extended release	Oral	180 mg
Capsule, extended release	Oral	240 mg

Prices

Unit description	Cost	Unit
Verelan 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule	6.82USD	capsule
Verelan 360 mg cap pellet	6.73USD	pellet
Verelan pm 300 mg cap pellet	5.87USD	pellet
Verelan 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule	4.76USD	capsule
Verelan 240 mg cap pellet	4.58USD	pellet
Verelan 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule	4.22USD	capsule
Verelan 180 mg cap pellet	4.06USD	pellet
Verelan pm 200 mg cap pellet	4.04USD	pellet
Verelan 120 mg cap pellet	3.87USD	pellet
Verapamil HCl CR 300 mg 24 Hour Capsule	3.82USD	capsule
Isoptin sr 240 mg tablet	3.32USD	tablet
Verapamil hcl powder	3.24USD	g
Calan SR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs	3.15USD	tab
Isoptin SR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs	3.14USD	tab
Verelan pm 100 mg cap pellet	3.13USD	pellet
Calan sr 240 mg caplet	3.09USD	caplet
Covera-HS 240 mg 24 Hour tablet	3.09USD	tablet
Covera-hs 240 mg tablet sa	2.97USD	tablet
Isoptin sr 180 mg tablet	2.9USD	tablet
Calan SR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs	2.8USD	tab
Isoptin SR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs	2.74USD	tab
Calan sr 180 mg caplet	2.7USD	caplet
Verapamil HCl CR 200 mg 24 Hour Capsule	2.62USD	capsule
Isoptin sr 120 mg tablet	2.29USD	tablet
Calan SR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs	2.27USD	tab
Covera-HS 180 mg 24 Hour tablet	2.2USD	tablet
Isoptin SR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs	2.16USD	tab
Calan sr 120 mg caplet	2.13USD	caplet
Covera-hs 180 mg tablet sa	2.11USD	tablet
Verapamil HCl CR 360 mg 24 Hour Capsule	2.1USD	capsule
Verapamil HCl CR 100 mg 24 Hour Capsule	2.04USD	capsule
Isoptin Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	2.03USD	tablet
Calan sr 240 mg caplet sa	1.77USD	caplet
Verapamil HCl CR 240 mg 24 Hour Capsule	1.69USD	capsule
Verapamil HCl CR 240 mg Controlled Release Tabs	1.6USD	tab
Calan 120 mg tablet	1.56USD	tablet
Isoptin Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	1.52USD	tablet
Verapamil HCl CR 180 mg 24 Hour Capsule	1.5USD	capsule
Calan sr 180 mg caplet sa	1.46USD	caplet
Verapamil HCl CR 120 mg 24 Hour Capsule	1.43USD	capsule
Verapamil HCl CR 180 mg Controlled Release Tabs	1.41USD	tab
Isoptin Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	1.34USD	tablet
Calan 80 mg tablet	1.25USD	tablet
Verapamil 2.5 mg/ml vial	1.18USD	ml
Verapamil HCl CR 120 mg Controlled Release Tabs	1.12USD	tab
Apo-Verap Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.91USD	tablet
Mylan-Verapamil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.91USD	tablet
Novo-Veramil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.91USD	tablet
Pms-Verapamil Sr 240 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.91USD	tablet
Calan 40 mg tablet	0.76USD	tablet
Apo-Verap Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.72USD	tablet
Mylan-Verapamil Sr 120 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.72USD	tablet
Verapamil HCl 120 mg tablet	0.71USD	tablet
Apo-Verap Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.69USD	tablet
Mylan-Verapamil Sr 180 mg Sustained-Release Tablet	0.69USD	tablet
Verapamil HCl 80 mg tablet	0.56USD	tablet
Apo-Verap 120 mg Tablet	0.45USD	tablet
Mylan-Verapamil 120 mg Tablet	0.45USD	tablet
Nu-Verap 120 mg Tablet	0.45USD	tablet
Verapamil 120 mg tablet	0.39USD	tablet
Verapamil 80 mg tablet	0.31USD	tablet
Verapamil HCl 40 mg tablet	0.29USD	tablet
Apo-Verap 80 mg Tablet	0.29USD	tablet
Mylan-Verapamil 80 mg Tablet	0.29USD	tablet
Nu-Verap 80 mg Tablet	0.29USD	tablet
Verapamil 40 mg tablet	0.28USD	tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents

Patent Number	Pediatric Extension	Approved	Expires (estimated)
US5785994	No	1992-10-22	2009-10-22
US6096339	No	1997-04-04	2017-04-04

Properties

State

Liquid

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Source
melting point (°C)	< 25 °C	PhysProp
boiling point (°C)	243-246 °C at 1.00E-02 mm Hg	PhysProp
water solubility	4.47 mg/L	Not Available
logP	3.79	HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Caco2 permeability	-4.58	ADME Research, USCD
pKa	8.92	SANGSTER (1994)

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00394 mg/mL	ALOGPS
logP	5.23	ALOGPS
logP	5.04	ChemAxon
logS	-5.1	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.68	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	1	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	6	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	63.95 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	13	ChemAxon
Refractivity	132.65 m³·mol^-1	ChemAxon
Polarizability	51.7 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	0	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Predicted ADMET features

Property	Value	Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption	+	0.9371
Blood Brain Barrier	+	0.6323
Caco-2 permeable	+	0.738
P-glycoprotein substrate	Substrate	0.7874
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I	Inhibitor	0.9056
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II	Inhibitor	0.855
Renal organic cation transporter	Inhibitor	0.6259
CYP450 2C9 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8029
CYP450 2D6 substrate	Non-substrate	0.8706
CYP450 3A4 substrate	Substrate	0.7657
CYP450 1A2 substrate	Non-inhibitor	0.9553
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9071
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9231
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor	Non-inhibitor	0.9026
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor	Inhibitor	0.796
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity	Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity	0.9181
Ames test	Non AMES toxic	0.8393
Carcinogenicity	Non-carcinogens	0.6463
Biodegradation	Not ready biodegradable	1.0
Rat acute toxicity	3.4137 LD50, mol/kg	Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I)	Weak inhibitor	0.7687
hERG inhibition (predictor II)	Inhibitor	0.8188

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Spectra

Mass Spec (NIST)

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum	Spectrum Type	Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS	Not Available
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	MS	splash10-0udi-3519000000-b5e0b9e0caac5cb57222
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-004l-0702900000-6a46ea2d5eed6d8b01eb
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0006-4109800000-80d342090a0be3344e82
MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-054w-0954400000-2def387c7c93ab211423
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-4cde9a4b3a4f83d16afc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-980b47834e505d54a0e6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902800000-ae024239c46b33917426
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0901000000-81d1159b3102cff76218
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0900000000-d9c344fee7b45b4030e6
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0gb9-0914000000-070bdb975910e9aae99c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-03di-0390000000-f41d80462c5d06c4f001
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0097-2980000000-9a2ab0bcab33f7eaac6b
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0900000000-252a9989a8511cb2db80
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT (LC/MSD Trap XCT, Agilent Technologies) , Positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0f79-0900000000-4fd6ca2c6c19c3bbf8f0
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated)	Predicted LC-MS/MS	Not Available
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-4365a47b2dc2f86bb272
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-e6a2b357160bf5b92c22
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902400000-d8eac2ccd0a767c7e432
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0901000000-688f3c2345c5d9ccb8a5
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0900000000-cd09f8a2be876936f662
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0918000000-76641dd6dbc5cb05e79a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-05ea95eb1f39b6515212
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902600000-a675e624692c25472ce8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0901000000-70d820628d2613557239
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0gb9-0900000000-e3ca24cf75d574df08a8
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uyi-0900000000-f3a9fa002c56d3e5689a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0zg0-2900000000-101e077b890671063633
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-84b4516ac84e6912cc15
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902600000-bc1701c307e45ee4dcd7
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0901000000-6fbdab598bcb6147a4bf
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0gb9-0900000000-ce61116806eaa908681c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0900000000-ad3f25e02a7c8e66fb6a
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0zgr-2900000000-792b9009086561f6c398
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0918000000-e7a5a3f8c88dc40683fd
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-4cde9a4b3a4f83d16afc
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0000900000-9a5c5240148f82cc6add
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902800000-ae024239c46b33917426
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0901000000-81d1159b3102cff76218
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0900000000-2411d65dfe09741dde81
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0gb9-0914000000-0463345a8ab0de7aa99e
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-014i-0900000000-42074ab645b7af0ef79f
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0zgi-0900000000-20360f78435d5f482709
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0819000000-7f68ebd6e344adf12101
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0uxr-0918000000-d3727bbe601b80eabfb3
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0100900000-0a928f78000f291f031d
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0902600000-40f800e4a364d9ca214c
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0gb9-0900000000-4dea228d69d59705fc18
MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-0a4i-0500900000-c0bc440571b30d4b5b27
LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QFT , positive	LC-MS/MS	splash10-066r-0900300000-47a59c15bdbcbc62d6c6
1H NMR Spectrum	1D NMR	Not Applicable
[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	2D NMR	Not Applicable

Taxonomy

Description: This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylbutylamines. These are compounds containing a phenylbutylamine moiety, which consists of a phenyl group substituted at the fourth carbon by an butan-1-amine.
Kingdom: Organic compounds
Super Class: Benzenoids
Class: Benzene and substituted derivatives
Sub Class: Phenylbutylamines
Direct Parent: Phenylbutylamines
Alternative Parents: Dimethoxybenzenes / Phenylpropanes / Phenethylamines / Phenoxy compounds / Anisoles / Aralkylamines / Alkyl aryl ethers / Trialkylamines / Nitriles / Organopnictogen compoundsHydrocarbon derivatives
show 1 more
Substituents: Phenylbutylamine / Dimethoxybenzene / O-dimethoxybenzene / Phenethylamine / Phenylpropane / Anisole / Phenol ether / Phenoxy compound / Methoxybenzene / Alkyl aryl ether
show 14 more
Molecular Framework: Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors: tertiary amino compound, aromatic ether, nitrile, polyether (CHEBI:77733)

Targets

Details1. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1C
Uniprot ID: Q13936
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C
Molecular Weight: 248974.1 Da

References

Dilmac N, Hilliard N, Hockerman GH: Molecular determinants of frequency dependence and Ca2+ potentiation of verapamil block in the pore region of Cav1.2. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Nov;66(5):1236-47. Epub 2004 Jul 30. [PubMed:15286207]
Morel N, Buryi V, Feron O, Gomez JP, Christen MO, Godfraind T: The action of calcium channel blockers on recombinant L-type calcium channel alpha1-subunits. Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Nov;125(5):1005-12. [PubMed:9846638]
Patel MK, Clunn GF, Lymn JS, Austin O, Hughes AD: Effect of serum withdrawal on the contribution of L-type calcium channels (CaV1.2) to intracellular Ca2+ responses and chemotaxis in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;145(6):811-7. [PubMed:15880143]
Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details2. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved sa node cell action potential
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1D
Uniprot ID: Q01668
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D
Molecular Weight: 245138.75 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details3. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1F
Uniprot ID: O60840
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F
Molecular Weight: 220675.9 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details4. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1S
Uniprot ID: Q13698
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S
Molecular Weight: 212348.1 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details5. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and ina...
Gene Name: CACNB1
Uniprot ID: Q02641
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1
Molecular Weight: 65712.995 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details6. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and ina...
Gene Name: CACNB2
Uniprot ID: Q08289
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2
Molecular Weight: 73579.925 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details7. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and ina...
Gene Name: CACNB3
Uniprot ID: P54284
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-3
Molecular Weight: 54531.425 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details8. Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Yes
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: The beta subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels contributes to the function of the calcium channel by increasing peak calcium current, shifting the voltage dependencies of activation and ina...
Gene Name: CACNB4
Uniprot ID: O00305
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4
Molecular Weight: 58168.625 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details9. Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1I
Uniprot ID: Q9P0X4
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1I
Molecular Weight: 245100.8 Da

References

Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284]
Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423]

Details10. Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Scaffold protein binding
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1G
Uniprot ID: O43497
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G
Molecular Weight: 262468.62 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]
Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
Freeze BS, McNulty MM, Hanck DA: State-dependent verapamil block of the cloned human Ca(v)3.1 T-type Ca(2+) channel. Mol Pharmacol. 2006 Aug;70(2):718-26. Epub 2006 May 12. [PubMed:16699084]

Details11. Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1B
Uniprot ID: Q00975
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B
Molecular Weight: 262493.84 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details12. Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated calcium channel activity
Specific Function: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hor...
Gene Name: CACNA1A
Uniprot ID: O00555
Uniprot Name: Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A
Molecular Weight: 282362.39 Da

References

Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	141.25	N/A	N/A	21185626
IC 50 (nM)	145	N/A	N/A	15745831

Details13. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization
Specific Function: Pore-forming (alpha) subunit of voltage-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel. Channel properties are modulated by cAMP and subunit assembly. Mediates the rapidly activating component of the ...
Gene Name: KCNH2
Uniprot ID: Q12809
Uniprot Name: Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2
Molecular Weight: 126653.52 Da

References

Duan JJ, Ma JH, Zhang PH, Wang XP, Zou AR, Tu DN: Verapamil blocks HERG channel by the helix residue Y652 and F656 in the S6 transmembrane domain. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007 Jul;28(7):959-67. [PubMed:17588331]
Cheng HC, Incardona J, McCullough B: Isolated perfused and paced guinea pig heart to test for drug-induced changes of the QT interval. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2006 Nov-Dec;54(3):278-87. Epub 2006 Feb 28. [PubMed:16507347]
Schneider J, Hauser R, Andreas JO, Linz K, Jahnel U: Differential effects of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) blocking agents on QT duration variability in conscious dogs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Apr 4;512(1):53-60. [PubMed:15814090]
Ridley JM, Dooley PC, Milnes JT, Witchel HJ, Hancox JC: Lidoflazine is a high affinity blocker of the HERG K(+)channel. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004 May;36(5):701-5. [PubMed:15135665]
Shimizu W, Aiba T, Antzelevitch C: Specific therapy based on the genotype and cellular mechanism in inherited cardiac arrhythmias. Long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(12):1561-72. [PubMed:15892662]
Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Details14. Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Other

General Function: Voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in sa node cell action potential
Specific Function: This protein mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the pr...
Gene Name: SCN5A
Uniprot ID: Q14524
Uniprot Name: Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha
Molecular Weight: 226937.475 Da

References

Milberg P, Reinsch N, Osada N, Wasmer K, Monnig G, Stypmann J, Breithardt G, Haverkamp W, Eckardt L: Verapamil prevents torsade de pointes by reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of early afterdepolarizations in an intact heart model of LQT3. Basic Res Cardiol. 2005 Jul;100(4):365-71. Epub 2005 Jun 10. [PubMed:15944809]

Details15. ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Voltage-gated potassium channel activity
Specific Function: This receptor is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage ...
Gene Name: KCNJ11
Uniprot ID: Q14654
Uniprot Name: ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 11
Molecular Weight: 43540.375 Da

References

Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352]
Yamada S, Kane GC, Behfar A, Liu XK, Dyer RB, Faustino RS, Miki T, Seino S, Terzic A: Protection conferred by myocardial ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pressure overload-induced congestive heart failure revealed in KCNJ11 Kir6.2-null mutant. J Physiol. 2006 Dec 15;577(Pt 3):1053-65. Epub 2006 Oct 12. [PubMed:17038430]
Shigeto M, Katsura M, Matsuda M, Ohkuma S, Kaku K: Nateglinide and mitiglinide, but not sulfonylureas, induce insulin secretion through a mechanism mediated by calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Jul;322(1):1-7. Epub 2007 Apr 4. [PubMed:17409272]

Details16. Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Other/unknown

General Function: Serotonin:sodium symporter activity
Specific Function: Serotonin transporter whose primary function in the central nervous system involves the regulation of serotonergic signaling via transport of serotonin molecules from the synaptic cleft back into t...
Gene Name: SLC6A4
Uniprot ID: P31645
Uniprot Name: Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter
Molecular Weight: 70324.165 Da

References

Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E: Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997 Dec 11;340(2-3):249-58. [PubMed:9537821]
Brown NL, Sirugue O, Worcel M: The effects of some slow channel blocking drugs on high affinity serotonin uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Eur J Pharmacol. 1986 Apr 9;123(1):161-5. [PubMed:2940099]

Details17. Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Antagonist
Curator comments: Inhibits receptor activity but shows little competition for binding. Likely an allosteric modulator.

General Function: Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function: This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name: ADRA1A
Uniprot ID: P35348
Uniprot Name: Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 51486.005 Da

References

Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Foglar R, Ogawa S, Tsujimoto G: Effects of quinidine and verapamil on human cardiovascular alpha1-adrenoceptors. Circulation. 1998 Apr 7;97(13):1227-30. [PubMed:9570190]

Details18. Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Antagonist
Curator comments: Inhibits receptor activity but shows little competition for binding. Likely an allosteric modulator.

General Function: Protein heterodimerization activity
Specific Function: This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) prot...
Gene Name: ADRA1B
Uniprot ID: P35368
Uniprot Name: Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 56835.375 Da

References

Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Foglar R, Ogawa S, Tsujimoto G: Effects of quinidine and verapamil on human cardiovascular alpha1-adrenoceptors. Circulation. 1998 Apr 7;97(13):1227-30. [PubMed:9570190]

Details19. Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Antagonist
Curator comments: Inhibits receptor activity but shows little competition for binding. Likely an allosteric modulator.

General Function: Alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity
Specific Function: This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium.
Gene Name: ADRA1D
Uniprot ID: P25100
Uniprot Name: Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Molecular Weight: 60462.205 Da

References

Shibata K, Hirasawa A, Foglar R, Ogawa S, Tsujimoto G: Effects of quinidine and verapamil on human cardiovascular alpha1-adrenoceptors. Circulation. 1998 Apr 7;97(13):1227-30. [PubMed:9570190]

Enzymes

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
Ki (nM)	1390	N/A	N/A	16248836
Ki (nM)	2970	N/A	N/A	16248836
Ki (nM)	5100	N/A	N/A	16248836
Ki (nM)	6460	N/A	N/A	16248836

Details1. Cytochrome P450 3A4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Vitamin d3 25-hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation react...
Gene Name: CYP3A4
Uniprot ID: P08684
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A4
Molecular Weight: 57342.67 Da

References

Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014]
Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Ekins S, Bravi G, Wikel JH, Wrighton SA: Three-dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship analysis of cytochrome P-450 3A4 substrates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Oct;291(1):424-33. [PubMed:10490933]
Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]

Details2. Cytochrome P450 3A5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Oxygen binding
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP3A5
Uniprot ID: P20815
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A5
Molecular Weight: 57108.065 Da

References

Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014]
Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Flockhart Table - Indiana University [Link]

Details3. Cytochrome P450 3A7

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Oxygen binding
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP3A7
Uniprot ID: P24462
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 3A7
Molecular Weight: 57525.03 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P450 Drug Interaction Table [Link]
Flockhart Table - Indiana University [Link]

Details4. Cytochrome P450 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP1A2
Uniprot ID: P05177
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 1A2
Molecular Weight: 58293.76 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Kroemer HK, Gautier JC, Beaune P, Henderson C, Wolf CR, Eichelbaum M: Identification of P450 enzymes involved in metabolism of verapamil in humans. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;348(3):332-7. [PubMed:8232610]
Verapamil FDA label [File]

Details5. Cytochrome P450 2C9

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP2C9
Uniprot ID: P11712
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C9
Molecular Weight: 55627.365 Da

References

Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014]
Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [PubMed:11996015]

Details6. Cytochrome P450 2C8

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP2C8
Uniprot ID: P10632
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C8
Molecular Weight: 55824.275 Da

References

Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014]
Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]

Details7. Cytochrome P450 2C19

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Responsible for the metabolism of a number of therapeutic agents such as the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin, omeprazole, proguanil, certain barbiturates, diazepam, propranolol, citalopram and im...
Gene Name: CYP2C19
Uniprot ID: P33261
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C19
Molecular Weight: 55930.545 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]

Details8. Cytochrome P450 2C18

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP2C18
Uniprot ID: P33260
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2C18
Molecular Weight: 55710.075 Da

References

Zhou SF, Zhou ZW, Yang LP, Cai JP: Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(27):3480-675. Epub 2009 Sep 1. [PubMed:19515014]

Details9. Cytochrome P450 2B6

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inducer

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
Gene Name: CYP2B6
Uniprot ID: P20813
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2B6
Molecular Weight: 56277.81 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]
Rendic S: Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data. Drug Metab Rev. 2002 Feb-May;34(1-2):83-448. [PubMed:11996015]

Details10. Cytochrome P450 2D6

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Steroid hydroxylase activity
Specific Function: Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic...
Gene Name: CYP2D6
Uniprot ID: P10635
Uniprot Name: Cytochrome P450 2D6
Molecular Weight: 55768.94 Da

References

Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256]

Transporters

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
EC 50 (nM)	1041	N/A	N/A	17399990
EC 50 (nM)	120	N/A	N/A	9767638
EC 50 (nM)	20000	N/A	N/A	17064079 / 17936633 / 18257545 / 18524592
EC 50 (nM)	3100	N/A	N/A	11784143
IC 50 (nM)	134896288	N/A	N/A	17890094
IC 50 (nM)	14000	N/A	N/A	19402665
IC 50 (nM)	1480	N/A	N/A	12477351
IC 50 (nM)	2090	N/A	N/A	12477351
IC 50 (nM)	2100	N/A	N/A	10820137
IC 50 (nM)	2110	N/A	N/A	12477351
IC 50 (nM)	2210	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	2370	N/A	N/A	12477351
IC 50 (nM)	2440	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	2580	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	28900	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	3100	N/A	N/A	10386932
IC 50 (nM)	38200	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	400	N/A	N/A	12699389 / 15240100
IC 50 (nM)	4200	N/A	N/A	11454724 / 11716514
IC 50 (nM)	42000	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	446500	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	4571	N/A	N/A	17890094 / 18083034
IC 50 (nM)	4700	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	4780	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	500	N/A	N/A	22112208
IC 50 (nM)	53000	N/A	N/A	10386932
IC 50 (nM)	5330	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	5520	N/A	N/A	12569305
IC 50 (nM)	5754	N/A	N/A	18083034
IC 50 (nM)	5800	N/A	N/A	18083034
IC 50 (nM)	6300	N/A	N/A	12699389
IC 50 (nM)	6500	N/A	N/A	11716514
IC 50 (nM)	6607	N/A	N/A	17890094 / 18083034
IC 50 (nM)	8440	N/A	N/A	15359574
IC 50 (nM)	9800	N/A	N/A	21354800
Ki (nM)	15100	N/A	N/A	12134945
Ki (nM)	1600	N/A	N/A	12477351
Ki (nM)	2500	N/A	N/A	12477351
Ki (nM)	300	N/A	N/A	12477351

Details1. Multidrug resistance protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Substrate
Inhibitor
Inducer

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: Energy-dependent efflux pump responsible for decreased drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant cells.
Gene Name: ABCB1
Uniprot ID: P08183
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance protein 1
Molecular Weight: 141477.255 Da

References

Perloff MD, von Moltke LL, Fahey JM, Daily JP, Greenblatt DJ: Induction of P-glycoprotein expression by HIV protease inhibitors in cell culture. AIDS. 2000 Jun 16;14(9):1287-9. [PubMed:10894301]
Romiti N, Tramonti G, Chieli E: Influence of different chemicals on MDR-1 P-glycoprotein expression and activity in the HK-2 proximal tubular cell line. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2002 Sep 1;183(2):83-91. [PubMed:12387747]
Choo EF, Leake B, Wandel C, Imamura H, Wood AJ, Wilkinson GR, Kim RB: Pharmacological inhibition of P-glycoprotein transport enhances the distribution of HIV-1 protease inhibitors into brain and testes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Jun;28(6):655-60. [PubMed:10820137]
Kawahara I, Kato Y, Suzuki H, Achira M, Ito K, Crespi CL, Sugiyama Y: Selective inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A4 by N-[2(R)-hydroxy-1(S)-indanyl]-5-[2(S)-(1, 1-dimethylethylaminocarbonyl)-4-[(furo[2, 3-b]pyridin-5-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-4(S)-hydroxy-2(R)-phenylmethy lpentanamide and P-glycoprotein by valspodar in gene transfectant systems. Drug Metab Dispos. 2000 Oct;28(10):1238-43. [PubMed:10997946]
Fujita R, Ishikawa M, Takayanagi M, Takayanagi Y, Sasaki K: Enhancement of doxorubicin activity in multidrug-resistant cells by mefloquine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;22(5):281-4. [PubMed:11031728]
Gao J, Murase O, Schowen RL, Aube J, Borchardt RT: A functional assay for quantitation of the apparent affinities of ligands of P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res. 2001 Feb;18(2):171-6. [PubMed:11405287]
Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Nov 30;289(2):580-5. [PubMed:11716514]
Leonessa F, Kim JH, Ghiorghis A, Kulawiec RJ, Hammer C, Talebian A, Clarke R: C-7 analogues of progesterone as potent inhibitors of the P-glycoprotein efflux pump. J Med Chem. 2002 Jan 17;45(2):390-8. [PubMed:11784143]
Tang F, Horie K, Borchardt RT: Are MDCK cells transfected with the human MDR1 gene a good model of the human intestinal mucosa? Pharm Res. 2002 Jun;19(6):765-72. [PubMed:12134945]
Zhang S, Morris ME: Effects of the flavonoids biochanin A, morin, phloretin, and silymarin on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Mar;304(3):1258-67. [PubMed:12604704]
Horie K, Tang F, Borchardt RT: Isolation and characterization of Caco-2 subclones expressing high levels of multidrug resistance protein efflux transporter. Pharm Res. 2003 Feb;20(2):161-8. [PubMed:12636153]
Schwab D, Fischer H, Tabatabaei A, Poli S, Huwyler J: Comparison of in vitro P-glycoprotein screening assays: recommendations for their use in drug discovery. J Med Chem. 2003 Apr 24;46(9):1716-25. [PubMed:12699389]
van der Sandt IC, Blom-Roosemalen MC, de Boer AG, Breimer DD: Specificity of doxorubicin versus rhodamine-123 in assessing P-glycoprotein functionality in the LLC-PK1, LLC-PK1:MDR1 and Caco-2 cell lines. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000 Sep;11(3):207-14. [PubMed:11042226]
Ibrahim S, Peggins J, Knapton A, Licht T, Aszalos A: Influence of antipsychotic, antiemetic, and Ca(2+) channel blocker drugs on the cellular accumulation of the anticancer drug daunorubicin: P-glycoprotein modulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 Dec;295(3):1276-83. [PubMed:11082465]
Wang EJ, Casciano CN, Clement RP, Johnson WW: Evaluation of the interaction of loratadine and desloratadine with P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Aug;29(8):1080-3. [PubMed:11454724]
Weiss J, Dormann SM, Martin-Facklam M, Kerpen CJ, Ketabi-Kiyanvash N, Haefeli WE: Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by newer antidepressants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Apr;305(1):197-204. [PubMed:12649369]
Wils P, Phung-Ba V, Warnery A, Lechardeur D, Raeissi S, Hidalgo IJ, Scherman D: Polarized transport of docetaxel and vinblastine mediated by P-glycoprotein in human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Biochem Pharmacol. 1994 Oct 7;48(7):1528-30. [PubMed:7945455]
Hait WN, Gesmonde JF, Murren JR, Yang JM, Chen HX, Reiss M: Terfenadine (Seldane): a new drug for restoring sensitivity to multidrug resistant cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993 Jan 26;45(2):401-6. [PubMed:8094615]
Pouliot JF, L'Heureux F, Liu Z, Prichard RK, Georges E: Reversal of P-glycoprotein-associated multidrug resistance by ivermectin. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Jan 10;53(1):17-25. [PubMed:8960059]
Kuhnel JM, Perrot JY, Faussat AM, Marie JP, Schwaller MA: Functional assay of multidrug resistant cells using JC-1, a carbocyanine fluorescent probe. Leukemia. 1997 Jul;11(7):1147-55. [PubMed:9205004]
Kim AE, Dintaman JM, Waddell DS, Silverman JA: Saquinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, is transported by P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1439-45. [PubMed:9732409]
Bebawy M, Morris MB, Roufogalis BD: A continuous fluorescence assay for the study of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux using inside-out membrane vesicles. Anal Biochem. 1999 Mar 15;268(2):270-7. [PubMed:10075817]
Golstein PE, Boom A, van Geffel J, Jacobs P, Masereel B, Beauwens R: P-glycoprotein inhibition by glibenclamide and related compounds. Pflugers Arch. 1999 Apr;437(5):652-60. [PubMed:10087141]
Jonsson O, Behnam-Motlagh P, Persson M, Henriksson R, Grankvist K: Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999 Dec 1;58(11):1801-6. [PubMed:10571255]
Eagling VA, Profit L, Back DJ: Inhibition of the CYP3A4-mediated metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor saquinavir by grapefruit juice components. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Oct;48(4):543-52. [PubMed:10583025]
Choi CH, Kim JH, Kim SH: Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR by 5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone and SAR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 30;320(3):672-9. [PubMed:15240100]
Honda Y, Ushigome F, Koyabu N, Morimoto S, Shoyama Y, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Ohtani H, Sawada Y: Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P-glycoprotein- and MRP2-mediated drug efflux. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Dec;143(7):856-64. Epub 2004 Oct 25. [PubMed:15504753]
Hu K, Morris ME: Effects of benzyl-, phenethyl-, and alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanates on P-glycoprotein- and MRP1-mediated transport. J Pharm Sci. 2004 Jul;93(7):1901-11. [PubMed:15176077]
Lee BH, Lee CO, Kwon MJ, Yi KY, Yoo SE, Choi SU: Differential effects of the optical isomers of KR30031 on cardiotoxicity and on multidrug resistance reversal activity. Anticancer Drugs. 2003 Feb;14(2):175-81. [PubMed:12569305]
Nagy H, Goda K, Fenyvesi F, Bacso Z, Szilasi M, Kappelmayer J, Lustyik G, Cianfriglia M, Szabo G Jr: Distinct groups of multidrug resistance modulating agents are distinguished by competition of P-glycoprotein-specific antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):942-9. [PubMed:14985103]
Petri N, Tannergren C, Rungstad D, Lennernas H: Transport characteristics of fexofenadine in the Caco-2 cell model. Pharm Res. 2004 Aug;21(8):1398-404. [PubMed:15359574]
Baltes S, Gastens AM, Fedrowitz M, Potschka H, Kaever V, Loscher W: Differences in the transport of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin, levetiracetam and carbamazepine by human and mouse P-glycoprotein. Neuropharmacology. 2007 Feb;52(2):333-46. Epub 2006 Oct 10. [PubMed:17045309]
Santoni-Rugiu E, Silverman JA: Functional characterization of the rat mdr1b encoded P-glycoprotein: not all inducing agents are substrates. Carcinogenesis. 1997 Nov;18(11):2255-63. [PubMed:9395229]
Sieczkowski E, Lehner C, Ambros PF, Hohenegger M: Double impact on p-glycoprotein by statins enhances doxorubicin cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2010 May 1;126(9):2025-35. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24885. [PubMed:19739078]
Chiu LY, Ko JL, Lee YJ, Yang TY, Tee YT, Sheu GT: L-type calcium channel blockers reverse docetaxel and vincristine-induced multidrug resistance independent of ABCB1 expression in human lung cancer cell lines. Toxicol Lett. 2010 Feb 15;192(3):408-18. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.018. Epub 2009 Nov 26. [PubMed:19944135]
Karlsson JE, Heddle C, Rozkov A, Rotticci-Mulder J, Tuvesson O, Hilgendorf C, Andersson TB: High-activity p-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 2, and breast cancer resistance protein membrane vesicles prepared from transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293-epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen cells. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 Apr;38(4):705-14. doi: 10.1124/dmd.109.028886. Epub 2010 Jan 13. [PubMed:20071452]
Jutabha P, Wempe MF, Anzai N, Otomo J, Kadota T, Endou H: Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human P-glycoprotein: probing trans- and cis-inhibitory effects on [3H]vinblastine and [3H]digoxin efflux. Pharmacol Res. 2010 Jan;61(1):76-84. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.07.002. Epub 2009 Jul 21. [PubMed:19631272]
Kugawa F, Suzuki T, Miyata M, Tomono K, Tamanoi F: Construction of a model cell line for the assay of MDR1 (multi drug resistance gene-1) substrates/inhibitors using HeLa cells. Pharmazie. 2009 May;64(5):296-300. [PubMed:19530439]
Dahan A, Amidon GL: Small intestinal efflux mediated by MRP2 and BCRP shifts sulfasalazine intestinal permeability from high to low, enabling its colonic targeting. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Aug;297(2):G371-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00102.2009. Epub 2009 Jun 18. [PubMed:19541926]
Noguchi K, Kawahara H, Kaji A, Katayama K, Mitsuhashi J, Sugimoto Y: Substrate-dependent bidirectional modulation of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance by erlotinib. Cancer Sci. 2009 Sep;100(9):1701-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01213.x. Epub 2009 May 12. [PubMed:19493273]
Dahan A, Sabit H, Amidon GL: The H2 receptor antagonist nizatidine is a P-glycoprotein substrate: characterization of its intestinal epithelial cell efflux transport. AAPS J. 2009 Jun;11(2):205-13. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9092-5. Epub 2009 Mar 25. [PubMed:19319690]
Pauli-Magnus C, von Richter O, Burk O, Ziegler A, Mettang T, Eichelbaum M, Fromm MF: Characterization of the major metabolites of verapamil as substrates and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000 May;293(2):376-82. [PubMed:10773005]
Polli JW, Wring SA, Humphreys JE, Huang L, Morgan JB, Webster LO, Serabjit-Singh CS: Rational use of in vitro P-glycoprotein assays in drug discovery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001 Nov;299(2):620-8. [PubMed:11602674]
Adachi Y, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y: Comparative studies on in vitro methods for evaluating in vivo function of MDR1 P-glycoprotein. Pharm Res. 2001 Dec;18(12):1660-8. [PubMed:11785684]
Troutman MD, Thakker DR: Novel experimental parameters to quantify the modulation of absorptive and secretory transport of compounds by P-glycoprotein in cell culture models of intestinal epithelium. Pharm Res. 2003 Aug;20(8):1210-24. [PubMed:12948019]
Faassen F, Vogel G, Spanings H, Vromans H: Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2003 Sep 16;263(1-2):113-22. [PubMed:12954186]
Dagenais C, Graff CL, Pollack GM: Variable modulation of opioid brain uptake by P-glycoprotein in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 15;67(2):269-76. [PubMed:14698039]
Borgnia MJ, Eytan GD, Assaraf YG: Competition of hydrophobic peptides, cytotoxic drugs, and chemosensitizers on a common P-glycoprotein pharmacophore as revealed by its ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1996 Feb 9;271(6):3163-71. [PubMed:8621716]
Collett A, Tanianis-Hughes J, Hallifax D, Warhurst G: Predicting P-glycoprotein effects on oral absorption: correlation of transport in Caco-2 with drug pharmacokinetics in wild-type and mdr1a(-/-) mice in vivo. Pharm Res. 2004 May;21(5):819-26. [PubMed:15180340]
Tfelt-Hansen P, Tfelt-Hansen J: Verapamil for cluster headache. Clinical pharmacology and possible mode of action. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):117-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01298.x. [PubMed:19125880]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	6800	N/A	N/A	18788725

Details2. Solute carrier family 22 member 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Translocates a broad array of organic cations with various structures and molecular weights including the model compounds 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), N-1-methylnico...
Gene Name: SLC22A1
Uniprot ID: O15245
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 1
Molecular Weight: 61153.345 Da

References

Zhang L, Dresser MJ, Gray AT, Yost SC, Terashita S, Giacomini KM: Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;51(6):913-21. [PubMed:9187257]
Zhang L, Schaner ME, Giacomini KM: Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Jul;286(1):354-61. [PubMed:9655880]

Details3. Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Acts as an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocyte...
Gene Name: ABCC3
Uniprot ID: O15438
Uniprot Name: Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2
Molecular Weight: 169341.14 Da

References

Zeng H, Chen ZS, Belinsky MG, Rea PA, Kruh GD: Transport of methotrexate (MTX) and folates by multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3 and MRP1: effect of polyglutamylation on MTX transport. Cancer Res. 2001 Oct 1;61(19):7225-32. [PubMed:11585759]

Details4. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Atpase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
Specific Function: May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification.
Gene Name: ABCC4
Uniprot ID: O15439
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4
Molecular Weight: 149525.33 Da

References

Chen ZS, Lee K, Walther S, Raftogianis RB, Kuwano M, Zeng H, Kruh GD: Analysis of methotrexate and folate transport by multidrug resistance protein 4 (ABCC4): MRP4 is a component of the methotrexate efflux system. Cancer Res. 2002 Jun 1;62(11):3144-50. [PubMed:12036927]
Bai J, Lai L, Yeo HC, Goh BC, Tan TM: Multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates efflux of bimane-glutathione. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;36(2):247-57. [PubMed:14643890]

Details5. Solute carrier family 22 member 5

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Symporter activity
Specific Function: Sodium-ion dependent, high affinity carnitine transporter. Involved in the active cellular uptake of carnitine. Transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cat...
Gene Name: SLC22A5
Uniprot ID: O76082
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 5
Molecular Weight: 62751.08 Da

References

Ohashi R, Tamai I, Yabuuchi H, Nezu JI, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 Nov;291(2):778-84. [PubMed:10525100]
Ohashi R, Tamai I, Nezu Ji J, Nikaido H, Hashimoto N, Oku A, Sai Y, Shimane M, Tsuji A: Molecular and physiological evidence for multifunctionality of carnitine/organic cation transporter OCTN2. Mol Pharmacol. 2001 Feb;59(2):358-66. [PubMed:11160873]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	6800	N/A	N/A	22112208
IC 50 (nM)	9660	N/A	N/A	18707884
Ki (nM)	13200	N/A	N/A	19725578
Ki (nM)	13400	N/A	N/A	19725578

Details6. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17-beta-o-glucuronide, methotre...
Gene Name: ABCC1
Uniprot ID: P33527
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Molecular Weight: 171589.5 Da

References

Lespine A, Dupuy J, Orlowski S, Nagy T, Glavinas H, Krajcsi P, Alvinerie M: Interaction of ivermectin with multidrug resistance proteins (MRP1, 2 and 3). Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Feb 25;159(3):169-79. Epub 2005 Dec 27. [PubMed:16384552]

Details7. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibit...
Gene Name: SLCO1A2
Uniprot ID: P46721
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
Molecular Weight: 74144.105 Da

References

Cvetkovic M, Leake B, Fromm MF, Wilkinson GR, Kim RB: OATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadine. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999 Aug;27(8):866-71. [PubMed:10421612]
Shitara Y, Sugiyama D, Kusuhara H, Kato Y, Abe T, Meier PJ, Itoh T, Sugiyama Y: Comparative inhibitory effects of different compounds on rat oatpl (slc21a1)- and Oatp2 (Slc21a5)-mediated transport. Pharm Res. 2002 Feb;19(2):147-53. [PubMed:11883641]

Details8. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Atpase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of substances
Specific Function: ATP-dependent transporter probably involved in cellular detoxification through lipophilic anion extrusion.
Gene Name: ABCC10
Uniprot ID: Q5T3U5
Uniprot Name: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 7
Molecular Weight: 161627.375 Da

References

Chen ZS, Hopper-Borge E, Belinsky MG, Shchaveleva I, Kotova E, Kruh GD: Characterization of the transport properties of human multidrug resistance protein 7 (MRP7, ABCC10). Mol Pharmacol. 2003 Feb;63(2):351-8. [PubMed:12527806]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	>200000	N/A	N/A	18707884

Details9. Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter.
Gene Name: ABCC2
Uniprot ID: Q92887
Uniprot Name: Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1
Molecular Weight: 174205.64 Da

References

Tang F, Horie K, Borchardt RT: Are MDCK cells transfected with the human MRP2 gene a good model of the human intestinal mucosa? Pharm Res. 2002 Jun;19(6):773-9. [PubMed:12134946]

Details10. Solute carrier family 22 member 4

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Symporter activity
Specific Function: Sodium-ion dependent, low affinity carnitine transporter. Probably transports one sodium ion with one molecule of carnitine. Also transports organic cations such as tetraethylammonium (TEA) without...
Gene Name: SLC22A4
Uniprot ID: Q9H015
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier family 22 member 4
Molecular Weight: 62154.48 Da

References

Yabuuchi H, Tamai I, Nezu J, Sakamoto K, Oku A, Shimane M, Sai Y, Tsuji A: Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999 May;289(2):768-73. [PubMed:10215651]
Wu X, George RL, Huang W, Wang H, Conway SJ, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Structural and functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of rat OCTN1, an organic cation transporter, cloned from placenta. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jun 1;1466(1-2):315-27. [PubMed:10825452]

Property	Measurement	pH	Temperature (°C)	References
IC 50 (nM)	>50000	N/A	N/A	15155841
IC 50 (nM)	524807	N/A	N/A	18678495

Details11. ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Xenobiotic-transporting atpase activity
Specific Function: High-capacity urate exporter functioning in both renal and extrarenal urate excretion. Plays a role in porphyrin homeostasis as it is able to mediates the export of protoporhyrin IX (PPIX) both fro...
Gene Name: ABCG2
Uniprot ID: Q9UNQ0
Uniprot Name: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2
Molecular Weight: 72313.47 Da

References

Ozvegy-Laczka C, Hegedus T, Varady G, Ujhelly O, Schuetz JD, Varadi A, Keri G, Orfi L, Nemet K, Sarkadi B: High-affinity interaction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with the ABCG2 multidrug transporter. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jun;65(6):1485-95. [PubMed:15155841]

Details12. Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: Unknown
Actions: Inhibitor

General Function: Sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function: Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as pravastatin, taurocholate, methotrexate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, estrone sulfate, prostagland...
Gene Name: SLCO1B1
Uniprot ID: Q9Y6L6
Uniprot Name: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1
Molecular Weight: 76447.99 Da

References

Oostendorp RL, van de Steeg E, van der Kruijssen CM, Beijnen JH, Kenworthy KE, Schinkel AH, Schellens JH: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 mediates transport of Gimatecan and BNP1350 and can be inhibited by several classic ATP-binding cassette (ABC) B1 and/or ABCG2 inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Apr;37(4):917-23. doi: 10.1124/dmd.108.024901. Epub 2009 Jan 12. [PubMed:19139163]

Details13. Bile salt export pump

Kind: Protein
Organism: Human
Pharmacological action: No
Actions: Substrate

General Function: Transporter activity
Specific Function: Involved in the ATP-dependent secretion of bile salts into the canaliculus of hepatocytes.
Gene Name: ABCB11
Uniprot ID: O95342
Uniprot Name: Bile salt export pump
Molecular Weight: 146405.83 Da

References

Wilson A. (2016). New horizons in predictive drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. The Royal Society of Chemistry. [ISBN:978-1-84973-828-6]

Drug created on June 13, 2005 07:24 / Updated on October 21, 2018 20:24

Verapamil

Identification

Structure for Verapamil (DB00661)

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Transporters

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